喷施硼肥对紫花苜蓿光合作用及可溶性糖源库间运转的影响

通过叶面喷施不同次数、不同浓度硼肥,研究其对缺硼土壤条件下紫花苜蓿光合作用及可溶性糖运转的影响,探讨苜蓿吸收硼的规律及高产施硼技术。结果表明,从返青期开始,连续在分枝期和现蕾初期累计喷施1次、2次或3次5个浓度的硼砂,均不同程度影响紫花苜蓿光合特性和可溶性糖源库间的运转。喷施3次0.3%(W/W)的硼砂对提高叶片中硼(B)含量、光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和叶绿素含量(Chl)作用最显著,较对照提高幅度分别为75%、39%、30%和70%,喷施3次0.2%(W/W)的硼砂对增大叶面积效果最佳,较对照增加37%,并可有效降低叶片可溶性糖含量(50%);一次或多次喷施0.5%(W/W)的硼砂会导致硼中毒现象,抑制光合作用,植株生长受阻。     

不同产量水平甘薯品种光合产物分配差异及其原因

选取我国北方薯区主栽的食用型甘薯品种龙薯9号、红香蕉、泰中6号、苏薯8号、遗字138和北京553,于2011—2012年2个生长季在山东农业大学农学试验站进行大田试验,研究不同产量水平甘薯品种光合产物的分配差异及其原因。在甘薯主要生长时期测定茎蔓各部位蔗糖含量和基部茎粗、在块根膨大过程中对功能叶进行13C标记,探索不同品种13C同化物分配特点,同时研究上述项目与收获指数和块根产量的关系。结果表明,高产品种龙薯9号、红香蕉、泰中6号和苏薯8号产块根均在60 t hm–2左右,而中、低产品种遗字138和北京553产块根在50 t hm–2以下。高产品种的收获指数显著高于中、低产品种。在块根膨大前期高产品种的块根成为光合产物的分配中心,而中、低产品种的块根则在块根膨大后期成为分配中心;在块根膨大前、中期,高产品种13C同化物在块根中的分配比例显著高于中、低产品种,即高产品种光合产物由功能叶向块根的转运能力强于中、低产品种。供试品种茎蔓基部的蔗糖含量均高于顶部,且中、低产品种的蔗糖浓度差大于高产品种;随着甘薯生长发育,中、低产品种茎蔓基部增粗速率高于高产品种。相关分析表明,块根产量与收获指数呈极显著正相关(r=0.98**,2011;r=0.93**,2012);块根13C分配率与块根产量和收获指数均呈显著正相关(0.87*和0.91**,2011;0.92**和0.99**,2012);生长中后期,基部茎粗与块根产量和收获指数均呈显著负相关(–0.78*和–0.83*;–0.88**和–0.95**)。块根成为光合产物分配中心的时间早、光合产物由功能叶向块根的转运能力强是高产品种收获指数显著提高的主要原因,而中、低产品种光合产物由叶片向块根转运能力差的主要原因是块根中光合产物卸载不畅。     

棉花源库调节对铃叶光合产物运输分配的影响

通过早打顶去边心和人工剪叶,研究了减库或减源对铃、叶光合产物运转分配的影响。结果表明,当棉铃发育受减库调节时,铃体积增大,铃重提高,而且对高品质棉科棉1号影响较大;花后40 d科棉1号叶片可溶性糖和淀粉含量分别比对照增加41.0%和4.1%,常规棉苏棉15分别比对照增加14.8%和77.3%;花后30日铃对位叶标记24 h后¹⁴C光合产物的输出,科棉1号增加17.6%,苏棉15增加6.8%;棉铃光合产物输入率,科棉1号比苏棉15增加3.6%;此外,铃柄韧皮部中全氮、可溶性糖增加;棉铃发育受叶源限制调节时,铃体积减小,铃重降低,而且对苏棉15影响大;叶片中可溶性糖和淀粉含量减少,全株去3/4叶处理花后40 d科棉1号分别比对照减少8.7%和28.4%;苏棉15分别减少23.6%和32.2%。叶片¹⁴C光合产物输出率和棉铃¹⁴C光合产物输入率均降低,其中又以苏棉15下降幅度大。铃柄韧皮部中全氮、可溶性糖也相应下降。因此,通过技术手段调节源库,可以促进高品质棉叶片光合产物向棉铃输送,进而提高铃重。     

甘薯库源关系及其遗传研究初报

该文选用几种不同类型的甘薯（Ｉｐｏｍｏｅａ ｂａｔａｔａｓ Ｌａｍ），品种相互嫁接。嫁接组合块根的鲜产，干产分别进行方差分析。结果表明，光合源和贮藏库的遗传生理特性对嫁接组合块垠的产量重要作用，库容量大小时甘薯地下部块根产量起重要的决定作用，同时，高库容丰木克服或改善低关类型品种的潜在光合源和潜在生理流，并提高后者的光效能和块根产量，甘薯地下部块根的干物率和薯肉色也是贮藏根固有的遗传生理特性，嫁接     

小麦无效分蘖14C光合产物的运转与分配

关于小麦分蘖的发生规律、影响分蘖发生的因素、分蘖在群体结构中的作用已有较多的报道^[1~3]。前人运用放射性同位素¹⁴C和³²P示踪的方法研究主茎、分蘖之间的营养关系^[4~6],夏镇澳等^[7]研究认为,小麦在拔节后,主茎运往分蘖的养分极少;但分蘖均可将养分运往主茎和其他分蘖,特别是小分蘖中将养分运往主茎比其他大分蘖的多。郑广华^[8]认为,无效分蘖的光合产物虽然有较大比例运转给有效分蘖,但因它的光全能力较弱、同化物很少且无实际意义;赵会杰等^[9]研究不同穗型小麦主茎和分蘖之间的光合产物分配结果认为,... ...     

源库调节对新疆高产棉花产量形成期光合产物生产与分配的影响

 以不同基因型棉花品种（常规棉新陆早13号、杂交棉标杂A₁）为材料,在皮棉产量2500 kg以上的膜下滴灌高产条件下,于花铃期分别进行剪叶、疏蕾处理,研究了源库关系改变对叶片光合速率、¹⁴C同化物运转分配及产量的影响。结果表明,去1/4叶后,新陆早13号剩余叶片光合速率（Pn）显著增加,¹⁴C同化物输出率及在棉铃中的分配率提高,产量和纤维品质与对照（CK）无明显差异;疏1/4蕾铃后,标杂A₁叶片Pn和棉株光合物质累积未受到影响,但加速了同化物向棉铃的运转速率,增强了棉铃对茎叶和根系中同化物的再调运能力,产量高于CK。因此,依据不同品种对源库关系改变的响应,通过协调关键栽培技术调控源库关系,进而调节光合产物运转及分配的方向和速率,对实现新疆棉花超高产、稳产具有重要意义。     

源库调节对灌溉与旱地小麦开花后光合产物生产和分配的影响

灌溉条件下,减源可使小麦叶片光合速率增加,减库光合速率降低。增降幅度因品种而异。鲁215953、山农48-2,鲁麦14和莱州953等品种减源后光合速率增加较少,但减库后光合速率明显降低;鲁麦15、核生2 , D041和太780等品种则相反。旱地无灌溉条件下,无论源或者库的调节对小麦叶片光合速率的影响都比较小。说明源库与光合速率之     

小麦无效分蘖14C光合产物的运转与分配

关于小麦分蘖的发生规律、影响分蘖发生的因素、分蘖在群体结构中的作用已有较多的报道^[1~3]。前人运用放射性同位素¹⁴C和³²P示踪的方法研究主茎、分蘖之间的营养关系^[4~6]，夏镇澳等^[7]研究认为,小麦在拔节后,主茎运往分蘖的养分极少;但分蘖均可将养分运往主茎和其他分蘖，特别是小分蘖中将养分运往主茎比其他大分蘖的多。郑广华^[8]认为，无效分蘖的光合产物虽然有较大比例运转给有效分蘖，但因它的光全能力较弱、同化物很少且无实际意义；赵会杰等^[9]研究不同穗型小麦主茎和分蘖之间的光合产物分配结果认为，... ...     

薏苡干物质积累、分配及源库特征解析

为了探索薏苡干物质的累积、分配及源库特征,以6个不同生育期类型的薏苡品种为材料进行大田试验,测定其产量、叶面积及根、茎、叶、籽粒部位的干物质含量,分析干物质累积和分配规律,剖析其源库容量及结构特征。结果表明,6个薏苡品种的产量为2 107.7～2 863.0 kg·hm~(-2),不同品种间差异不显著;抽穗期至成熟期叶面积先增大后降低,抽穗期叶面积最大;短生育期品种安国薏苡和临沂薏苡具有相对较高的籽粒干物质分配和叶片干物质转移能力,但是茎鞘干物质占比较小,地上部分和整株的干物质积累也较小。不同的薏苡品种类型其源库特征存在差异,收获指数整体偏低。相比之下,短生育期品种具有相对较大的库容量、收获指数和较小的单位库容叶面积、单位库容茎鞘重;其余4个品种则表现为单位库容茎鞘重偏高,叶‘源’供应不足或库容量不足,物质分配不协调,收获指数低。     

甘薯源库关系建立、发展和平衡对氮肥用量的响应

以盆栽、田间微区和田间裂区试验分析不同氮肥用量对苏薯16(半直立株型)和苏薯11(匍匐株型)生长前期(0~30 d)、中期(30~60 d)和后期(60~120 d)根系形态、单株薯数、叶面积指数、茎叶生物量、根生物量和T/R值的影响。结果表明,在全生育期内,施氮对甘薯茎叶生长均有显著促进作用,但对根生长的影响各不相同。生长前期,低量施氮对根系生长和分化有促进作用,而适量和高量施氮则表现显著抑制作用,并使30 d时单株薯数显著降低29.3%~36.6%或1.3~2.0个(P0.05),但同一甘薯品种、不同施氮处理的单株薯数在生长中期之后又趋于一致。生长中期,适量和过量施氮可显著促进源库规模的发展,并使甘薯茎叶生物量增加量分别显著提高35.5%~48.9%和73.4%~79.8%(P0.05),叶面积指数迅速达到4左右,而对根生物量增加量无显著影响(P0.05)。生长后期,施氮过多时(N32处理)茎叶鲜重持续增加,到收获时叶面积指数和蔓薯比分别达4.9~5.6和1.50~1.51,显著高于适量施氮处理时的3.3~3.5和0.58~0.64(P0.05);施氮过少时(N30处理)则反之,收获时不施氮处理的叶面积指数和蔓薯比分别为1.6~1.9和0.36~0.42,其中叶面积指数显著低于适量施氮处理(P0.05);不同施氮处理的单个薯重差异越来越大,适量施氮处理的单个薯重(218~345 g)显著高于不施氮(181~262 g)和过量施氮处理(160~285 g,P0.05),所以适量施氮处理的最终单株块根产量(1.02~1.20 kg)也高于不施氮处理(0.88~0.91 kg)和过量施氮处理(0.79~0.87 kg,P0.05)。表明,移栽前一次性基施氮的条件下,不施或少施氮有利于甘薯生长前期源库关系的提早建立,适量或过量施氮有利于甘薯生长中期源库关系的发展,而仅有适量施氮有利于维持甘薯生长后期的源库平衡。     

甘薯块根形成和膨大对土壤紧实度的响应机制及与产量的关系

为探讨甘薯块根形成和膨大对土壤紧实度的响应机制及与产量的关系,以源库特征差异显著的食用型甘薯品种北京553和龙薯9号为试验材料,设置不同的土壤紧实度处理,研究土壤紧实度调控甘薯块根产量的生理生态原因。结果表明,降低土壤紧实度,全生育期耕作层土壤的非毛管孔隙度显著提高。在块根形成期(20～40 d),随土壤紧实度降低,耕作层土壤的最高温度提高、最低温度降低,温度日较差显著提高。在甘薯块根膨大期(45～165 d),与对照相比,疏松处理可以提高块根中蔗糖合酶(SS)和腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(ADPGPPase)活性,增加淀粉含量;提高块根中干物质积累初始势、干物质积累速率和功能叶13C同化物在块根中的分配比例。在收获时,疏松处理显著提高单薯重和收获指数,北京553和龙薯9号分别增产20.01%～24.25%和21.64%～27.78%。     

Screening sweet potato for source potentials

Summary Screening sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas, L., for source potentials is more difficult than for sink capacities. Twenty clones were grafted to four tester varieties to screen them for source potentials in relation to sink capacities which are interdependent. Source potential of a clone was measured by its average scion effect when grafted on the four tester varieties. There were significant differences in source potentials among the twenty clones. Seven clones were selected for having high source potentials. Clone TIS 2498 was the best. Degrees of response of source to sink were estimated using the regression method for twenty clones showed significant differences and ranged from b–0.45 to b=2.06. Source potential showed significant relationship (r=0.62^**) with response of source to sink. Implication of this approach to sweet potato breeding is discussed.     

Variation of sweet potatoes with respect to source potentials and sink capacities

Summary By using four tester clones either as scions or stocks, source potentials and sink capacities of two groups of 13 and 20 sweet potato clones were measured in 1986 and 1987, respectively. Results obtained in the 1986 trial were generally consistent with those in the 1987 trial, though different clones were used in both trials. There were significant differences in source potentials and in sink capacities among tested clones. Responses of source to sink and of sink to source were also estimated using a regression method. No significant correlation was observed between source potential and response of source to sink. However, sink capacity showed significant relationship with response of sink to source.     

不同基因型甘薯品种产量与地上部农艺性状及主要气象因子关联度分析

研究了北方甘薯主产区泰安市栽培的不同基因型的主要甘薯品种鲜薯、薯干产量与13个地上部主要农艺性状及生长期间主要气象因子间关联度。根据关联度的大小研究得出各个影响因子的关联序,影响鲜薯产量因子的关联序为：分枝叶柄鲜重>分枝叶片数>地上部总鲜重>分枝鲜重>分枝条数>分枝叶片鲜重>主茎叶柄鲜重>主茎长度>分枝长度>主茎粗度>主茎叶片数>主茎叶片鲜重>主茎鲜重;影响薯干产量因子的关联序为：分枝叶片鲜重>分枝长度>分枝叶柄鲜重>分枝条数>分枝叶片数>主茎鲜重>主茎长度>分枝叶片鲜重>分枝鲜重>主茎粗度>主茎叶片数>地上部总鲜重>主茎叶柄鲜重;气象因子对鲜薯产量影响的关联序依次为：最高气温>相对湿度>最低气温>平均气温>14时湿度>10cm低温>5cm低温>0cm低温>日照时数>降水量;对薯干产量影响关联序依次为平均气温>最高气温>最低气温>5cm低温>10cm低温>14时湿度>0cm低温>日照时数>相对湿度>降水量。     

Correlations among characteristics of sweet potato roots,and intraspecific grouping

Summary The variation for postharvest, kitchen and table characteristics of sweet potato was studied in a collection of 310 seedlings by correlation techniques and cluster analysis. Desired states were defined for 21 characteristics, and frequency of desired state was determined. Sweet potatoes were classified into 7 groups that are identified from 6 discriminant functions, and a key to the groups was developed. Correlations among quality characteristics were frequent, but moderate in value, thus independent selection for desired characteristics is feasible.     

Inheritance and stability of the virus-resistant gene in the progeny of transgenic sweet potato

Viral diseases of sweet potato are very prevalent and often seriously damaging to the plants. In particular, the severe strain of the sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV‐S) causes ‘obizyo‐sohi’ disease in Japan. In order to confer viral resistance against SPFMV using current biotechnology, a transgenic sweet potato has been produced, introducing hygromycin‐resistant (hpt) and SPFMV‐S coat protein (CP) genes, which have shown a significant resistance to SPFMV‐S. In the breeding programme, it is important to confirm that the viral resistance conferred in T₀ plants can be inherited by their progeny. In the present study, progeny were obtained from crosses between the transgenic T₀ and a non‐transgenic variety of sweet potato. The results showed that the CP gene was inherited by the next generation and that the stability of viral resistance was also confirmed. Thus, this production system for the virus‐resistant transgenic sweet potato is useful in practical breeding.     

Variation in sweet potato for tolerance to some physical and biological stresses

Summary Sweet potato cultivars, breeding lines and unselected seedling clones were grown under 9 stress conditions in field and greenhouse; heavy soil, space competition, competition with maize, shading, flooding, drought, acidity, salinity, and weevil infestation. High root yield was considered to be a sign of stress tolerance. Stresses were shown to reduce the growth of shoots and roots, except flooding, which increased fibrous root production. The percentge of plants showing high stress tolerance varied from 0.35 to 30.90 for the different stress situations. Tolerances to stresses tended to occur together, as shown by low but significant correlations, significant chi-squares for numbers of plants with multiple stresses, and by low but significant correlations between yield and multiple stresses. Root flooding, space and fertility competition, and soil acidity appear to be the stress factors most closely related to production in heavy soils. Yet the magnitude of the correlations suggest that other factors or random variation also affect yield, and thus the predictive value of greenhouse stress test is presently limited.     

不同施钾量条件下甘薯块根形成的内源激素变化及其与块根数量的关系

In order to explore the changes of endogenous hormones on storage root formation and its relationship with storage root number under different potassium application rates of sweet potato root, sweet potato varieties ‘Yanshu 25’ and ‘Beijing 553’ with significant differences in storage root number were used as experimental materials, potassium oxide (K₂O) was used as fertilizer, and four potassium fertilizer gradients of 0 (K0), 120 (K2), 240 (K3), and 360 kg hm^-2 (K4) were set. The effects of different potassium application rates on the contents of endogenous hormones, the activity of related metabolic enzymes, the number of storage root and root evenness in swelling roots of sweet potato during root formation and harvest stage were studied. Compared with the treatment without potassium fertilizer (K0), the application of potassium fertilizer decreased the enzyme activities of indoleacetic acid oxidase (IAAO) and peroxidase (POD), increased the content of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), increased the content of zeatin riboside (ZR) and decreased the content of gibberellins (GA₃). Potassium application enhanced the activity of primary cambium and promoted the differentiation from adventitious root to storage root by regulating the content of endogenous hormones in swelling roots of sweet potato. Compared with the control, the application of potash fertilizer significantly increased the number and weight of storage roots per plant and root yield of ‘Yanshu 25’ and ‘Beijing 553’. The number of storage roots per plant of ‘Yanshu 25’ and ‘Beijing 553’ increased by 3.16%-25.40% and 3.85%-33.11%, respectively, and the yield increased by 4.22%-17.31% and 3.94%-18.45%, respectively. Compared with the potassium application treatments of the two varieties, the K2 treatment had the highest storage roots number per plant, the highest weight and yield of storage roots, with the best root evenness.     

湘南丘陵区红壤旱地红薯钾肥最佳用量与产量关系

为了寻求红薯的最佳钾肥施用量,提高钾肥利用率,笔者在湘南红壤丘陵区,设置钾肥5水平肥料效应田间试验,并采用田间试验和室内分析相结合的研究方法,分别测产,测定红薯养分含量以及土壤速效养分。试验结果表明:在钾肥施用量为225kg/hm2时,红薯的经济效益最高,每公顷的纯收入为9624.5元,增收率为47.7%,红薯的经济产量也较高,为19501.5kg/hm2,每公顷增产52.9%。同时,在该施肥水平下,整株红薯的氮、磷、钾养分吸收总量和钾肥利用率均最高,钾肥利用率达到15.6%。相反,在钾肥施用量为225kg/hm2时,0~20cm耕层土壤的速效养分含量和其他钾肥用量的处理相比较,均降低。综合考虑,在五个施钾水平中,笔者得出湘南丘陵区红薯钾肥的最佳施用量为225kg/hm2。