Localization of a Dwarfing Mutation in Upland Cotton Using InDel Markers Based on Genome Re-Sequencing Data

[Objective] InDel markers that were developed by comparing whole genome re-sequencing data were used to map the AS98 gene of a dwarf mutant of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). [Method] An F2 segregation population was constructed from an upland-cotton dwarf mutant (AS98) and its wild type (LHF10), and InDel markers were developed based on genome re-sequencing data from the two parents. The InDel markers and the F2 generation were then used to map the AS98 gene of the dwarf mutant. [Result] A total of 114 InDel markers located in a previous mapping region were screened and used to genotype 223 F2 individuals. Ultimately, phenotypic data and 20 polymorphic primer pairs were used to construct a genetic linkage map. Molecular marker analysis mapped AS98 within a 6.9 cM distance of the marker InDel-50 on chromosome D12. [Conclusion] This study has demonstrated the feasibility of using InDel markers developed from re-sequencing data for gene localization in isolated populations derived from upland cotton dwarf materials. The resulting gene map provides a basis for future fine mapping and molecular-assisted selection breeding.     

基于高通量测序的大麦In Del标记开发及应用

分子标记是遗传研究的基础工具,广泛应用于遗传多样性研究、种质鉴定、遗传图谱构建和基因定位等领域。本研究基于大麦的全基因组重测序数据鉴定出的二态性SNP位点,开发出遍布全基因组的118对InDel引物。以49份不同地理来源的大麦种质检测其有效性,筛选出2个等位基因的共显性InDel标记72对,进一步对288份大麦种质进行遗传距离分析及构建系统发育树。结果显示,筛选到32个有效性的核心InDel标记,覆盖大麦7条染色体上,平均PIC为0.44,平均MAF为0.34;基于InDel标记位点的供试大麦的系统发育树结果揭示供试大麦具有丰富的遗传多样性,且能够将具有相同地理来源的多数品种聚为一类。表明开发的32个二态性InDel标记可有效地用于鉴定品种间的亲缘关系,且丰富了大麦品种鉴定的分子标记。上述核心InDel标记在大麦品种鉴定、大麦资源亲缘关系分析以及群体划分方面具有一定的理论意义和应用价值。     

The Identification of QTL Associated with Cotton Fruit Branch Length Suitable for Mechanized Harvest Utilizing BSA-seq

[Objective] This study aims to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with cotton fruit branch length by using the combination of bulked-segregant analysis (BSA) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) method. [Method] In this study, the cotton F₂ segregating population was developed with the short branch line Sujimian 125 and long-branch variety Sikang 1 as cross parents. According to the average internode length of fruit branches in middle, extreme individuals in F₂ population were divided into two groups to generate the bulked DNA samples. The whole-genome resequencing of two DNA bulks was applied to analyze the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and insertion-deletion (InDel) between two groups, and the fruit branch internode length related QTLs were detected using Euclidean distance (ED). [Result] With SNP data obtained from sequencing, a 0.8 Mbp range associated region on chromosome A3 was identified; with InDel data obtained from sequencing, a 1.09 Mbp range associated region on chromosome A3 was identified. Two regions overlapped, and the overlapped range was 0.77 Mbp. [Conclusion] This result suggested that the difference between I-type fruit branch and zero-type was due to different genetic locus and pattern rather than dosage effect of the same gene.     

基于SSR、InDel分子标记的红甜菜遗传多样性分析

本研究旨在了解21份国内外红甜菜品种的遗传多样性及其演化地位。利用Indel和SSR分子标记，对21份红甜菜遗传多样性研究。结果表明，InDel标记共得到25个基因位点，24个位点具有多态性，Shannon’s信息指数平均值为0.583，Nei’s基因多样性指数平均值为0.370，等位基因K为2~4个，平均2.4个，平均观测杂合度为0.235，期望杂合度0.398，多态信息含量PIC值为0.330；SSR标记共扩增出28个基因位点，全部具有多态性，平均每个标记扩增出3.5个多态性基因位点，Shannon’s 信息指数平均值为0.926，Nei’s基因多样性指数平均值为0.548，等位基因K为2~7个，平均4.625个，平均观测杂合度0.399，期望杂合度0.587，多态信息含量PIC值为0.523。本研究发现红甜菜品种大多因亲缘关系较近，因此在选育新品种时，建议尽量选择遗传距离较远的品种作为亲本。     

基于重测序的陆地棉InDel标记开发与评价

碱基插入/缺失(InDel)是基因组中丰富的遗传变异形式。InDel以其密度高、易于基因型分型等优点成为分子标记开发的理想来源。本研究利用262份陆地棉品系重测序数据鉴定的InDel位点,在全基因组范围内设计了3206个InDel标记并挑选均匀分布的320个标记进行验证。320个标记筛选出87个多态性标记,多态性率为26.88%。利用多态性标记对不同地理来源的262份陆地棉种质资源进行基因分型,共检测到160个等位位点;多态性信息含量(PIC)为0.0836～0.3750,平均值为0.3073;基因多样性指数变异范围为0.0874～0.5000,平均值为0.3876,表明我国陆地棉遗传基础相对狭窄。群体结构分析将262份陆地棉品系大致划分为2个亚群,聚类分析和主成分分析的结果与之基本一致。采用混合线性模型(Mixed linear model)对6个纤维品质性状的关联分析检测到65个关联位点(P 0.01),各位点对表型变异贡献率为2.57%～8.12%。本研究旨在利用重测序数据开发全基因组范围的可用于凝胶检测的InDel标记,为棉花种质资源研究和分子标记辅助选择育种提供便捷工具。     

DNA Fingerprint Construction and Genetic Diversity Analysis Based on SSR Markers for Upland Cotton in Xinjiang

[Objective] The aim of this study was to construct a DNA fingerprinting database of 120 upland cotton cultivars from Xinjiang and to analyze their genetic diversity based on SSR markers. [Methods] Seventy-eight evenly distributed SSR primer pairs with high polymorphism and good repeatability were successfully screened out from 586 candidates to construct the fingerprinting database. [Result] A total of 392 alleles from 120 varieties were screened using 78 pairs of core primers, 324 of which were polymorphic loci with a polymorphism rate of 82.7%. Seventeen cultivars had specific genotypes determined using 24 primer pairs and 120 upland cotton cultivars could be identified by only 12 primer combinations. Cluster analysis indicated that genetic similarity coefficient for the 120 upland cotton cultivars ranged from 0.50 to 0.96, with an average of 0.73, indicating that upland cotton resources possess high genetic similarity and have an accordingly narrow genetic basis. [Conclusion] The primer combination method is one of the most effective methods for constructing DNA fingerprinting. The 120 upland cotton varieties were divided into three types with the genetic similarity coefficient matrix; these groups were strongly consistent with their pedigrees.     

Mapping of Verticillium Wilt Resistance QTL with Interspecific Advanced Backcross Population between Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and Sea-Island Cotton (G. barbadense L.)

[Objective] The aim of this study was to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of Verticillium wilt resistance in cotton. [Method]In this study, with the cultivar Lumianyan 28(Gossypium hirsutumL.) as the recipient parent and the F₁generation obtained from the cross Hai7124 (G. barbadense) and TM-1(G. hirsutumL.) as the donor parent, an interspecific advanced backcross population was constructed. Compared with the integrated high density genetic linkage map published, simple sequence repeat(SSR) markers of polymorphism were used to construct genetic linkage map. QTLs detection was conducted by composite interval mapping method in field and disease nursery. [Result] 216 simple sequence repeated (SSR) markers of polymorphism were assigned to 26 Chromosomes with a total map distance of 3 380 cM and an average distance of about 15.77 cM between two adjacent markers. Six QTLs located on 6 chromosomes had been detected and could explain phenotypic variance with 8.56%～20.26%. Five of Six QTLs were consistent with the previous study. Moreover, one novel QTL which located on Chromosome 1 was detected in this study. These results maybe helpful for the marker-assisted development of new cultivars which were resistant to Verticillium wilt. [Conclusion] Six QTLs were detected, one of them is a new QTL on chromosome 1.     

Mining Elite Sea-Island Cotton Germplasm Based on Phenotyping and SSR Markers

[Objective] An elite germplasm resource of sea-island cotton with outstanding traits was mined in order to accelerate the breeding process of new varieties. [Method] The core collections of sea-island cotton germplasm consisted of 178 accessions were used as experimental materials in this study. Analyses of variability and diversity were performed through detecting phenotypic data of six main breeding-targeted traits, including boll weight, boll number per plant, lint percentage, fiber length, fiber strength, and micronaire. The elite germplasm of sea-island cotton was selected according to 10% optimal sampling strategy based on the phenotypic value of each trait. The 120 pairs of polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers were used to analyze the polymorphism of 178 accessions of the core collections. Then, we conducted the population structure and clustering analysis based on the genotyping results. According to the results of cluster analysis, the primary elite germplasm was further selected, and the final elite germplasm of sea-island cotton was identified. [Result] The results showed that there was a high variability and abundant genetic diversity in the 6 studied traits. In 178 accessions of sea-island cotton, 262 alleles were detected by 120 pairs of SSR primers, with an average of 2.18 loci. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.067 8-0.630 0, with an average of 0.296 0, showing moderate polymorphism. The cluster analysis showed that the core collection of sea-island cotton was divided into six groups. twenty-three elite germplasm resources of sea-island cotton were identified based on phenotypic value and cluster analysis of SSR markers. [Conclusion] The germplasm of sea-island cotton can be analyzed and evaluated based on the phenotyping and SSR markers, and then the elite germplasm of sea-island cotton can be identified. These results provided the material basis for the genetic breeding of sea-island cotton, as well as the important reference and basis for the mining and identification of crop elite germplasm.     

2个抗虫棉的外源Bt基因分子鉴定及其染色体定位

以中美2个抗虫棉品种GK19与33B为试验材料,利用检测中美Bt基因的特异性引物,分别对抗虫棉亲本GK19和33B进行PCR扩增,并通过SSR分子标记技术对其Bt基因进行分子鉴定与染色体定位,旨在从外源基因转化事件的视角探究中美转基因抗虫棉差异的分子基础。结果表明, GK19为中国转Bt基因抗虫棉, 33B为美国转Bt基因抗虫棉; GK19的Bt基因被定位在棉花Chr.20上,共16对SSR多态性标记与其Bt基因连锁,两侧的分子标记为NAU3907和NAU2579,其遗传距离分别为2.4 cM和1.5 cM; 33B的Bt基因被定位在棉花Chr.26上,共20对SSR多态性标记与Bt基因连锁,目标Bt基因位于标记NAU460和dc40260之间,其遗传距离分别为3.6 cM和2.0 cM。以上结果表明GK19和33B属于不同的遗传转化事件。     

QTL Mapping of Boll Weight Trait Based on Recombinant Inbred Lines in Gossypium hirsutum L.

[Objective] The aim of this study was to explore the quantitative trait locus (QTL) related to the boll weight. [Method] A single seed descended population of 137 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was developed from the cross of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) CCRI 36 and G2005, an introgression inbred line introgressed from G. barbadense. Using restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq), a genetic linkage map composed of 6 434 makers, including 6 295 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and 139 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, was developed from the RILs population. [Result] This map spanned 4 071.98 cM with an average distance of 0.63 cM between adjacent markers. QTL mapping was performed by using boll weight data of five environments through WinQTLCart 2.5 software. Thirty-two QTL, with 4.46%-15.84% explained phenotypic variation related boll weight, were detected and found distributing on 15 chromosomes. qBW-A4-1, qBW-A4-2, qBW-A5-2, qBW-D9-1, and qBW-D9-2 were detected in two environments, which explained 5.07%-15.84% of the phenotypic variation. [Conclusion] Major QTLs detected in this study will provide an important reference for analysis of the genetic mechanism of boll weight.     

Genome-wide InDel marker system for application in rice breeding and mapping studies

In order to widen the genetic basis for local rice breeding programs, a set of 506 PCR-based novel insertion/deletion (InDel) markers were designed. The markers have size differences larger than 30 base-pairs and were generated by published genome sequences of rice (Oryza sativa L.) indica and japonica subspecies. Among the 506 InDel markers, 133 markers are polymorphic between the selected parents Taiken 2 and Taichung Sen 10, which are elite Taiwanese japonica and indica varieties, respectively. The InDel to amplicon size ratios, based on the japonica template, were in the range of 8.8–45.6 %, with an average of 21.6 %. As a result, the PCR product can be efficiently separated and easily scored by running 30 min of non-submerging electrophoresis on 2–3 % agarose gels. Commonly observed non-parental bands originated from heteroduplex are considered beneficial in distinguishing homo- and hetero-zygotes. A linkage map constructed solely on these markers arranged in 12 linkage groups and extended over 1,413.9 cM with an average distance of 9.8 cM between markers, based on a segregating population of 286 F₂ individuals derived from a cross between Taiken 2 and Taichung Sen 10. The result indicated that InDel markers with moderate size differences were abundant and uniformly distributed across the whole genome of rice. Due to their simplicity in design and robustness in genotyping, these InDel markers have been routinely used in our quantitative trait loci mapping studies and marker-assisted selection programs for rice. We suggest that InDel markers with moderate size differences could be a valuable alternative in addition to the widely used SSR and SNP markers for rice breeding, and particularly suitable for field laboratories at breeding stations and/or laboratories with limited resources.     

水稻多蘖矮杆突变体htd7(t)的遗传分析与基因定位

分蘖是水稻最重要的农艺性状之一,其决定水稻的最终产量。多蘖矮杆突变体htd7(t)是粳稻品种‘日本晴’经350 Gy 的60Co-γ射线辐射处理后产生的突变体。为了克隆HTD7(t)基因,将htd7(t)与‘9311’配制正反杂交组合进行遗传分析发现,htd7(t)多蘖矮杆性状是受1 对隐性核基因控制。利用SSR分子标记将HTD7(t)初步定位在第11 染色体分子标记RM21 与RM254 之间,遗传距离分别为5.6 cM和3.2 cM。利用已经公布的水稻基因组数据,在该基因附近新发展了13 对InDel 标记,对HTD7(t)进行精细定位。根据定位结果构建覆盖HTD7(t)基因的BAC 重叠群,最终将HTD7(t)定位在InDel11-3 和InDel11-5之间的64.8 kb的物理距离内。     

采用基于高分辨率熔解曲线技术的SNP标记定位徐州142无絮的短绒控制基因

【目的】定位徐州142无絮(XZ142w)突变体的短绒控制基因n2。【方法】以陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum L.)徐州142(XZ142)×XZ142w的F2群体为研究对象,利用108个简单重复序列(Simple sequence repeat,SSR)标记对n2进行初步定位,再根据2个亲本材料中有单核苷酸多态性(Single nucleotide polymorphic,SNP)的差异基因设计50对SNP引物,用高分辨率熔解曲线(High resolution melting,HRM)技术从中筛选在亲本间有多态性的SNP引物,并用于后代的基因分型。【结果】利用108个SSR标记将n2初步定位在26号染色体的20.2c M的遗传区间内;用HRM技术筛选到9对亲本间有多态性的SNP引物,成功实现基因分型;并结合以SSR构建的连锁图谱,将n2的遗传区间缩小为19.5 c M,n2与最近的SNP标记Cricaas20158遗传距离为5.5 c M,且遗传图谱上的标记与四倍体陆地棉测序物理图谱基本一致。【结论】HRM技术可用于棉花中的SNP检测和n2基因的定位。     

三个栽培种中天然彩色棉的遗传多样性及关联分析

本研究利用主要农艺性状和SSR标记分析了137份陆地棉、13份海岛棉以及27份亚洲棉等不同纤维色泽的种质资源。170对SSR引物共检测到1036个等位基因变异。其中有多态性的等位基因923个,平均每个SSR位点有5.43个等位变异,变化范围为1~10。位点多态性信息量(PIC)的变化范围为0.56~0.93,PIC在0.85以上的多态性SSR位点为122个。结果表明,实验材料存在着丰富的遗传多样性。在群体结构分析基础上,使用TASSEL软件中的混合线性模型(MLM),在陆地棉中得到与11个性状相关联的SSR标记23个;在海岛棉群体得到与5个性状关联的17个标记;在亚洲棉中检测到与8个性状关联的15个标记位点。在三个栽培种中与纤维色泽度相关的标记位点一共有6个,分别是CIR51-4、BNL1421-2、BNL2656-2、DPL570-2、GH268-6和TMB131-1,表型变异解释率从3.12%到18.97%。三个栽培种中天然彩色棉种质具有丰富的遗传多样性,为棉花的种间、种内杂交育种以及拓宽棉花新品种的遗传背景提供了物质基础和理论依据。     

Analysis of Genetic Polymorphic SSR Markers in Germplasm Resources of the Natural Colored Cotton

Short sequence repeats (microsatellite,SSR) and expressed sequence tags-SSR (EST-SSR) markers were employed to analyze the genetic diversity of natural colored cotton varieties.About 490 pairs of SSR markers spanning the 26 chromosomes were selected from the cotton microsatellite database,they were composed of the NAU,BNL,MUSS,and CIR markers,and there was one marker every 5 cM on average.     

Construction of a high-density genetic map using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) for quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of three plant morphological traits in upland cotton (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium hirsutum</Emphasis> L.)

In recent years, the production costs of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in China have continued to rise, and this has been accompanied by relatively low productivity, diminished enthusiasm of Chinese farmers for planting cotton, and the difficulty caused by high subsidies as well as the high degree of mechanized harvesting for competing crops like grains. Therefore, it is urgent to improve the level of mechanization and the scale of cotton production in China. Morphological traits play an important role in the mechanized harvesting of cotton. Plant height (PH), height of the first fruiting branch node (HFFBN), and the number of vegetative shoot (NOVS) are key cotton morphological traits that influence mechanical harvesting. The genetic basis of PH, HFFBN, and NOVS were examined in the Z571 and CCRI 49 parents as well as 188 individuals comprising the F₂ mapping population. This F₂ population was examined using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) with 5571 high-density polymorphism single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to construct a genetic linkage map comprised of 3187 polymorphic markers. The genetic map spanned 3828.551 cM, with an average distance of 0.687 cM between markers. The complete interval mapping method identified 17 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for PH, HFFBN, and NOVS located on chromosomes 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 17, 19, 23, and 25. Our study provides an efficient approach for fast detection of QTL underlying complex trait variation with high accuracy, thus providing preliminary information that can improve the efficiency of subsequent machine cotton picking through breeding and molecular marker-assisted selection methods.     

陆地棉SSR标记遗传多样性及其与农艺性状的关联分析

分析陆地棉栽培种遗传多样性,通过关联分析寻找与棉花农艺性状相关联的分子标记,为分子标记辅助选择育种和提高棉花育种效率奠定基础。本文采用74个Simple sequence repeat(SSR)标记对172份陆地棉栽培种的基因组变异进行扫描,使用NTSYS-pc 2.20进行聚类,分析该群体遗传多样性;利用Structure 2.3.4软件分析群体结构,在此基础上结合田间表型数据,采用Tassel 2.1的一般线性模型(General linear model,GLM)进行关联分析,定位与农艺性状相关的QTLs。74个标记共检测到148个多态性位点,涉及246个等位变异,变异范围2~7个,平均等位变异数为3.32;引物的多态性信息含量(PIC)为0.0281~0.3733,平均值为0.2370;遗传相似系数变异在0.2816~1,平均值为0.5369,平均遗传相似系数为0.5369,表明我国陆地棉遗传基础狭窄,尽管国外及西北内陆棉区部分材料具有较丰富的遗传变异。聚类分析将该群体划分为12个亚群,不同棉区的材料交叉分布,且聚类结果基本与系谱吻合。群体结构分析却将172份供试材料划分为3个亚群;通过关联分析,发现30个位点与铃重、衣分、黄萎病抗性显著相关(P0.05),各位点对表型变异贡献率为2.24%~5.27%。     

Genetic Dissection of Allelic Loci Associated with Economic Traits of Upland Cottons in Xinjiang

[Objective] We completed anassociation analysis of economic traits for upland cotton using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. We then explored the allelic variation sites to analyze the genetic basis of economically important traits, studied the genetic mechanism of Xinjiang upland cotton, and aimed to accelerate efficient breeding of upland cotton. [Method] We carried out polymorphic scanning on 156 upland cotton varieties in Xinjiang by screening 73 pairs of SSR markers encompassing the whole cotton genome. We constructed boxplot maps using R statistical computing software and graphics language and used TASSEL software to correlate yield or fiber quality traits with significant allelic variation loci. [Results] We obtained 10 allelic variation loci related to yield traits using the correlation analysis of Xinjiang upland cotton varieties from six different environments. The interpretation rate of phenotypic variation ranged from 6.69% to 9.88% with an average of 8.43%. Twenty-three allelic variation loci associated with fiber quality traits and phenotypic variation interpretation rates ranged from 3.73% to 13.22% with an average of 7.52%. The 22 detected quantitative trait loci were reported in previous studies and 10 showed the same associated traits as previously reported. [Conclusion] The population genetic structure of Xinjiang upland cotton varieties is simple, the linkage disequilibrium level is low, and the phenotypic traits show a stable trend under six environments. Using association analysis, we discovered unique allelic variation genes related to yield and fiber quality and diverse allele loci.     

水稻InDel和SSR标记多态性的比较分析

为评价插入缺失（InDel）标记在水稻分子育种中的应用价值,本研究用日本晴和9311序列筛选得到遍布每条染色体的20对InDel标记和53对SSR标记,分析46份粳稻和47份籼稻的遗传多样性。研究表明这些InDel标记在籼粳亚种间具有很高的多态性,亚种内多态性较低,平均多态性水平显著小于SSR标记,InDel标记具有数量多,扩增产物稳定和易于检测等优点,将InDel标记应用到遗传图谱构建、基因定位分析和标记辅助选择中可以加速研究进程。     

新陆早棉花品种DNA指纹图谱的构建及遗传多样性分析

以新疆2013年前审定的51个新陆早常规棉花品种为材料, 从5000对SSR引物中筛选出多态性高、稳定性好、且定位在棉花26条染色体上(每条染色体上选择2~3对)的75对核心引物,检测到多态性位点226个, 每个标记检测到的基因型位点数在2~12之间, 平均为3.01个;引物多态信息量(PIC)值介于0.0799~0.8752之间, 平均值为0.6624。结果显示, 在51份新陆早棉花常规品种中, 可利用特征引物将21份品种一次性区分开。利用40对引物可以完全区分开新陆早51份常规品种, 并构建供试品种的指纹图谱。同时利用NTSYS-pcV2.10软件聚类分析表明, 51个新陆早棉花品种遗传相似系数变化范围为0.4269~0.9873, 平均值为0.7071, 说明新陆早棉花品种之间遗传多样性较狭窄;遗传相似系数矩阵和聚类分析将51个新陆早品种分为4大类型, 与原品种选育系谱高度吻合。