13份矮生番茄种质资源表型性状遗传多样性分析

本研究对矮生番茄13份种质资源的11个质量性状和15个数量性状进行遗传变异、主成分、相关性以及聚类分析。结果表明,供试材料的表型性状具有丰富的遗传多样性,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’)的变化范围为1.84～2.61,在质量性状中最高和最低分别是果肉色(2.52)和成熟前果色(1.84);在数量性状中最高和最低分别是单花序果数(2.61)和果形指数(2.17),数量性状的变异系数变化范围为9.57%～81.12%,除果形指数(9.57%)外,其他数量性状变异系数均大于10%;提取的5个主成分特征值均大于1,5个主成分的累计贡献率达到了83.469%;各个性状间存在复杂的相互关系;通过聚类分析可将供试材料聚类为Ⅳ大类,第Ⅰ、Ⅱ类群株型为直立紧凑,株高较矮,适宜作为盆栽观赏番茄;第Ⅲ、Ⅳ类群株型为半蔓性,糖度较高,可作为前两大类群品质改良的育种材料。     

苦荞种质资源表型性状的遗传多样性分析

为了解苦荞产量与农艺性状之间的关系,以26个苦荞种质资源为材料进行主要表型性状与产量的统计分析。结果表明：26个苦荞种质资源存在丰富的遗传变异,不同性状之间变异系数差异较大,变异系数最大的是主茎分枝数,为33.30%,变异系数最小的是生育日数,为6.13%。相关性分析表明,苦荞各性状之间存在不同程度的相关性,且大多数性状与产量呈正相关关系。主成分分析提取了前3个主成分,其累计贡献率达到89.55%。聚类分析将26个苦荞种质资源分为3类,第Ⅰ类综合性状不突出,第Ⅱ类属于高产型,第Ⅲ类属于矮秆型。     

南疆陆地棉种质资源表型性状遗传多样性分析

通过田间调查、室内考种及纤维品质检测,对南疆90份陆地棉种质资源16个表型性状进行鉴定及评价分析,为南疆陆地棉亲本选配和新品种选育提供参考。结果表明:16个表型性状中叶枝数(36.24%)、中部果枝长度(22.63%)、单株铃数(17.64%)变异系数较大,节位数(6.07%)、上半部均长(4.63%)、伸长率(2.59%)变异系数较小;各性状的遗传多样性指数平均值为2.01;相关分析结果表明,陆地棉品质性状与产量性状表现为负相关;主成分分析结果表明,前5个主成分累计贡献率达到71.69%,培育陆地棉优良品种应选择纤维品质优良、结铃数多、株型紧凑、单铃重适中、衣分较高的品种;聚类分析将90份种质分为4个类群,各类群性状差异较大,可为棉花新品种培育提供不同特性的种质材料。     

宁夏粳稻种质资源表型性状遗传多样性分析

为了解宁夏水稻种质资源遗传多样性水平,对宁夏60份粳稻种质资源材料的16个表型性状进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,60份宁夏水稻种质资源材料16个表型性状间存在极显著的遗传差异,其中株高、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、经济系数、结实率、秆长这6个表型性状的变异幅度大,方差和标准差较高,具有较大的离散程度;每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、着粒密度、单株穗数、单穗粒重的变异系数均在14%以上,F测验表明16个表型性状的差异都达到了极显著水平;遗传相关分析表明,不同表型性状间存在显著、极显著相关关系,有些性状间为正相关关系,而有些性状间则为负相关关系,各表型性状间呈复杂的相互关系;遗传多样性分析表明,表型遗传多样性指数变幅为1.644~2.092,平均为1.957;以卡方距离按UPGMA法聚类,在遗传相关系数为0.11处可分为8类,其中‘杨和白皮稻’、‘抚105’、‘田丰302’和‘花86’各为一类,其他引进和宁夏自育的水稻品种分别聚在第Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅷ类,而57%的种质资源材料都聚在了第Ⅵ类,并且第Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ类在相似系数为0.18处可聚成一大类,亲缘关系很近。‘杨和白皮稻’是宁夏的1个地方品种,与其他种质间亲缘关系最远。研究表明,宁夏粳稻种质资源材料间遗传差异较小,遗传背景比较单一,亲缘关系较近。     

切花百合种质资源表型性状遗传多样性分析

为了研究百合种质资源的遗传多样性,我们对国外引进的32份切花百合种质资源的19个表型性状进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明:切花百合品种间具有丰富的表型多样性,在品种间均表现出极显著差异。各个性状的表型分化系数VST平均值为78.97%,表明了各性状的品种间表型分化程度要大于品种内的分化程度,说明品种间变异是表型性状变异的主要来源。各表型性状的平均变异系数(CV)为5.48%,性状离散程度低;不同品种之间性状多样性指数均有不同程度的变异,平均多样性指数为1.415(H'1.000),百合品种间具有丰富的多态性。Pearson相关性分析发现,百合的花瓣表现型与营养生长不存在显著相关性;花瓣颜色相关性状具有呈现极显著正相关。表型聚类结果表明,表型性状聚类分析结果与相关性分析一致,32个种质资源被划分为3个居群,基本按花瓣颜色分布而聚类。     

基于表型性状的菠菜种质资源遗传多样性分析

为研究菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)种质资源的遗传多样性及亲缘关系和日后菠菜种质资源的创制与利用提供参考,对222份收集于国内外菠菜种质资源进行评价和分类,调查测定23个菠菜主要农艺性状,应用多元统计分析的方法进行遗传多样性分析.结果表明,在检测的15个质量性状中共发现46个变异类型,8个数量性状的变...     

寒兰种质资源表型性状多样性分析

为探讨寒兰的表型多样性,以35份寒兰种质为研究材料,选取38项表型性状进行多样性分析。对数量性状进行变异分析及相关性分析;对质量性状进行概率分布分析,并以Simpson指数和Shannon指数为评价指标进行多样性分析。结果表明,数量性状变异系数均大于10%,变异极为显著,数量性状间存在显著正相关;花瓣斑点、唇瓣条纹等部分质量性状较稳定,一致性较高;花瓣纵切面形状、侧萼纵切面形状等多数质量性状Simpson指数和Shannon指数较高,多样性程度较高,多样性丰富。说明寒兰的表型性状变异显著、多样性丰富。     

177份甘薯地方资源表型性状的遗传多样性分析

种质资源的遗传多样性是新品种选育的基础。甘薯地方品种具有很多优异的基因,但是很多性状未能得到利用。为有效利用我国甘薯地方资源的遗传多样性,分析不同时期收集的甘薯地方资源表型上的差异。本研究分析了177份甘薯地方品种资源。结果表明, 11个表型性状的多样性指数(H’)在0.42～2.08之间, 3个数量性状的变异系数(CV)在18.40%～46.83%之间,大部分性状表现出丰富的遗传多样性。以11个性状为基础的聚类分析将177份甘薯地方资源分为2个类群。主成分分析结果表明, 2000—2009年和2010—2019年收集的甘薯资源主要分布在Cluster 3和Cluster 4,另外3个时期收集的资源则分布相对分散。相关性分析的结果表明,各性状之间并不是相互独立的,而是彼此相互关联。不同时期收集的甘薯地方资源在表型上具有显著差异。在不同的收集时期,“薯皮色、薯肉色、茎直径、最长蔓长、基部分枝”在11个性状中变化最大。在描述型性状上,5个阶段收集的占比最多的资源的薯肉色以“白肉、黄肉、淡黄肉、桔黄肉、淡黄肉”在变化。在数量性状上, 2010—2019年阶段的茎直径显著缩小,基部分枝性状在5...     

浙江主栽盆栽百合种质资源表型性状遗传多样性分析

对浙江省主栽的18份盆栽百合种质资源的21个表型性状进行了变异水平评价、相关性分析和遗传多样性分析。结果表明:盆栽百合品种间具有丰富的表型多样性,在品种间均表现出极显著差异。各个性状的表型分化系数VST在96.50%～99.17%之间,平均值为97.95%,群体间平均表型变异约占总变异的97%,表明品种间的变异是盆栽百合品种表型性状变异的主要来源,品种内的变异对百合品种表型性状变异影响不大。各表型性状的平均变异系数(CV)为9.14%,性状离散程度低;不同品种之间性状多样性指数均有不同程度的变异,数量性状中指数最高为花序长(3.689),质量性状中指数最高为花瓣主色(1.765)。Pearson相关性分析发现,盆栽百合的整株花型与营养生长存在显著相关性;相关性状正相关明显大于负相关。表型聚类结果表明,表型性状聚类分析结果与相关性分析一致,18份种质资源被划分为5个居群,基本按花朵表现型而聚类划分。本研究确定表型数据是百合较为合理的评判指标,为盆栽百合育种资源研究提供参考和依据。     

实生黄皮种质资源收集与表型性状遗传多样性分析

为了解实生黄皮种质资源遗传多样性,本研究对60份海南省实生黄皮的32个表型性状进行遗传多样性分析、相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明,60份实生黄皮资源表现出丰富的遗传多样性,17个数量性状的变异系数范围在10.43%～93.65%,变异系数最大的是固酸比,为93.65%;32个表型性状遗传多样性指数范围为0.60～2.04,遗传多样性指数最大的是可溶性固形物含量,为2.04。性状相关性分析结果表明,相关性系数大于0.80的性状有单果重(WF)与果实纵径(LDF)等4组。聚类分析在欧式距离10.9处将收集的黄皮资源划分为5大类。主成分分析提取了8个主成分,累积贡献率为68.599%。研究发现收集的实生黄皮具有丰富多样性,可以对实生黄皮种质资源进行深入研究与选育。     

Genetic diversity for agronomic and fiber traits in day-neutral accessions derived from primitive cotton germplasm

Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL) is an important crop that is cultivated in warm climates through-out the world. Agronomic performance and fiber quality must continually be improved if cotton is to maintain economic viability. Primitive ancestors of cotton contain diversity for trait improvement; however, many of these accessions have a short-day flowering response (photoperiodic) and are not readily useable in breeding programs. In this study, 114 day-neutral derived primitive germplasm lines were evaluated in field trials for two years. Agronomic and fiber trait data were collected and analyzed. Variance components, genotypic values, and genotypic correlations were calculated. Genotypic effects for all traits studied made significant contributions to the phenotypic variation indicating genetic diversity among these lines. The predicted genotypic values showed a wide range of variation for agronomic and fiber traits. Weak genotypic correlations were found between yield and 2.5% span length and fiber strength, two important fiber traits. Although these day-neutral derived accessions had lower lint percentage, they had improved fiber length, strength, micronaire, and comparable yields with two commercial cultivars. Thus, these day-neutral derived accessions are sources of genetic variation that when used in breeding programs offer the potential to improve important traits and expand genetic diversity.Contribution of the USDA-ARS in cooperation with the Mississippi Agric. and Forestry Exp. Stn. Mention of trademark, proprietary product, or vendor does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by USDA, ARS and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products or vendors that may also be suitable.     

滨海盐碱地中垄作模式对菊芋生长及养分吸收的影响

菊芋具有很强的环境适应性,种植菊芋对改良滨海盐碱地并提高土壤固碳量有很大的潜力。为了提高菊芋在滨海盐碱地中的生物量及固碳量,采用垄作模式栽种,探讨菊芋的生长及土壤养分吸收过程,从而为更好地种植菊芋提供依据。结果表明,垄作处理可显著提高菊芋产量、生物量及养分吸收量,菊芋产量可提高约15%,全株干物质量提高47%,生物固碳量提高29%。垄作模式有利于滨海盐碱地中菊芋产量提高与固碳量增加。     

不同处理方法打破菊芋块茎休眠对比研究

以青芋1、2、3号菊芋块茎为试验材料,设计了不同浓度赤霉素（GA₃）溶液浸种及不同热激温度处理条件下对打破菊芋块茎休眠的影响。结果表明:不同浓度的赤霉素（GA₃）处理间存在着一定的差异,以10 mg/L处理效果最好。热激温度处理下,青芋1号菊芋在处理1下效果最好,青芋2号菊芋在处理4下发芽率最好;青芋3号菊芋在处理2下发芽率最好;2种方法对比之下以赤霉素浓度为10 mg/L时打破菊芋块茎休眠较好。     

Allozyme diversity of Russian wildrye accessions

Analysis of genetic diversity among plant accessions plays an important role in developing strategies for plant breeding and the conservation of genetic resources. Therefore, we sought to estimate the extent of genetic diversity present among and within 29 Russian wildrye accessions, which were collected from widespread geographic sites. We assessed the genetic diversity of eight enzymes found in 29 Russian wildrye accessions using vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The genetic diversity of each accession was estimated from standard genetic parameters that included (1) the number of polymorphic loci; (2) the average number of alleles per locus; (3) the observed and expected heterozygosity. The eight enzymes were encoded by 13 putative loci and 46 alleles. Allozyme analyses revealed a large number of polymorphic loci among the 29 accessions and some of the accessions carry rare alleles and trace their origin to sites in Xinjiang, China, where Russian wildrye is indigenous. The accessions with rare alleles require additional evaluation to determine whether they possess unique phenotypic traits which would be useful in applied plant breeding.     

新疆、甘肃黍稷资源的遗传多样性与群体遗传结构研究

新疆、甘肃是我国古代丝绸之路的必经之地,同时也是黍稷的主要种植区。研究该地区黍稷种质资源的遗传多样性和群体遗传结构,对于开展黍稷起源进化研究,明确黍稷传播路径具有重要的意义。本研究利用103对SSR标记对来自新疆、甘肃的216份黍稷资源进行了遗传多样性分析,共检测到299个等位基因,平均每个位点产生2.9个等位基因,平均Shannon’s指数为0.7360,平均观测杂合度为0.6298,平均期望杂合度为0.5497,多态性信息含量指数为0.0688～0.7786,均值0.4714,具有中度多态性。216份黍稷资源的近交系数为0.5870,遗传分化系数为0.0383,遗传分化程度很小。甘肃资源的等位基因数、Shannon-Weaver多样性指数、Nei’s期望杂合度和PIC值分别为2.8252、0.7347、0.4501和0.4674,其遗传参数值均大于新疆资源,表明甘肃种质资源的遗传多样性较新疆更丰富。基于遗传距离的聚类分析将216份黍稷资源分为5个类群,类群I～IV共包含7份黍稷资源,与别的资源遗传关系较远; 96%的资源集中于类群V,在遗传距离为0.38处,类群V又分为4个亚群,亚群A和亚群D主要包含甘肃资源,亚群B和亚群C主要包含新疆资源,表明新疆与甘肃资源有明显分离和相互渗透现象。聚类分析与群体遗传结构分析结果相似,均与生态地理分布相关。     

Regional patterns of microsatellite diversity in Ethiopian tetraploid wheat accessions

This study was conducted to assess regional patterns of diversity of Ethiopian tetraploid wheat accessions and to identify areas of diversity that can be used as source of new germplasm for developing high yielding and stable varieties. A collection of 133 Ethiopian tetraploid wheat accessions and eight introduced cultivars was analysed using 29 wheat microsatellite markers. A total of 383 alleles were detected with an average value of 13.14 alleles per locus. Relatively more alleles were observed in the B genome than in the A genome. Gene diversity indices ranged from 0.08 to 0.95, with a mean value of 0.72. Accessions collected from the same region were pooled and the number of alleles and gene diversity were calculated over the 29 simple sequence repeats for each region. Higher numbers of alleles were detected in the Shewa region (8.72), followed by Tigray (5.86) and Hararghe (5.76). The highest average gene diversity value was found in Shewa (0.65), followed by Gondar (0.64). No significant correlation was observed between geographic distance and genetic distance. Out of 383 different alleles detected, 93 (24.4%) were observed to be region‐specific. Region‐specific alleles were found across all chromosomes except for Xgwm752, Xgwm155 and Xgwm148. Genetic similarity coefficients were estimated for all the possible 55 pairs of regional comparisons and they ranged from 0.16 to 0.52, with a mean value of 0.50. All provinces were differentiated in the UPGMA cluster diagram.     

Genetic diversity for RAPD markers between cultivated and wild accessions of Coffea arabica

Summary Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers have been successfully employed to analyse the genetic diversity among cultivated and subspontaneous accessions of Coffea arabica. The narrow genetic base of commercial cultivars was confirmed. On the other hand, a relatively large genetic diversity was observed within the germplasm collection demonstrating the importance of collecting missions. Results suggested an East-West differentiation in Ethiopia, the primary centre of diversification of C. arabica. The large heterosis effect reported in intergroup hybrids could be related to such genetic differentiation. RAPD method appeared to be effective in resolving genetic variations and in grouping germplasm in C. arabica.     

半干旱地区菊芋品系植株表型与光合特性分析

为了加快半干旱地区的新型资源作物菊芋品种的选育进程,探讨菊芋产量及相关性状表型和光合生理基础是必要的。选用本课题组收集和培育的4个品系( 2个高产,2个低产品系),设置随机区组试验,比较菊芋高产和低产品系与产量形成相关的生物量累积、植株表型和光合特性的差异。结果表明,高产菊芋品系的地上生物量、块茎产量及根生物量显著高于低产品系;高产品系整体表现出明显的生长优势,其株高、基径、叶面积和叶片数均显著高于低产品系。气体交换参数分析表明,高产品系的光补偿点和暗呼吸速率显著小于低产品系,而其他各项参数差异不显著。相关性分析表明,菊芋块茎产量与株高、基径、叶面积、叶片数、地上生物量和根生物量呈显著正相关,而与光补偿点和暗呼吸速率呈显著负相关。建议多的叶片数、大的叶面积和发达的根系作为半干旱地区菊芋高产品系田间选育指标,而低的光补偿点和暗呼吸速率在高产品系选育中也具参考价值。     

Harvest Dates, Fertilizer and Varietal Effects on Yield, Concentration and Molecular Distribution of Fructan in Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.)

In a pot experiment two varieties of Jerusalem artichoke ( Helianths tuberosus L., cv. Topianka and cv. Violet de Rennes ) were exposed to different supplies of N, P and K. Nitrogen supply increased tuber yield more than the productivity of aerial parts. Violet de Rennes responded better to N than Topianka. Nutrient regimes without P or K addition but including N to some extent depressed the yields of tubers only (by 8–23 %). Carbohydrate concentrations (78–81 % of d.m.) and molecular fructan distributions were neither influenced by fertilizer regimes nor by mineral concentrations in the tubers.
Genotypic differences were significant for yield, for concentrations of N, P, Ca, S and Cu, and for fructan concentration in the tubers. At harvest time the fructose/glucose ratio in tubers of Violet de Rennes was about 10 % higher than in Topianka and remained on a higher level during storage.
Harvest time had the greatest influence on carbohydrate composition. Depolymerization of fructan proceeded at a high rate in November and slowed down during subsequent storage, accompanied by a decline in polydispersity. Simultaneously osmolanty increased, resulting in a freezing point depression of < 0.5 °C.