饮用磁化水对饲喂颗粒日粮绵羊消化代谢的影响

为研究饮用磁化水对饲喂颗粒日粮绵羊消化代谢的影响,本研究设计了2个试验:试验1:选取4只约1.5岁、体重(44.7±1.8)kg的小尾寒羊公羊,采用4×4拉丁方设计,每期每只羊分别饲喂粉碎日粮(处理1)、粉碎日粮+磁化水(处理2)、颗粒日粮(处理3)及颗粒日粮+磁化水(处理4),研究饲喂粉碎、颗粒两种日粮条件下饮用磁化水对绵羊自由采食和消化代谢的影响;试验2:选取6只约1.5岁、体重(46.3±2.1)kg的小尾寒羊空怀母羊,采用3×3拉丁方设计,每期每组饲喂相同的颗粒日粮,处理1:自由采食;处理2:在自由采食条件下饮用磁化水;处理3:在限饲(相当于处理1的喂量)条件下饮用磁化水,研究饮用磁化水时限饲对绵羊消化代谢的影响。结果显示:(1)在试验1中,饮用磁化水组绵羊的干物质自由采食量,干物质、粗蛋白质和总能表观消化率及氮保留量较饲喂粉碎日粮时分别提高14.7%(P0.05)、2.6%(P0.05)、2.2%(P0.05)、2.2%(P0.05)和22.7%(P0.01);在饲喂颗粒日粮时分别提高14.3%(P0.05)、4.2%(P0.05)、4.8%(P0.05)、6.0%(P0.01)和14.2%(P0.05)。(2)在试验2中,饮用磁化水时限饲母羊的干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质、纤维素、半纤维素、不可酶解纤维素和半纤维素、总能表观消化率及氮保留量较自由采食时分别提高19.1%、19.0%、9.7%、18.4%、16.2%、341.5%、226.7%、17.4%和14.8%,均差异极显著(P0.01)。综上所述,在饲喂颗粒日粮的基础上饮用磁化水时,绵羊干物质自由采食量可进一步提高;自由采食条件下饮用磁化水不影响饲喂粉碎日粮绵羊日粮消化率,但可提高饲喂颗粒日粮绵羊干物质、粗蛋白质和能量的表观消化率,且氮保留量显著增加;限饲条件下饮用磁化水可显著提高饲喂颗粒日粮绵羊日粮营养物质消化率。     

棉籽壳作为绵羊饲料营养特性的研究

通过消化代谢试验研究绵羊对棉籽壳(含仁棉籽壳、无仁棉籽壳)和粉碎玉米秸秆的自由采食量和表观消化率,旨在对棉籽壳的营养价值和消化特点进行评价.试验选择12只成年新疆美利奴公羊,随机分为2组(n=6),在饲喂300 g/(只·d)混合精料的基础上分别喂给400(试验1组)、800(试验2组)g/(只·d)无仁棉籽壳,用差数法测定绵羊对棉籽壳的表观消化率.另外,选择18只成年新疆美利奴公羊,随机分为3组(n=6),在饲喂300 g/(只·d)混合精料的基础上,分别自由采食含仁棉籽壳(试验3组)、无仁棉籽壳(试验4组)和粉碎玉米秸秆(试验5组),研究绵羊对其的消化代谢情况.结果表明,绵羊对无仁棉籽壳干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质、纤维素、半纤维素和能量的表观消化率分别为46.71%、47.37%、-53.40%、66.60%、62.48%和42.59%.饲喂含仁棉籽壳、无仁棉籽壳和粉碎玉米秸秆时,饲喂含仁和无仁棉籽壳组的干物质、有机物、纤维素、半纤维素、能量和钙等的采食量均无明显差异(P> 0.05),但采食含仁棉籽壳组粗蛋白质和磷的采食量极显著高于无仁棉籽壳组(P< 0.01),木质素采食量极显著低于无仁棉籽壳组(P< 0.01).饲喂含仁棉籽壳日粮和无仁棉籽壳日粮绵羊间干物质、有机物和能量的表观消化率均无明显差异(P> 0.05),但无仁棉籽壳组绵羊的纤维素和半纤维素的表观消化率却分别显著和极显著高于含仁棉籽壳组(P< 0.05;P< 0.05),含仁棉籽壳组粗蛋白质的表观消化率极显著高于无仁棉籽壳组(P< 0.01);饲喂玉米秸秆时绵羊的干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质、纤维素和能量的表观消化率均极显著高于饲喂含仁或无仁棉籽壳的绵羊(P< 0.01),但钙和磷的表观消化率却低于饲喂棉籽壳的绵羊(P> 0.05).饲喂含仁棉籽壳日粮绵羊的氮摄入量和氮保留率极显著高于无仁棉籽壳日粮绵羊(P< 0.01);饲喂玉米秸秆日粮绵羊和饲喂无仁棉籽壳绵羊在氮保留上无明显差异(P> 0.05).因此,棉籽壳是一种特殊的粗饲料,绵羊对其采食量大,纤维素类物质和能量的消化率较高,但存在着严重的蛋白质消化障碍;无仁棉籽壳日粮与玉米秸秆日粮的营养价值基本相当,但绵羊对无仁棉籽壳日粮的氮消化率较低.     

棉秆营养价值研究及其对绵羊营养物质消化代谢、生长和羊肉安全性的影响

本研究通过测定棉秆部位比例及其概略养分、绵羊对棉秆消化率、绵羊对棉秆饲粮的自由采食量、消化代谢和饲喂棉秆饲粮对绵羊生长、屠宰性能、羊肉安全的影响,旨在对棉秆的饲料特性、营养价值与棉秆饲粮营养价值及饲喂棉秆饲粮的绵羊羊肉安全性进行综合评价。本研究中试验1测定棉秆不同部位比例及概略养分;试验2在限饲条件下,以差数法测定绵羊对棉秆的表观消化率;试验3采用自身对照设计,以玉米秸秆饲粮为对照,测定绵羊对棉秆饲粮的消化代谢;试验4通过120 d的饲养试验,研究玉米秸秆饲粮和棉秆饲粮对绵羊生长及屠宰性能的影响,并测定棉秆饲粮组绵羊组织样中游离棉酚和主要农药残留含量。结果表明:1)棉秆中粗茎、细枝、叶和棉桃壳比例分别为31.48%、10.99%、17.12%和40.41%,棉秆的有机物、粗蛋白质、纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量分别为90.03%、6.41%、34.76%、15.58%和10.29%。2)绵羊对棉秆干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质、纤维素、半纤维素、能量、钙和磷的表观消化率分别为38.24%、37.99%、1.58%、60.50%、58.13%、44.05%、57.76%和45.00%,消化能为10.28 M J/kg DM。3)饲喂棉秆饲粮绵羊的有机物、纤维素、能量的表观消化率比玉米秸秆饲粮分别低5.30%(P0.05)、10.04%(P0.05)和13.63%(P0.01),钙、磷表观消化率极显著提高(P0.01),饲喂2种饲粮绵羊的自由采食量和粗蛋白质表观消化率均无显著差异(P0.05)。4)饲喂棉秆饲粮和玉米秸秆饲粮的绵羊平均日增重、胴体重和胴体瘦肉重均无显著差异(P0.05)。饲喂棉秆饲粮的绵羊组织样中游离棉酚及主要农药残留含量的检测结果为均未检出。本研究表明,棉秆中棉桃壳、细枝和叶3部分比例之和约为70%,可采食、可利用部分资源量较大;棉秆是一种能量营养低于玉米秸秆、钙磷营养高于玉米秸秆的粗饲料,其木质素含量较高,粗蛋白质表观消化率极低(在生产中可计为0);饲喂棉秆饲粮与玉米秸秆饲粮对绵羊增重、屠宰性能的影响无显著差异,二者的饲喂效果相当;饲喂棉秆饲粮的绵羊组织样中未检出游离棉酚及主要农药残留,其食品安全性未受到影响。     

玉米秸为粗饲料条件下比较羊驼与绵羊养分表观消化率和瘤胃代谢的差异

本研究在玉米秸为粗饲料条件下,比较羊驼与绵羊对2种精粗比饲粮干物质采食量、养分表观消化率、瘤胃环境和总尿嘌呤衍生物排出量等方面的差异。试验选用1岁左右羊驼[体重(25.8±4.7) kg]与绵羊[体重(28.3±5.8) kg]各4只,试验采用有重复的2×2拉丁方设计,分别饲喂精粗比为5∶5(MS)和7∶3(LS)的饲粮。结果表明:1)羊驼干物质采食量极显著低于绵羊(P<0.01),羊驼对粗脂肪、磷表观消化率极显著高于绵羊(P<0.01);羊驼瘤胃戊酸、异丁酸和异戊酸含量以及pH极显著高于绵羊(P<0.01),而乙酸含量显著低于绵羊(P<0.05);羊驼总嘌呤衍生物、尿酸和尿囊素排出量与绵羊间存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。2)羊驼对MS饲粮粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维、粗脂肪表观消化率极显著高于LS饲粮(P<0.01),绵羊对MS饲粮干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪表观消化率显著高于LS饲粮(P<0.05);羊驼MS饲粮干物质、钙、磷表观消化率极显著低于LS饲粮(P<0.01)。羊驼饲喂MS饲粮瘤胃中pH、异丁酸含量极显著高于LS饲粮(P<0.01),丙酸含量显著高于LS饲粮(P<0.05);绵羊饲喂MS饲粮瘤胃中异丁酸和异戊酸含量极显著高于LS饲粮(P<0.01),丁酸含量极显著低于LS饲粮(P<0.01);羊驼饲喂MS饲粮瘤胃中乙丙比显著低于LS饲粮(P<0.05)。2种动物总嘌呤衍生物和尿囊素排出量在2种饲粮间没有显著差异(P>0.05),羊驼饲喂MS饲粮时尿酸排出量显著高于LS饲粮(P<0.05)。综上所述,在玉米秸为粗饲料条件下,羊驼与绵羊对2种精粗比饲粮干物质采食量、瘤胃环境以及表观消化率和总尿嘌呤衍生物排出量等方面均存在一定的差异。     

饲粮纤维含量对麝香鼠采食与消化的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮纤维含量对成年麝香鼠的采食、消化和软粪量的影响。选取12～16月龄、体重（1 368±121） g的雄性麝香鼠8只,单笼饲喂,自由采食,自由饮水。试验共分3期,每期饲喂1种纤维含量的饲粮,同时喂给8只。3期分别饲喂纤维含量为17.34%（饲粮1）、21.57%（饲粮2）和25.67%（饲粮3）的颗粒饲料,每期23 d,其中预试期15 d,收粪期8 d。试验测定麝香鼠的自由采食量和营养物质表观消化率、软粪量和硬粪量及其营养物质含量。结果表明：1）麝香鼠对饲粮1、2和3的干物质自由采食量分别为（51.44±4.78） g/（d·只）、（51.79±3.46） g/（d·只）、（52.04±2.65） g/（d·只）;干物质表观消化率分别为（56.75±1.72）%、（54.76±0.50）%、（54.44±0.61）%。2）与饲喂饲粮1相比,饲喂饲粮2的麝香鼠对粗蛋白质、能量和磷的消化量分别极显著减少了8.13%(P<0.01)、8.68%(P<0.01)和13.33%(P<0.01),而对纤维素和半纤维素的消化量则分别极显著增加了31.06%(P<...     

不同中性洗涤纤维水平饲粮对肉羊生长性能和营养成分表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究不同中性洗涤纤维(NDF)水平饲粮对肉羊生长性能和营养成分表观消化率的影响,以确定肉羊饲粮中最佳NDF水平。试验动物为杜寒杂交(黑头杜泊羊×小尾寒羊)F1代肉用绵羊,采用单因素完全随机区组试验设计,将体重相近的50只母羊和25只公羊随机分为5个处理,每个处理10只母羊和5只公羊,每5只为1个重复,公母分圈饲养。5组试验羊饲喂粗蛋白质水平同为14.8%,而NDF水平分别为26.51%、33.35%、38.71%、43.51%、48.35%的试验饲粮,考察试验羊的生长性能,并在体重达到30 kg左右时进行为期4 d的粪袋全收粪试验,测定饲粮营养成分的表观消化率。试验期为48 d。结果表明:1)不同NDF水平的饲粮对试验羊净增重、平均日增重没有显著影响(P>0.05),试验羊的性别对净增重、平均日增重有显著影响(P<0.05)。试验羊增重效果表现为33.35%组>26.51%组>38.71%组>43.51%组>48.35%组。2)试验羊的干物质采食量与饲粮NDF水平呈现正相关关系(R2=0.744 6),并且48.35%组显著或极显著高于26.51%、33.35%和38.71%组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。饲粮NDF水平显著影响试验羊的料重比(P<0.05),以33.35%组最低,48.35%组最高。3)饲粮NDF水平对干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、NDF和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率存在极显著影响(P<0.01),各营养成分表观消化率均以33.35%组为最高。综合考虑生长性能和营养成分表观消化率,在粗蛋白质水平为14.8%的肉羊饲粮中,最佳NDF水平为33.35%。     

青贮油菜在生长期藏猪饲粮中的应用研究

为研究青贮油菜在生长期藏猪饲粮中的应用效果,试验选择40头平均体重在(7.45±0.78)kg的健康状况良好的生长期藏猪,随机分成5个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复2头猪,分别饲喂不同添加比例(0、10%、20%、30%与40%)的青贮油菜饲粮。预饲期7 d,试验期28 d,自由采食与饮水。结果表明:随着饲粮中青贮油菜比例的升高,藏猪平均末重、全期增重、平均日增重不断降低,而饲喂基础平均日采食量、干物质基础平均日采食量、料肉比不断增加。与对照组(处理1)相比,添加10%与20%青贮油菜组藏猪的平均末重、全期增重、干物质料肉比、粗灰分表观消化率差异不显著(P0.05),而干物质、粗蛋白质与粗脂肪表观消化率显著低于对照组(P0.05),添加30%与40%青贮油菜,全期增重、平均日增重、料肉比、干物质、粗蛋白质与粗脂肪表观消化率均显著降低(P0.05)。结果说明,青贮油菜可用于生长期藏猪饲粮配制,添加10%~20%时可保障生产性能,并提高经济效益。     

不同蛋白质来源饲粮对不同生长阶段藏獒营养物质表观消化率及粪便质量的影响

本试验旨在研究不同蛋白质原料[豆粕、玉米蛋白粉、低蛋白质含量(65%)的鸡肉粉65、高蛋白质含量(80%)的鸡肉粉80、鱼粉、鸭架粉]对不同年龄阶段藏獒的采食量、营养物质表观消化率及粪便质量的影响。试验选取5~6月龄的幼年藏獒10只,2周岁以上的成年藏獒10只,各分为2组,每组5个重复,每个重复1只。试验配制7种试验饲粮,分别为CGM(植物蛋白质仅含玉米蛋白粉)、SBM(植物蛋白质仅含豆粕)、PMH-FM(动物蛋白质为鸡肉粉80和鱼粉)、PML-FM(动物蛋白质为鸡肉粉65和鱼粉)、DM-FM(动物蛋白质为鸭架粉和鱼粉)、FM(动物蛋白质仅含鱼粉)和PML饲粮(动物蛋白质仅含鸡肉粉65)。每种饲粮分别饲喂1组幼犬和成犬。试验共分4期进行,每期试验期为10 d,其中预试期6 d,收粪期4 d。结果表明:幼犬对不同蛋白质来源饲粮的平均日采食量无显著差异(P>0.05)。成犬对PML-FM饲粮的平均日采食量与PMH-FM饲粮相比无显著差异(P>0.05),但显著高于其他饲粮(P<0.05)。在饲喂同种饲粮情况下,幼犬的平均日采食量均比成犬高,且差异显著(P<0.05)。幼犬对PM H-FM饲粮的干物质、粗蛋白质、有机质、钙和总磷表观消化率均最高,其上述营养物质表观消化率均显著高于PML-FM饲粮(P<0.05),且粗蛋白质表观消化率还显著高于PML饲粮(P<0.05),总磷表观消化率还显著高于DM-FM和FM饲粮(P<0.05)。成犬对SBM饲粮的干物质表观消化率显著高于PML-FM饲粮(P<0.05),对DM-FM饲粮的粗蛋白质表观消化率显著高于PML和PML-FM饲粮(P<0.05),对FM饲粮的总磷表观消化率显著低于SBM和PM L-FM饲粮(P<0.05)。成犬对各饲粮的有机质和钙表观消化率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。在饲喂同种饲粮情况下,成犬和幼犬对干物质、粗蛋白质、有机质的表观消化率均无显著差异(P>0.05);但是,在同时饲喂PMH-FM饲粮情况下,幼犬对钙和总磷的表观消化率要显著高于成犬(P<0.05)。幼犬饲喂PMH-FM饲粮时粪样初水分含量最低,显著低于除PML-FM和DM-FM饲粮外的其他饲粮(P<0.05)。成犬饲喂FM饲粮时粪样初水分含量最高,显著高于其他饲粮(P<0.05)。幼犬饲喂CGM、PMH-FM、PML-FM、DM-FM和FM饲粮时粪样分数均在最佳粪样分数(2.5)左右,而在饲喂SBM和PML饲粮时粪样分数在2.8左右。成犬饲喂不同的饲粮,其粪样分数无显著差异(P>0.05)。在饲喂同种饲粮情况下,成犬和幼犬粪样初水分含量无显著差异(P>0.05),但幼犬粪样分数均显著高于成犬(P<0.05)。由此得出,饲粮不同蛋白质来源对藏獒的营养物质消化率和粪便质量均有一定的影响,且对幼犬影响更大。对于藏獒,玉米蛋白粉和豆粕混合使用比单一使用效果要好;相对于鱼粉和低蛋白质含量的鸡肉粉65,高蛋白质含量的鸡肉粉80作为蛋白质来源较佳。     

日粮营养水平对海南黑山羊肥育羔羊日粮养分表观消化率的影响

试验旨在研究不同营养水平精料补饲对海南黑山羊肥育羔羊的日粮养分表观消化率的影响。选择3月龄、体重相近的海南黑山羊24只,随机分成6个处理组,每个处理组4只羊。设计2个粗蛋白质水平(15%和17%)和3个消化能水平(11.72、12.55、13.39MJ/kg)的精料补充料,自由采食,试验期90d。结果表明:日粮蛋白质水平对黑山羊日均干物质、能量、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)采食量无显著影响(P>0.05),日粮消化能水平对黑山羊日均粗脂肪、粗灰分和钙、磷、NDF和ADF采食量影响显著(P<0.05);日粮蛋白质水平对黑山羊日粮中各养分的表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05);随着日粮中消化能水平的增加,能量、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、ADF和NDF的表观消化率亦随之增加(P<0.05)。结果表明,日粮蛋白质水平对黑山羊日粮中各养分表观消化率无显著影响,而日粮能量水平对日粮中能量、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、ADF和NDF的表观消化率影响显著。     

生长猪含高木薯渣饲粮中添加纤维素酶的效果研究

为探讨含高木薯渣饲料中添加纤维素酶对生长猪生产性能和养分利用率的影响。试验选择健康、体重24kg左右的杜×长×大三元杂交猪72头,随机分为2个处理,每处理3个重复,每重复12头猪,进行30d的饲养试验。对照组饲喂含10%木薯渣基础饲粮,试验组饲粮中添加200g/t纤维素酶。结果表明,高木薯渣饲粮中添加纤维素酶可显著提高试猪平均日增重(P0.05),降低料重比(P0.05);并明显改善饲粮中粗蛋白和粗纤维的消化率(P0.05),对干物质和能量表观消化率也有一定改善,但与对照组差异不显著(P0.05)。提示在含较高木薯渣饲粮中添加纤维素酶可降解部分纤维素,从而消除纤维素的抗营养作用,提高饲粮干物质、粗蛋白质和能量的表观消化率,促进试猪生长。     

粉碎日粮条件下添喂气溶胶OT和多聚甲醛对妊娠后期母羊采食量和消化代谢的影响

在相同日粮条件下饲养3岁左右,体重(48.7±2.0)kg、具有多羔基因的小尾寒羊空怀母羊群,1个月后进行配种,从中选取18只妊娠母羊,随机分为3组(试验1(对照组)、2、3组),从妊娠90 d起,给试验2、3组分别添喂气溶胶OT(800mg/kg)和多聚甲醛(300mg/kg),并在妊娠第121~130天进行消化代谢试验,以研究添喂气溶胶OT和多聚甲醛对妊娠后期母羊自由采食量、消化代谢和产羔等的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,添喂气溶胶OT绵羊的干物质自由采食量增加13.0%(P<0.01);干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质、纤维素和总能的消化量分别增加12.4%(P<0.05)、14.4%(P<0.01)、23.2%(P<0.01)、15.2%(P>0.05)和27.4%(P<0.01);氮、钙和磷保留分别增加31.1%(P<0.01)、48.5%(P<0.01)和31.9%(P<0.01);血清甘油三酯和游离脂肪酸含量趋于降低;但日粮养分消化率无显著变化(P>0.05);母羊体重下降减少61.9%(P<0.01),羔羊出生窝重增加4.2%(P>0.05)。添喂多聚甲醛,绵羊的干物质自由采食量增加12.6%(P<0.01);干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质、纤维素和总能的消化量分别增加15.4%(P<0.01)、16.2%(P<0.01)、22.4%(P<0.01)、14.2%(P>0.05)和29.0%(P<0.01);氮、钙和磷保留分别增加33.5%(P<0.01)、48.9%(P<0.01)和36.3%(P<0.01);而日粮消化率无显著变化(P>0.05);母羊血清β-羟丁酸和游离脂肪酸含量趋于降低;体重下降减少57.1%(P<0.01),羔羊出生窝重增加11.1%(P<0.05)。本研究表明,添喂气溶胶OT或多聚甲醛,均可提高妊娠后期母羊的自由采食量,提高消化量和钙、磷消化率,增加氮保留,减少妊娠母羊体脂的动员或利用,减缓体重下降,提高产羔窝重。     

不同中性洗涤纤维与非纤维性碳水化合物比值饲粮对肉用绵羊甲烷排放的影响

本试验旨在研究不同中性洗涤纤维(NDF)与非纤维性碳水化合物(NFC)比值(NDF/NFC)饲粮对肉用绵羊甲烷排放的影响。试验采用4×4完全拉丁方试验设计,将16只杜泊×小尾寒羊杂交羯羊随机分成4组,每组4只,按维持水平饲喂NDF/NFC分别为3.02(饲粮1)、2.32(饲粮2)、1.58(饲粮3)、1.04(饲粮4)的全混合颗粒饲粮(玉米秸秆为粗饲料来源)。试验共进行4期,每期18 d,包括3 d的调整期、7 d的预试期和8 d的正试期,在正试期内测定甲烷产量、饲粮总能和营养物质表观消化率。结果表明:饲粮2的甲烷日排放量显著高于饲粮3和4(43.43 L/d vs.38.88和35.98 L/d;P0.05)。与饲粮1相比,饲粮2和3的每千克干物质采食量(DMI)甲烷排放量显著增加(38.00 L/kg DMI vs.42.24、41.69 L/kg DMI;P0.05),但是饲粮2、3和4之间差异不显著(P0.05)。随着NDF/NFC的降低,每千克可消化有机物(DOM)的甲烷排放量逐渐降低,饲粮4的每千克DOM的甲烷排放量显著低于饲粮1、2和3(58.78 L/kg DOM vs.75.00、73.35和64.11 L/kg DOM;P0.05)。随着NDF/NFC的降低,每千克中性洗涤纤维采食量(NDFI)或酸性洗涤纤维采食量(ADFI)的甲烷排放量逐渐增加,且各饲粮之间差异显著(P0.05)。综上所述,结合各营养物质表观消化率和甲烷排放效率,在维持水平下,采用NDF/NFC为1.04的玉米秸秆饲粮作为肉用绵羊甲烷减排的饲粮最合适。     

Effect of the Oral Formalin and Fauna-free on the Microbiocoenosis and Activities of Digestive Enzymes in the Rumen of Sheep

6 Small-tail Han sheep ram,2 to 3 year's old,with body weight of 48.3 kg±5.6 kg,were fitted with permanent rumen fistula and fed with the diet containing 70% of corn stalk.The experiment was designed as 4×4 Latin square,the sheep were orally administered with formalin at 0 mL/kg diet (control,treatment 1),1.0 mL/kg diet (low dose,treatment 2),3.0 mL/kg diet (high dose,treatment 3) and completely fauna-free (treatment 4),to study the effects of various treatments on the rumen microbiocoenosis,activities of digestive enzymes,NH₃-N and VFAs in rumen fluid of sheep,and their correlation with voluntary intake.The results showed that,compared with control,the voluntary intakes of dry matter in treatments 1,2 and 3 were increased by 14.9% (P<0.01),-6.8% (P>0.05) and -16.5%(P<0.01),respectively;NH₃-N were decreased by 10.5% (P<0.05),13.0% (P<0.05) and 23.0%(P<0.01),respectively;The protozoa number in rumen fluid were decreased by 59.3%,93.2% and 100.0%(P<0.01),respectively;The total number of bacteria were increased by 41.1%,-8.2% and 84.5%(P<0.01),respectively;The fungi copies were increased by 16.5%(P>0.01),23.5% (P<0.05) and 38.1%(P<0.01),respectively;The activities of endocellulase in treatments 1,2 and 3 were increased by 22.6%,-14.6% and -27.5%(P<0.01),respectively;The activities of exocellulase were increased by 15.5%,-23.9% and -25.2%(P<0.01),respectively;The activities of cellobiose were increased by 20.0%,-25.7% and -26.2%(P<0.01),respectively;The activities of xylanase were decreased by 0.4%(P<0.05),0.5%(P<0.05) and 0.1% (P>0.05),respectively;The activities of pectinase were decreased by 12.0%,11.0% and 2.8%(P<0.01),respectively;The activities of amylase were increased by 12.2%,15.3% and 19.9%(P<0.01),respectively;The activities of protease were decreased by 22.1%,48.0% and 22.2%(P<0.01),respectively.The correlation coefficients (R²) of the activities of the endocellulase,exocellulase and cellobiose with voluntary intake of sheep were 0.994,0.897 and 0.901.It was concluded that when the low dose of formalin was orally administrated the voluntary intake of sheep was increased,whereas the high dose of formalin or fauna-free was decreased;The factors determined the voluntary intake of sheep were the activities of endocellulase,exocellulase and cellobiose,rather than the numbers of the protozoa,bacteria or fungi,or the activities of other digestive enzymes in rumen fluid.     

Effect of Aerosol OT and Paraformaldehyde Supplement on the Voluntary Intake,Digestion and Metabolism of Late-pregnant Ewe Fed with Ground Diet

The Small-tail Han ewes with 3 years old, (48.7±2.0)kg body weight, carring the multi-lamb gene, were fed with the same diet, mating after one month.18 pregnant ewes were selected and divided into 3 groups(groups 1(control group), 2 and 3).From 90 days of pregnancy, groups 2 and 3 were supplemented with aerosol OT(800 mg/kg) and paraformaldehyde(300 mg/kg), respectively, and the experiments of digestion and metabolism were carried on from 121 to 130 days of pregnancy to study the effect of aerosol OT and paraformaldehyde supplements on the voluntary intake, digestion and metabolism, lambing of late-pregnant ewes.The results showed that when fed with aerosol OT, the voluntary intake of dry matter was increased by 13.0%(P<0.01);The amount of digestion of DM, OM, CP, cellulose and GE was increased by 12.4%(P<0.05), 14.4%(P<0.01), 23.2%(P<0.01), 15.2%(P>0.05) and 27.4%(P<0.01), respectively;The retention of N, Ca and P was increased by 31.1%(P<0.01), 48.5%(P<0.01) and 31.9%(P<0.01), respectively;The serum triglyceride and free fatty acid content tended to decrease;but the apparent digestibility of the dietary nutrients were not significantly affected(P>0.05);The loss of ewe postpartum weight was reduced by 61.9%(P<0.01), a nest of lamb weight was increased by 4.2%(P>0.05).In the condition of feeding paraformaldehyde, the voluntary intake of dry matter was increased by 12.6%(P<0.01);The amount of digestion of DM, OM, CP, cellulose and GE was increased by 15.4%(P<0.01), 16.2%(P<0.01), 22.4%(P<0.01), 14.2%(P>0.05) and 29.0%(P<0.01), respectively;The retention of N, Ca and P was increased by 33.5%(P<0.01), 48.9%(P<0.01) and 36.3%(P<0.01), respectively;But the apparent digestibility of the dietary nutrients were no significantly affected(P>0.05);The serum β-hydroxybutrate and free fatty acid content tended to decrease;The loss of ewe postpartum weight was reduced by 57.1%(P<0.01), a nest of lamb weight was increased by 11.1%(P<0.05).This study showed that by feeding aerosol OT or paraformaldehyde, the intake, digestibility of Ca, P and N could be improved in late-pregnant ewe, the body weight loss, body fat mobilization could be reduced, and the birth weight of litter could be increased.     

Effect of high-oil corn on growth performance, diet digestibility, and energy content of finishing diets fed to beef cattle

Sixty crossbred beef steers (initial BW = 412 kg) were used in a 83-d finishing study to determine the effect of feeding dry rolled high-oil corn on performance and total-tract digestibility of finishing diets. Steers were allotted by weight to the following dietary treatments: 1) control corn (C; 82% normal corn, 12% triticale silage), 2) high-oil corn (HO; 82% high-oil corn, 12% silage), and 3) high-oil corn formulated to be isocaloric to C (ISO; 74% high-oil corn, 20% silage). Total lipid content was 4.9% (DM basis) for normal corn and 7.0% for high-oil corn. Steers were individually fed using electronic gates. Quantity of feed offered and refused was recorded daily. Fecal samples were collected on d 63 to 66 of the trial to determine digestibility. Chromic oxide was fed as an indigestible marker for 7 d before fecal collection began. Planned contrasts of HO vs C and ISO vs C were used to assess treatment differences. Dry matter intake was greater for steers fed C vs HO (P < 0.01) or C vs ISO (P < 0.01), but daily gain and feed efficiency were not affected (P > 0.05) by treatments. Digestibility of DM, OM, starch, and GE was greater (P < 0.05) for the HO diet than the C diet, but lipid digestibility did not differ among treatments (P > 0.05). The combined effect of greater GE content and digestibility resulted in greater (P < 0.01) DE content for the HO than for the C diet. Calculated DE of the corn was 8.3% greater (3.74 Mcal/kg; P < 0.01) for the HO diet and 6.5% greater (3.67 Mcal/kg; P < 0.01) for the ISO diet than the corn in the C diet (3.25 Mcal/kg). Dry matter and GE digestibility did not differ (P > 0.05) between the C and ISO diets. Steers consuming ISO had greater (P < 0.05) starch digestibility than steers fed the C diet. Although HO had higher DE, DE intake was similar (P > 0.05) for HO and C due to lower DMI for HO. These results indicate that available energy is greater from high-oil corn than from typical corn, but depressed voluntary feed intake prevented performance improvements and resulted in equal energy intakes between high-oil corn and typical corn diets.     

添加赖氨酸对小尾寒羊瘤胃消化代谢的影响

试验选用5只1.5岁左右装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的小尾寒羊公羊(体重约45 kg),按照5×5拉丁方试验设计(对照组、低尿素对照(等氮)组、低赖氨酸组、高尿素对照(等氮)组、高赖氨酸组),研究添加未经任何处理的市售赖氨酸对成年小尾寒羊瘤胃微生物群落、瘤胃消化代谢和整体消化代谢的影响。赖氨酸盐酸盐添喂量分别为0、4.0和8.0 g/kg日粮(干物质计)。结果表明,绵羊添加4.0和8.0 g/kg赖氨酸盐酸盐日粮,自由采食量分别比对照组增加5.5%(P>0.05)和11.8%(P<0.05),瘤胃细菌总数分别增加18.9%(P<0.01)和23.9%(P<0.01),其中球菌分别增加21.2%(P<0.01)和30.1%(P<0.01),大杆菌数量减少16.7%(P<0.05)和33.3%(P<0.01),瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸分别比对照组增加9.6%(P<0.05)和12.2%(P<0.01),其中丁酸分别增加12.8%(P>0.05)和20.2%(P<0.01),有机物表观消化率分别增加6.4%(P>0.05)和10.0%(P<0.05),粗蛋白质表观消化率分别比对照组增加7.0%(P>0.05)和18.3%(P<0.01),氮保留率分别增加46.4%(P>0.05)和110.7%(P<0.01)。然而,添加赖氨酸对绵羊瘤胃原虫和真菌数量、瘤胃液氨态氮浓度均无显著影响(P>0.05)。由本试验得出结论,给成年小尾寒羊添加一定量的未经任何处理的市售赖氨酸,可提高小尾寒羊的日粮自由采食量和消化率,增加氮保留率;可调控瘤胃微生物群落的组成,增加瘤胃细菌总数,主要是瘤胃球菌数量;以上这些添加赖氨酸的作用是添加等氮量尿素所不能完全替代的。     

Study on Nutritional Characteristics of Cottonseed Hull as a Feed of Sheep

In this paper through digestive and metabolic experiments studied the voluntary intake and apparent digestibility of cottonseed hulls (kernel-contained CH,kernel-free CH) and cornstalk on sheep to evaluate the nutrition value and digestion characteristics of cottonseed hulls.12 of adult Xinjiang merino rams were selected and divided into two groups (n=6 each group),and on the basis of 300 g/(head·day) of mixed concentrate,fed with kernel-free CH by 400 (group 1) or 800 (group 2) g/(head·day) respectively,to estimate the digestibility of CH by difference method;As well,another 18 of adult Xinjiang merino rams were selected and divided into three groups (n=6 each group),and on the basis of 300 g/(head·day) of mixed concentrate,cafeteria feeding with kernel-contained CH (group 3),kernel-free CH (group 4) or ground cornstalks (group 5) respectively,to study the effects of three diets on the voluntary intake,digestion and metabolism of sheep.The results showed that the apparent digestibility of the DM,OM,CP,cellulose,hemicellulose and energy of kernel-free CH by sheep were 46.71%,47.37%,-53.40%,66.60%,62.48% and 42.59%,respectively.There were no significant differences in the intake of DM,OM,cellulose,hemicellulose,energy and Ca between kernel-contained CH and kernel-free CH groups (P> 0.05);Intake of CP and P in kernel-contained CH group were extremely significantly higher than that in kernel-free CH group (P< 0.01);Intake of lignin in kernel-contained CH group was extremely significantly lower than that in kernel-free CH group (P< 0.01).There were no significant differences in the apparent digestibility of DM,OM and energy between kernel-contained CH and kernel-free CH groups (P> 0.05).The apparent digestibility of cellulose and hemicellulose in kernel-free CH group were significantly and extremely significantly higher than that in kernel-contained CH group (P< 0.05;P< 0.01),respectively.The apparent digestibility of CP in kernel-contained CH group was extremely significantly higher than that in kernel-free CH group (P< 0.01).The apparent digestibility of DM,OM,CP,cellulose and energy in ground cornstalks group were extremely significantly higher than that in kernel-contained CH and kernel-free CH groups (P< 0.01),however,the apparent digestibility of Ca and P were lower than that in kernel-contained CH and kernel-free CH groups (P> 0.05).Intake and retention of nitrogen in kernel-contained CH group were extremely significantly higher than that in kernel-free CH group (P< 0.01);The was no significant difference in the retention of nitrogen between kernel-free diet group and cornstalk diet group (P> 0.05).It was concluded that CH was a kind of special forage with larger intake,higher digestibility on the fiber substances and energy,but with a serious obstruction on protein digestion;The nutritional value between kernel-free diet and cornstalk diet was almost equal,and with lower nitrogen digestibility on kernel-free diet.     

甘南玛曲不同年龄欧拉型藏羊放牧采食量季节动态研究

为确立高寒地区天然草地欧拉型藏羊放牧采食量的季节动态变化,本试验采用TiO₂外源指示剂法和瘤胃尼龙袋法分别测定欧拉型藏羊不同季节排粪量和牧草消化率从而计算放牧采食量。结果表明:玛曲高寒草地牧草干物质消化率(DMD)和粗蛋白(CP)含量夏季显著(P < 0.05)高于冬春季与秋季;欧拉型藏羊各年龄段排粪量3季差异显著(P < 0.05)且秋季 > 夏季 > 冬春季;随着年龄增长,欧拉型藏羊三季牧草采食量均有增大的趋势,同年龄段不同季节的藏羊采食量和代谢采食量(除4岁母羊)差异显著(P < 0.05)且秋季 > 夏季 > 冬春季;各年龄段藏羊累计牧草消耗量(AFC)差异显著(P < 0.05)分别为339.37,757.58,1185.93和1655.61 kg。由此可见,牧草干机物质消化率、排粪量和采食量夏秋季较高、冬春季较低,随着年龄增大排粪量和采食量有增高的趋势。因此,在高寒牧区应提倡草地季节性畜牧业,充分考虑牧草营养与动物营养需求之间的耦合性来提高经济和生态效益。     

Feeding value of different levels of malt sprout and katikala atella on nutrient utilization and growth performance of sheep fed basal diet of Rhodes grass hay

Nonconventional agro-industrial by-products such as traditional liquor residues (locally called katikala atella) are widely used by livestock farmers in Ethiopia. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the supplementary value of katikala atella and malt sprout (MS) on performance of sheep fed a basal diet of Rhodes grass hay. Thirty intact yearling male sheep with an average initial body weight of 17.4?±?0.74 kg (mean?±?SD) were assigned to the treatments in a completely randomized block design: atella alone (T1), 75 % atella?+?25 % malt sprout (MS) (T2), 50 % atella?+?50 % MS (T3), 25 % atella?+?75 % MS (T4), MS alone (T5), and Rhodes grass hay alone (T6). Grass hay was fed ad libitum to all treatments. The total dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) intakes of sheep fed T4, T5, and T3 diets were the highest (P?<?0.05), while sheep receiving T6 had the lowest DM intake. The highest (P?<?0.05) total crude protein (CP) intake was for sheep fed T5 diet, while the lowest was for those fed T6 diet. Sheep receiving T3 diet had higher (P?<?0.05) DM, OM, CP, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility as compared with those fed T1, T2, and T6 diets. Sheep supplemented with 50–100 % malt sprout had similar (P?>?0.05) DM, OM, CP, NDF, and ADF digestibility. The highest (P?<?0.05) average daily gain was for sheep fed T3, T4, and T5 diets, while sheep in T6 lost body weight. Sheep fed T5 diet had the highest (P?<?0.05) nitrogen retention, while those fed T6 diet had the lowest. The study has shown that a mixture diet consisting of equal parts of katikala atella and malt sprout (T3) are found to be superior in most of the required nutrient characteristics.