WTO框架下新疆棉花环境保护计划项目内容分析与探讨

依据WTO规则和新疆独特的自然生态条件,明确提出新疆棉花环境保护计划内容。通过在国内外多地实地考察调研,并与相关人员交流,同时查询相关文献资料(含统计数据、网上信息和政府文件等),了解WTO棉花补贴规则和新疆水资源、风沙、土壤盐碱化以及病虫草害等特点。新疆棉花环境保护计划包括新疆生态水供给、土地荒漠化治理、土壤改良和病虫草害生态防治四项内容,并阐述各项目设立理由与具体方案。为避免黄箱政策补贴引发的国际贸易纠纷,作者认为在新疆开展棉花环境保护计划行动十分必要,但由于WTO对环境保护补贴有明确的前置条件,再加上我国棉花环境保护补贴存在总量控制的现实问题,因而在落实环境保护计划方案时,应把环境保护计划与WTO 的其它补贴规则作为一个整体统筹考虑。     

覆膜棉田主要病害综合防治系列技术研究

作者1985—1988年研究结果:采用五氯硝基苯拌种可有效地防治覆膜棉田立枯病死苗.种植中抗枯萎病品种,并协调组配五氯硝基苯拌种诱发自然串珠镰刀菌对枯萎病的减轻作用和塑膜覆盖对枯萎病的生态防治作用,其综合防病效果达到高抗品种的水平.摘除棉株下部3个果枝上的棉蕾或下部3个果枝可协调棉株成铃结构,恶化发病生态位,从而使铃病明显减轻,棉花大幅度增产.     

Effects of Cotton/Sesame Intercropping Patterns on Crop Growth and Yield

[Objective] Intercropping as an intensive planting method, could increase the utilization ratio of land and resources. The study aimed to explore the advantages and disadvantages of cotton/sesame intercropping, and then find out the best planting pattern of cotton/sesame intercropping. [Method] Equidistant row monocropping cotton (Tc₁), wide narrow row monocropping cotton (Tc₂) and monocropping sesame (Ts) were used as control. We designed three intercropping patterns as follows: 1-1 pattern (cotton row spacing was 80 cm, one row of sesame was planted in the two row spacing), 2-1 pattern (cotton grown in wide-narrow-row, one row of sesame was planted in the wide row spacing), and 2-2 pattern (cotton grown in wide-narrow-row, two rows of sesame were planted in the wide row spacing). The effects of different intercropping patterns on cotton/sesame yield, yield components, leaf area index dynamic change and dry matter accumulation were investigated. The land equivalent ratio was used as an index to assess the land use efficiency. [Result] The results showed that cotton/sesame yield were significantiy affected by different intercropping patterns. However, the seed cotton yield decreased only slightly in 2-1 intercropping pattern. Two years average showed that, the seed cotton yield, plant height, boll number of per plant and boll weight in 1-1 pattern were reduced by 17.3%, 7.9%, 19.7% and 7.9% compared with Tc₁, respectively. In the treatment of 2-2 model, which reduced by 16.4%, 5.81%, 14.8% and 6.2% in comparison with Tc_2. But in the intercropping systems, the mixed yield and comprehensive economic benefit of cotton and sesame were higher than those of cotton and sesame monoculture. The leaf area index of the group and the total amount of dry matter accumulation in unit area increased significantly under cotton/sesame intercropping systems. The land equivalent ratios in 2015 and 2016 were from 1 to 1.24 and 0.91 to 1.16, respectively. [Conclusion] Under different cotton/sesame intercropping systems, the mixed yield and total economic benefit were higher than that of monocropping cotton or sesame. The 2-1 cotton/sesame intercropping pattern occupied the most optimal production performance and easy to cultivate, which was the practicable intercropping patterns in sustainable development.     

育种栽培植保一体研究选育棉花标记杂交种

选育棉花超鸡脚叶型标记自交系,配制杂交组合,进行棉花育种栽培植保紧密结合的总体研究,创造选育出了具有Bt基因与鸡脚叶形态互作抗虫性,集大棵、早熟、抗病、高产、优质为一体,要求宽、稀、简栽培而适宜间套作,有减免病虫害化学防治的标记抗虫杂交棉,从而开辟了棉田高产高效,简化省工的新途径。     

间作群体生态生理研究进展

综述了国内外间作群体的生态生理研究进展,对间作群体的生态效应、生理效应、间作对作物病虫草害的影响以及间作群体内的个体变化状况和效益做出分析,并对间作群体提出展望:向着粮、经、饲多元立体化产业发展;解决间作复合群体的各种矛盾,实现精耕细作农业的持续发展。     

Preliminary Study on Metabolic Resistance Mechanism of Aphis craccivora in Intercropping Field of Cotton and Peanut to Imidacloprid

[Objective] This study aims to explore the difference of imidacloprid resistance between Aphid gossypii and Aphid craccivora in intercropping field of cotton and peanut, and the mechanism of imidacloprid resistance to A. craccivora, so as to scientifically control these pests and to effectively avoid the rapid development of the resistance to imidacloprid. [Method] Two A. gossypii field populations and two A. craccivora field populations were collected from intercropping field of cotton and peanut in Juye and Linqing county of Shandong province, China. The bioassay experiment with two A. gossypii field populations, the bioassay and synergism experiment in two A. craccivora field populations were performed by the leaf dipping method. In addition, the activities of carboxylesterase (CarE), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) were assayed in the susceptible strain and two field populations of A. craccivora. [Result] Two A. gossypii field populations from Linqing and Juye exhibited moderate levels of resistance to imidacloprid, with the resistance ratios of 43.2- and 54.6-fold, while two A. craccivora field populations from Linqing and Juye showed susceptible and low level of resistance to imidacloprid, with the resistance ratio of 3.7- and 8.3-fold, respectively. According to the synergistic experiments, PBO and DEM significantly synergized imidacloprid in A. gossypii field population of Juye with the synergistic ratio of 3.63- and 1.95-fold, respectively, and TPP had no effect on imidacloprid toxicity. In A. craccivora field population of Linqing, PBO significantly synergized imidacloprid with the synergistic ratio of 3.05-fold, and DEM and TPP had no effect on imidacloprid. Further enzyme activity tests revealed that the activities of P450 and GST in Juye A. craccivora population were significantly higher than susceptible strain, and the activity of CarE had no significant difference between Juye A. craccivora population and susceptible strain. However, the activity of P450 in Linqing A. craccivora population was higher than susceptible strain, and the activities of CarE and GST had no significant differences. [Conclusion] Sensitivity of the two aphids in intercropping field of cotton and peanut to imidacloprid were greatly different, and P450 and GST may play an important role in resistance of A. craccivora to imidacloprid. The results are valuable for reasonable use of pesticides to delay the development of pesticide resistance of two aphids.     

棉花栽培计算机模拟决策系统(COTSYS)

棉花栽培计算机模拟决策系统（简称：棉花系统）（英文名： ＣＯＴｔｏｎ ｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｉｏｎａｌｓｉｍ ｕｌａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ－ ｍ ａｋｉｎｇ ＳＹＳｔｅｍ ， 简称ＣＯＴＳＹＳ），是在大量田间试验和生产示范信息反馈基础上，结合劳模、专家经验和模式化栽培技术，历时７年研制完成的。系统由数据库管理、模拟与分析、栽培决策、病虫害防治及经济效益分析５个子系统组成，可用于棉区棉花生产和当年栽培优化决策，制作栽培决策方案和栽培规程；进行棉区生产潜力分析，模拟预测棉花生长发育和产量的形成；进行有关参数和数据库管理，以及病虫害防治决策和经济效益分析等。系统适在特早熟、中早熟及中熟三个生态棉区应用效果良好。     

间套作系统中作物的养分吸收利用与病虫害控制

合理的间作套种可以提高作物产量,减轻农作物病虫害的发生。间套作系统中关于作物养分吸收利用的特征,特别是在大量元素氮磷钾方面的研究、以及间套作系统中土壤养分的迁移变化特征及其对土壤肥力和培肥的影响前人已有大量的研究,本文综述的近年来的有关工作。同时阐述了矿质营养与病虫害发生的关系,并针对目前间套作系统中养分与病虫害关系研究的空白,提出今后的研究应加强间作系统中养分与病虫害控制方面的研究。     

Crop Rotation to Improve Agricultural Production in Sub-Saharan Africa

A three years' trial was conducted in a farmers' field in northern Ghana to evaluate the effect of sole crops (cotton, cowpea, groundnut, soybean, and sunflower) planted once or twice on yield of the staple foods of the region, maize and sorghum. Sole cropping for only one year already resulted in significant yield increases for maize and partly for sorghum compared to the conventional cropping of mixed stands of maize–sorghum or maize–groundnut and natural fallow. Lowest yield of maize and sorghum was obtained where these cereals followed maize–sorghum (monoculture). Intercropping of maize with groundnut led to subsequent maize and sorghum yields which were similar to those obtained after maize–sorghum. After growing legumes and sunflower for one year the grain and straw yield of maize and sorghum was significantly higher in the two consecutive years than after cereal (maize–sorghum) monoculture. In this trial maize and sorghum were found to be not as tolerant to the disadvantages of monoculture or preceding cereals–legumes mixture. The results suggest that continuous intercropping with cereals under the given conditions has negative effects on soil fertility and can lead to an increase in soil-borne pests and troublesome weeds like Striga comparable to monocropped cereals.     

间作对旱地作物生长发育及生理生态影响的研究进展

为了选择长江流域旱地作物适宜的耕作方式,增加作物产量、改善品质以及获得更高的经济效益和促进旱地农业可持续发展。本研究归纳了国内外关于间作对旱地作物产量、品质、农艺性状、光合特性、养分吸收及生态环境影响等方面的研究情况。间作系统各作物的总产量（或收益）高于其任一单作系统;间作能显著改善作物的品质;间作能够使各作物在时空与水肥利用上具有互补性;间作群体在辐射截获和利用总效率上不低于其任一作物的单作群体;间作系统的土壤水分含量及利用率、土壤养分利用效率高于单作系统;间作的两种作物对养分吸收存在竞争与促进关系,可提高肥料利用效率,减少肥料损失率;间作系统能够集约利用光、温、水等自然资源。针对长江流域旱地作物间作存在的问题,提出了4条研究方向。     

连作障碍中化感自毒效应及间作缓解机理

连作障碍是典型的土壤-植物负反馈现象,长期以来困扰农业生产的发展,作物连作障碍形成机理与防治一直是国内外学者的研究热点。自毒作用是连作障碍的发生机制之一,连作下土壤中自毒物质累积通过影响作物的营养吸收、光合作用、酶活性等生理过程而抑制作物生长;同时自毒物质还通过改变微生物区系,降低土壤微生物活性和多样性,促进病原菌增殖,加剧土传病害发生而导致连作障碍危害加重。利用植物化感作用而采用的间作模式,可为克服作物连作自毒物质引发的土传病害发生提供环保、经济、有效的防治途径,符合现代农业可持续发展的思路。笔者从营养和生理角度分析间作提高作物的抗性,从根际微生物-自毒物质-病原菌互作角度阐明间作缓解连作自毒效应的机理,为理解间作系统地下部根际生态过程与连作障碍缓解及制定合理的间作模式提供参考,并有助于揭示地上-地下生物多样性互馈机理。     

近十年我国棉花虫害研究进展

近10年我国棉花生态区域发生了变化。本文总结了当前我国棉田主要虫害发生特点、抗性发展趋势、绿色农药应用及生物生态调控技术、害虫防治调控机制的研究进展等,指出了目前我国棉田主要害虫防治方面的薄弱环节,并展望未来我国棉花害虫研究的方向,为我国棉花害虫的进一步研究和治理提供理论指导。     

麦棉多作套种循环农业模式的发展演变与效应分析

麦棉多作套种循环农业模式是从麦棉多熟种植制度发展而来。本文采用实地调查、文献搜集和定位试验相结合的方法,总结了麦（小麦）棉（棉花）多作套种循环农业模式的发展演变进程以及典型模式和关键技术,分析了其生态、经济效应。结果表明,麦棉多作套种循环农业模式,可以利用生态位原理,发挥不同作物的优势和边际效应,在不降低棉花和小麦产量的基础上,增加土地收益和生产效率,同时具有保护地温、节水保墒、提高光能利用效率的功效。因此,构建麦棉多作套种循环模式,能够实现棉田生物多样性、维持棉田生态系统平衡、提高土地和资源利用效率,具有较高的生态经济价值和应用前景。     

我国棉田生态系统立体污染及其防治对策

棉花的农药、化肥和地膜使用量在我国主要农作物中均占据首位且居高不下,棉田生态系统受到从水体、土壤、生物到大气的交叉性“立体污染”。农膜的大量使用及高残留破坏土壤结构,影响土壤的透气性,并导致土壤质量下降;同时残膜降解过程中产生的有毒物质,阻碍种子根系生长,影响产量;过量施用化学肥料加之施用方法不妥,导致了严重的生态环境污染并危及人类健康;棉花病虫害防治高度依赖高毒、剧毒化学农药,导致药害,天敌和有益生物遭受毁灭性杀伤。农药、化肥成份残留于土壤中,或者被无节制地排放到水体环境,或随意散逸到大气中。从四个角度提出了相应的综合防治对策。对污染源头实施技术性控制。从生态系统平衡化和植物营养利用最优化着手,研究组建我国三大棉区棉田生态型IPM技术体系,形成棉田病虫害防治技术标准及棉田平衡施肥技术标准。改进施药施肥方法,创新棉花栽培和耕作措施,研制可降解环保棉田专用农膜。建立棉田生态系统污染修复技术体系。大力发展生物技术,提高生物防治水平。     

烤烟连作土壤障碍因子及防治措施

从烤烟连作影响烟株生长发育、产质量下降和病虫害增加等方面阐述了烤烟连作危害,从土壤养分比例失调、物理性状趋劣、根系分泌物自毒、有益微生物减少、有害微生物增加等方面归纳总结了烤烟连作障碍产生的土壤因素,从平衡施肥、增施有机肥、土壤深耕调理、合理轮间套作以及生物防治等方面介绍了当前烤烟连作障碍的防治措施,并对今后烤烟连作障碍机理研究的重点和方向以及烤烟连作障碍防治措施有效性进行了讨论。     

转Bt基因抗虫棉对非靶标昆虫的影响

本文就转Bt基因抗虫棉对非靶标害虫、天敌和经济昆虫的影响以及影响因素进行了论述。研究表明,转Bt基因抗虫棉使得一些对Bt蛋白不敏感的次要植食性非靶标害虫种群数量明显增加或呈加重趋势,但没有证据表明转Bt基因棉对棉田其它害虫的发生有直接的促进作用。外源Bt基因导入棉花后,引起的棉花重要营养物质含量的变化以及棉花叶片形态结构的改变可能会直接影响棉花害虫种群的数量,且转Bt基因棉田更有利于其它植食性昆虫的发生和危害。害虫种群数量和Bt蛋白也会直接或间接影响天敌的数量。目前大多数的研究表明,转Bt基因抗虫棉对家蚕和蜜蜂等经济昆虫无明显不利影响。     

扁桃棉花间作对棉花产量及影响因素的研究

摘要：以大田棉花为对照（CK）,与20年生扁桃树下间作棉花的光合特性、产量及土壤养分进行比较研究,结果表明：①扁棉间作对棉花的产量影响很大,主要表现在间作减少了亩株数、亩铃数和单株成铃数,进而影响到了子棉和皮棉的亩产,扁桃树树冠内侧、树冠外侧2米处的子棉平均亩产分别较对照递减了66.92%和42.78%。②扁棉间作改变了棉花光合特性的日变化规律,对照棉花的光合作用的日变化规律都呈双峰曲线,而间作棉花的变化规律都呈单峰曲线,峰值出现时间早晚与树影变化长度和方向有关。③扁棉间作降低了距离树干5米处（垂直树冠外围附近）土壤水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质的含量,而对其它各处土壤养分含量的影响不大。说明扁棉间作系统中光合作用是决定棉花产量的最重要因素。     

棉花花生间作复合系统的照度、生长发育与生产力效应

摘 要：洞庭湖平原是我国的高产棉区之一,随着杂交棉的推广,种植密度大幅降低,为农作物多熟复种提供了条件。本研究运用作物生态位差异等原理,选择3个花生品种即湘花120（繁茂度高、中早熟、大果）、四粒红（繁茂度中、特早熟、中果）、湘农小花生（繁茂度低、早熟、小果）,与长江流域的主要杂交棉品种湘杂棉2号进行间种,探讨了棉地间作花生的可行性。结果表明：1）间作棉花的相对照度、生长势、产量（3.4%～5.7%）均有所降低,而间作花生的相对照度提高,产量主要因为间作田花生基本苗减少而降低;2）不同花生品种对间作棉花的影响主要与繁茂度有关,以湘花120＞四粒红＞湘农小花生,而不同花生品种受棉花的影响主要与熟期有关,以湘花120＞湘农小花生＞四粒红;3）虽然间作棉花略有减产,但全田整体效益大幅增长,其中比花生单作增长35.9%～107.6%,比棉花单作增长31.6%～52.9%。因此,棉田间作花生在经济上不仅可行,而且大有可为。其中湘花120与棉花间作的整体效益最高。     

Research on the Intercropping Technology of Fruit of HERBA DESMODII STYRACIFOLII

[Objective]To review and standardize the intercropping technology of HERBA DESMODII STYRACIFOLII and fruit trees through the research on the intercropping technology of fruit. [Methods]A series of the intercropping technologies of HERBA DESMODII STYRACIFOLII and fruit trees is adopted such as soil breaking,seedling transplanting,farmland management,pest control and the collection of materials in the kumquat garden.[Results]The best efficiency of intercropping technology of HERBA DESMODII STYRACIFOLII is gained in the kumquat garden of young age. Intercropping technology can prevent the garden from the grass breeding and enhance the garden's ability of soil fixation,water conservation and fertilizer maintenance. Thus,the intercropping technology of HERBA DESMODII STYRACIFOLII can be concluded. [Conclusions] It is of significance of this technology in intercropping HERBA DESMODII STYRACIFOLII in the garden of young age,enhancing the soil efficiency,guarding orchardists to make good use of their weak points and pursue the cube management,increasing the benefits of orchardists and developing new methods of medicinal materials cropping.     

根钻和图像法测定棉麦套种及单种作物根长密度的精确性研究

【目的】研究田间根钻取样结合计算机图像软件分析方法测定棉麦套种及单种作物根长密度的精确性。【方法】结合田间根钻取样,分别用图像法(DT-SCAN图像软件分析法)和直尺法(常规人工直尺测量法)测量根长密度,通过2002―2013年试验获得的3423对根长密度数据分析图像法的精确性,使用根均方差描述图像法测定值(模拟值)与直尺法测定值(观测值)之间的一致性。【结果】2种方法测定根长密度的相关性较好,图像法的精确性较高。对可能影响图像法精确性的因素分析表明:(1)在不同种植模式下图像法的精确性表现为小麦单种模式棉花单种模式麦棉套种模式;(2)随着土壤深度增加,图像法的精确性增加;(3)在麦棉套种模式下图像法的精确性从麦幅到棉幅逐渐提高,在小麦单种模式下行上大于行间,在棉花单种模式下行上小于行间;(4)在棉花开花前图像法的精确性表现为棉花单种模式大于麦棉套种模式,在棉花开花后表现为棉花单种模式小于麦棉套种模式。【结论】田间根钻取样结合计算机图像软件分析方法测定棉麦套(单)种作物根长密度的精确性较高,该方法成本低、测定速度快,能更好地扫描并分析计算棉花的细小侧根,具有较强的先进性和较高的可靠性。