豫中植烟土壤有效态微量元素与pH和有机质的关系

为探明豫中植烟土壤p H和有机质对微量元素有效态含量的影响，在豫中许昌市的建安、禹州、襄城和漯河市的城区、临颍和舞阳6个植烟县(区)采集了191个典型烟田耕层(0～20 cm)土样，测定了微量元素(有效铜、铁、锰、锌、钼)含量、p H和有机质含量，采用Pearson相关分析法与曲线回归方法分析了有效态微量元素含量与pH、有机质之间的关系。结果表明，有效铜、铁、锰、锌和钼的平均含量分别为1.20、49.24、84.80、1.71和0.02mg/kg，有效锰总体上充足，有效钼整体极为缺乏，个别样点有效铜、铁和锌缺乏；p H平均为7.90，总体上偏高；有机质平均为17.78g/kg，总体上适宜；微量元素有效态与pH、有机质之间均存在二次函数关系，随p H升高，有效铜呈增加趋势，有效铁和锌呈先升后降趋势，有效锰和钼呈先降后升趋势；随有机质升高，有效铜、锰、锌和钼呈增加趋势，有效铁呈先升后降的趋势。     

不同耕作措施下秸秆还田土壤C02排放与溶解性有机碳的动态变化及其关系

田间定位试验开始于2008年,共设置秸秆还田翻耕（cT＋）、无秸秆翻耕（CT-）、秸秆还田免耕（NT＋）和无秸秆免耕（NT-）四个处理。利用静态箱——气相色谱法,测定分析了2010-2011年度和2012-2013年度两个小麦生长季内土壤coz排放、土壤DOC含量及土壤有机质含量的动态变化。结果表明：两个小麦生长季内土壤coz排放规律基本一致,从当年小麦出苗到越冬土壤C02排放量下降,第二年小麦返青后,士壤CO：排放量开始上升,到开花期达到排放高峰,其后开始下降直至小麦成熟。各处理2010-2011年、2012-2013年度土壤C02平均排放通量分别为：CT＋246．44、273．94mg·m^-2．h～,CT-183．54、212．57mg·m^-2．h^-1,NT＋188．41、200．06mg·m^-2·h^-1,NT-179．66、179．10mg·m^-2·h^-1。土壤DOC含量的动态变化表现为在一定范围内上下波动,各处理2010-2011年、2012-2013度年土壤DOC平均含量分别为：CT＋0．601、0．467g·kg^-1;CT-0．530、0．377g·kg^-1;NT＋0．621、0．544g·kg^-1;NT-0．528、0．402g·kg^-1。方差分析表明．秸秆还田能增加土壤CO2排放、DOC含量和有机质含量;翻耕能增加土壤CO2排放,对DOC含量和有机质含量无显著影响;免耕减少土壤C02排放,对DOC含量无显著影响,能增加土壤有机质含量。相关分析表明,土壤CO2排放与DOC含量动态变化没有显著相关关系,土壤CO2排放总量与土壤有机质含量正相关,DOC含量和土壤有机质含量无明显相关关系。     

Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Assisted by Lignite-Derived Humic Substances

Rewetting of agriculturally used peatlands has been proposed as a measure to stop soil subsidence, conserve peat and rehabilitate ecosystem functioning. Unintended consequences might involve nutrient release and changes in the greenhouse gas (GHG) balance towards CH₄-dominated emission. To investigate the risks and benefits of rewetting, we subjected soil columns from drained peat- and clay-covered peatlands to different water level treatments: permanently low, permanently inundated and fluctuating (first inundated, then drained). Surface water and soil pore water chemistry, soil-extractable nutrients and greenhouse gas fluxes were measured throughout the experiment. Permanent inundation released large amounts of nutrients into pore water, especially phosphorus (up to 11.7 mg P-PO₄ l^?1) and ammonium (4.8 mg N-NH₄ l^?1). Phosphorus release was larger in peat than in clay soil, presumably due to the larger pool of iron-bound phosphorus in peat. Furthermore, substantial amounts of phosphorus and potassium were exported from the soil matrix to the surface water, risking the pollution of local species-rich (semi-)aquatic ecosystems. Rewetting of both clay and peat soil reduced CO₂ emissions. CH₄ emissions increased, but, in contrast to the expectations, the fluxes were relatively low. Calculations showed that rewetting reduced net cumulative GHG emissions expressed as CO₂ equivalents.     

Greenhouse gas emissions from farmed organic soils: a review

Abstract. The large boreal peatland ecosystems sequester carbon and nitrogen from the atmosphere due to a low oxygen pressure in waterlogged peat. Consequently they are sinks for CO₂ and strong emitters of CH₄. Drainage and cultivation of peatlands allows oxygen to enter the soil, which initiates decomposition of the stored organic material, and in turn CO₂ and N₂O emissions increase while CH₄ emissions decrease. Compared to undrained peat, draining of organic soils for agricultural purposes increases the emissions of greenhouse gases (CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O) by roughly 1t CO₂ equivalents/ha per year. Although farmed organic soils in most European countries represent a minor part of the total agricultural area, these soils contribute significantly to national greenhouse gas budgets. Consequently, farmed organic soils are potential targets for policy makers in search of socially acceptable and economically cost-efficient measures to mitigate climate gas emissions from agriculture. Despite a scarcity of knowledge about greenhouse gas emissions from these soils, this paper addresses the emissions and possible control of the three greenhouse gases by different managements of organic soils. More precise information is needed regarding the present trace gas fluxes from these soils, as well as predictions of future emissions under alternative management regimes, before any definite policies can be devised.     

海南省芒果主产区土壤养分现状与果实矿质养分相关性评价与分析

研究海南省芒果主产区土壤养分丰缺及与果实矿质养分相关性,以期掌握芒果园土壤肥力现状,为科学、合理制定海南省芒果主产区的施肥策略奠基础。通过对海南省芒果主产区陵水、三亚、乐东、东方四市县芒果园0~20 cm、20~40cm土层采集的342个土壤样品和90个植物样品进行养分测定分析。研究发现,芒果园土壤pH均值为5.51,果园土壤呈酸性;果园有机质含量偏低,随土层加深而降低,四地土壤有机质含量在三级以下水平占各地土壤的比例分别为:陵水60%、三亚69%、乐东93%、东方100%;果园土壤全氮、碱解氮含量较低,基本在三级及以下水平,土壤速效钾、速效磷含量较高,大部分土壤在三级及以上水平范围,磷含量变异系数较大,分别为:0~20 cm土层为123.07%,20~40 cm土层为138.32%;芒果园土壤交换性钙含量较丰富,交换性镁含量较低,钙含量随土层加深而增加,镁则相反;芒果园微量元素含量比较丰富,随土层的加深有效铁、有效铜、有效锌含量减少,有效锰略微增加,有效硼基本不变;果园土壤养分含量与果实矿质元素含量的相关性较强,其中果实锰与土壤速效钾(相关系数0.990)、果实锰与土壤碱解氮(相关系数0.995)、果实锰与土壤有效锌(相关系数0.960)及土壤铜与果实铜(相关系数0.926)为显著的正相关,土壤有效磷与果实微量元素含量呈负相关关系,土壤有效铁与果实大量元素含量呈负相关,土壤速效钾和碱解氮与果实微量元素呈正相关。海南省芒果园土壤有机质、土壤氮(全氮、碱解氮)含量均较低,速效磷和速效钾含量为中上水平,交换性镁含量较低,果园土壤微量元素较丰富。建议生产中以基肥为主,增施有机肥,适当配施锰等微量元素,可以喷施少量叶面肥补充微量元素。在施肥时应平衡施肥,合理用量。     

土壤性质对土壤–水稻系统中硒迁移的影响

采集浙江省北部水稻种植区成熟期水稻和对应的土壤样品,分析土壤中硒(Se)总量和7种形态Se的含量以及水稻根、茎、叶、谷各部位的Se含量。结果表明:研究区土壤Se平均含量0.344 mg/kg,达到中Se土壤水平,并且与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关。7种Se形态中,强有机结合态和腐植酸结合态是主要的两种形态,占Se全量的75.92%;离子交换态、水溶态的含量在1.7%左右;碳酸盐结合态为3.2%。水稻根部富集了大部分的Se(73%),其各部位中Se含量随根、叶、茎、谷的顺序依次减少。将土壤按有机质和p H的大小进行分区分析后发现,当有机质含量小于25 g/kg时,土壤铁锰氧化物结合态Se与水稻根部Se呈显著正相关;当有机质含量大于35 g/kg时,土壤铁锰氧化物结合态Se与谷Se呈显著正相关;当p H7时,碳酸盐态Se与谷Se呈显著负相关。水溶态Se和离子交换态Se与水稻各部位Se含量之间并未呈现明显的相关性。水稻各器官Se含量受土壤p H、有机质含量、各形态Se含量等土壤性质的交互作用影响。     

Quantification of seed ionome variation in 90 diverse soybean (Glycine max) lines

Climate change and rising carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels are expected to reduce the mineral nutrient content of soybean seeds. The main objective of this study was to survey diverse soybean germplasm for variation in seed elemental concentrations and their relationships between elements, protein content, and individual seed weight. Seeds from 90 soybean genotypes were weighed and subjected to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) ionomics analysis and Carbon/Nitrogen (C/N) analysis to determine protein. The results demonstrated substantial variation with the possibility of significantly improving most mineral nutrients, especially selenium (Se), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn). This diverse survey identifies genotypes that can complement existing soybean breeding programs for improving seed nutritional quality. Correlation analysis identified two clusters of co-variant elements: zinc (Zn), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) as well as Zn, Cu, Se, and rubidium (Rb) were positively correlated with each other. Tolerable upper limits of Rb intake are not defined for humans illustrating the need to monitor trace elements along with desirable nutrients.     

Metal concentrations in soil and invertebrates in the vicinity of a metallurgical factory near Tula (Russia)

To investigate the effects of emissions from a large metal works near Tula in the Russian Federation, we measured concentrations of iron, manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, lead and cadmium in soil, litter and invertebrates at four sampling sites at different distances from the factory. The sites were located in woodlands in the bed of the Voronka river, near the town of Kosaya Gora in the district of Tula. Additional soil properties (organic matter content, clay content, water holding capacity, Ca, Mg, N, P, and pH) were measured that could explain differences in the bioavailability of the metal burdens. It appeared that the factory is a source of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb. One of the sampling sites had a high nitrogen content in the litter due to emissions from a fertilizer plant in the area. Most of the metal contamination was limited to the immediate surroundings and did not extend beyond a distance of 5 km. Only the site close to the factory can be considered as polluted, however, background concentrations of metals in the Tula area seem to be significantly lower than in present Western European soils and a reference system still has to be developed. Exchangeable metal concentrations (0.01 M CaCl₂ extracts from soil) were very low and were not correlated with the total concentrations, indicating low bioavailability of the pollution. At the most polluted site, concentrations of all metals were positively correlated with each other; correlations decreased with increasing distance. Metal concentrations in soil were often negatively correlated with organic matter content, especially so for nickel. Metal concentrations in invertebrates showed considerable variation between individual species, however, some general patterns were obvious. Concentrations were high in earthworms, oribatid mites and carabid beetles, and low in springtails, centipedes and spiders. There was no relationship between the trophic position of a species and its metal accumulating ability. Iron concentrations in invertebrates at the polluted site were a factor of 2 to 4 higher than at the most remote (reference) site; for zinc and copper the internal concentrations were also elevated, but to a lesser extent than the soil concentrations. The data illustrate the extremely complicated relationship between metal residues in invertebrates and metal concentrations in soil. For most of the saprophageous and predatory arthropods studied total concentrations nor exchangeable concentrations in soil are good predictors; species-specific feeding mechanisms and metal physiologies seem to be the main determinants.     

Scots pine litter decomposition along drainage succession and soil nutrient gradients in peatland forests, and the effects of inter-annual weather variation

Peatlands form a large carbon (C) pool but their C sink is labile and susceptible to changes in climate and land-use. Some pristine peatlands are forested, and others have the potential: the amount of arboreal vegetation is likely to increase if soil water levels are lowered as a consequence of climate change. On those sites tree litter dynamics may be crucial for the C balance. We studied the decomposition of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needle and root litter in boreal peatland sites representing gradients in drainage succession (succession following water level drawdown caused by forest drainage) and soil nutrient level during several years of varying weather conditions. Neither gradient had an unambiguous effect on litter mass loss. Mass loss over 2 years was faster in undrained versus drained sites for both needle litter, incubated in the moss layer, and fine root litter, incubated in 0-10 cm peat layer, suggesting moisture stress in the surface layers of the drained sites limited decomposition. Differences among the drained sites were not consistent. Among years, mass loss correlated positively with precipitation variables, and mostly negatively or not at all with temperature sum. We concluded that a long-term water level drawdown in peatlands does not necessarily enhance decay of fresh organic matter. Instead, the drained site may turn into a ‘large hummock-system’ where several factors, including litter quality, relative moisture deficiency, higher acidity, lower substrate temperature, and in deeper layers also oxygen deficiency, may interact to constrain organic matter decomposition. Further, the decomposition rates may not vary systematically among sites of different soil nutrient levels following water level drawdown. Our results emphasize the importance of annual weather variations on decomposition rates, and demonstrate that single-period incubation studies incorporate an indeterminable amount of temporal variation.     

植被覆盖和雨强对附着在沉积物上的养分流失, 泥沙颗粒组成及体积分形维数的影响

Vegetation and rainfall are two important factors affecting soil erosion and thus resulting in nutrient loss in the Chinese Loess Plateau.A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of rainfall intensities(60,100 and 140 mm h-1) and vegetation(Caragana korshinskii) coverages(0%,30% and 80%) on soil loss,nutrient loss,and the composition and volume fractal dimension of eroded sediment particles under simulated rainfall conditions.The results showed that vegetation cover,rainfall intensity and their interaction all had significant effects on sediment transport and the sedimentbound nutrient loss.Higher rainfall intensity and lower coverage led to higher sediment and nutrient losses.Positive linear relationships were observed between soil loss and nutrient loss.The treatments showed more significant effects on the enrichment ratio(ER) of nitrogen(ERN) than organic matter(EROM) and phosphorus(ERP).Compared with the original surface soil,the eroded sediment contained more fine particles.Under the same coverage,the clay content significantly decreased with increasing rainfall intensity.The ER of sediment-bound nutrients was positively correlated with that of clay,suggesting that the clay fraction was preferentially eroded and soil nutrients were mainly adsorbed onto or contained within this fraction.There were increments in the fractal dimension of the sediment particles compared to that of the original surface soil.Moreover,the fractal dimension was positively correlated with clay,silt,and sediment-bound OM,N,and P contents,whereas it was negatively correlated with sand content.This study demonstrated that fractal dimension analysis can be used to characterize differences in particle-size distribution and nutrient loss associated with soil erosion.     

Peatland Interstitial Water Chemistry in Relation to that of Surface Pools along a Peatland Mineral Gradient

The elemental (including silica (Si), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe)) and nutrient composition of peatland surface pools and concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn, and Fein peat interstitial waters and surface peat concentrations of oxides of Mn and Fe were determined for 15 peatlands sampled along a mineral gradient. Surface pool concentrations of Si wereca. ten fold less in surface pools of mineral-poor peatlands thanin the mineral rich, supporting the use of this element as an indicator of minerotrophic influence in peatlands. Principle component analysis of surface pool water chemistry parametersdifferentiated mineral-poor and moderately-poor peatlands frommineral-rich peatlands based on the concentrations of Ca, Mgand alkalinity of pools. Several lines of evidence indicated that peatland interstitial waters were important contributors to peatland alkalinity and included; (1) maximum interstitial water concentrations of Ca and Mg correlating with overlying surface pool alkalinity, (2) a negative correlation between interstitial water Ca:Mg ratios and surface pool concentrationsof Si and (3) Ca:Mg ratios of moderately-poor to mineral-poorpeatland interstitial waters approaching the Ca:Mg ratio of rainwater rather than those of bedrock. Interstitial water concentrations of dissolved Mn and Fe correlated with amountsof reducible Fe and Mn (oxides of Fe and Mn) recovered from thepeat/water interface indicating that groundwater inputs areimportant sources of these two elements to fens. As a consequence, for peatlands that are not truly ombrotrophic,groundwater inputs of Mn and Fe may interfere with interpretingpeat metal profiles thought to be due to anthropogenic inputs alone.     

山东省青州市土壤养分元素有效量及其影响因素

为研究山东省青州市土壤养分元素有效量及其影响因素，通过系统采集分析390件表层土壤样品，获得了N、P、K、Cu、Zn、Mo、B 7种土壤养分元素全量和有效量以及pH和有机质数据，并对其进行了相关性和差异性分析。结果表明：研究区土壤Mo、B元素有效量低，总体表现为缺乏和较缺乏；N元素有效量背景值略高于临界值，分布不规律；P、K、Cu、Zn元素有效量变异系数均大于100%，呈现西低东高的空间分布趋势。相关性分析表明，N、P、K、Cu、Zn、B 6种元素全量与有效量呈显著正相关，测试的7种元素有效量与pH均呈显著负相关，N、K、Zn、B 4种元素有效量与有机质含量呈显著正相关。不同成土母质中，奥陶系和寒武系土壤pH、奥陶系土壤有机质含量显著高于全区，养分有效量在奥陶系土壤中总体较低。不同土壤类型中，粗骨土土壤pH和有机质含量显著高于全区，养分有效量在粗骨土中总体较低。研究区土壤养分元素有效量不仅与元素全量水平关系密切，同时受土壤pH和有机质含量的影响。     

Soil carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions during the growing season from temperate maize‐soybean intercrops

The Argentine Pampa is one of the major global regions for the production of maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. [Merr.]), but intense management practices have led to soil degradation and amplified greenhouse‐gas (GHG) emissions. This paper presents preliminary data on the effect of maize‐soybean intercrops compared with maize and soybean sole crops on the short‐term emission rates of CO₂ and N₂O and its relationship to soil moisture or temperature over two field seasons. Soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the maize sole crop and intercrops, whereas soil bulk density was significantly lower in the intercrops. Soil CO₂ emission rates were significantly greater in the maize sole crop but did not differ significantly for N₂O emissions. Over two field seasons, both trace gases showed a general trend of greater emission rates in the maize sole crop followed by the soybean sole crop and were lowest in the intercrops. Linear regression between soil GHG (CO₂ and N₂O) emission rates and soil temperature or volumetric soil moisture were not significant except in the 1:2 intercrop where a significant relationship was observed between N₂O emissions and soil temperature in the first field season and between N₂O and volumetric soil moisture in the second field season. Our results demonstrated that intercropping in the Argentine Pampa may be a more sustainable agroecosystem land‐management practice with respect to GHG emissions.     

Litter decomposition and nutrient release in relation to atmospheric deposition of S and N in a dry tropical region

Temporal and spatial variations in litterfall, leaf litter decomposition and nutrient release were quantified along an air pollution gradient around an industrial area in a dry tropical region of India. Significant differences were found in litterfall between the sites. Litter decomposition rates also significantly varied among the study sites. Litter decomposition was faster at sites away from the industrial region with coal-fired power plants. The concentrations of N and P increased, whereas that of Ca and SO₄-S decreased in decomposing litter over time. The nutrient release pattern was also modified by atmospheric deposition. Concentrations of SO₂ and NO₂ were negatively correlated with relative mass loss. Turnover time of nutrients, except SO₄-S in decomposing litter was maximal at the site receiving highest atmospheric depositions. The study documents that industrial emissions significantly modified nutrient cycling in adjacent terrestrial ecosystems.     

Changes in enzyme activities and soil microbial community composition along carbon and nutrient gradients at the Franz Josef chronosequence, New Zealand

During primary succession, the abundance of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in soil increases, while phosphorus (P) declines. These changes in nutrient concentrations in organic matter are likely to play an important role in controlling enzyme-mediated nutrient mineralization. We examined how enzyme activity and efficiency changed with successional time in organic and mineral soils taken from the 120 000-year-old Franz Josef soil development sequence, New Zealand, and the relationship between enzyme activity and efficiency and soil nutrient concentrations. We found that the activity of enzymes involved in P mineralization increased with site age across the Franz Josef chronosequence, while the activity of enzymes regulating C and N mineralization declined in organic but not mineral soil. Sulfatase activity peaked at an intermediate-aged site, possibly indicating a transient period of S limitation. The activity of phosphatase enzymes was negatively correlated with the concentration of P in the soil, whereas activity of C-, N- and S-hydrolyzing enzymes was not strongly dependent on nutrient concentrations. When assessed as efficiency (activity per unit microbial biomass), there were strong patterns of increasing efficiency of P-, and decreasing efficiency of C- and N-hydrolyzing enzymes with site age. We suggest that activity patterns for C-, N- and S-hydrolyzing enzymes were obscured by simultaneous and opposing changes in enzyme efficiency and microbial biomass. In mineral soil, efficiency of enzymes was negatively correlated with soil nutrient availability. In contrast, in organic soil, efficiency of C-, N- and S-hydrolyzing enzymes was positively correlated with soil P, while efficiency of P-hydrolyzing enzymes was negatively correlated with soil P. The increase in efficiency of P-hydrolyzing enzymes, and decrease in efficiency of C-, N- and S-hydrolyzing enzymes with site age was accompanied by a shift in microbial community composition towards higher relative abundances of fungi. Changes in enzyme efficiency with site age are likely to be due to both constitutive differences in enzyme production, and down-regulation of enzyme expression.     

Increased CO2 emission and organic matter decomposition by leaf-cutting ant nests in a coastal environment

Leaf-cutting ants perform a vital role in the cycling of carbon and nutrients in tropical ecosystems. Nests have high levels of organic matter and refuse dumps host up to two times more soil micro-organisms than non-nest soil. The increased levels of organic matter in the soil of nests, however, can affect CO₂ emissions from soil and alter the balance of atmospheric CO₂. We aimed at assessing the effect of nests of the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex balzani on CO₂ emissions in a coastal area of Northeast Brazil. Results show that A. balzani nests emitted up to four times more CO₂ than the surrounding soil and emissions were positively correlated with soil moisture and soil organic matter (SOM) content. In addition, field experiments demonstrated that refuse material has a lower residence time than the leaf material brought to the colonies. Despite the high density of nests and high content of SOM compared to adjacent control soil, CO₂ emissions by A. balzani nests represent only 0.3% of the total CO₂ efflux by the studied ecosystem. Although these effluxes account for a relative small portion of the total soil CO₂ emission, they are still important for the understanding of C balance, especially when one considers the thousands of tons of CO₂ emitted each day, across entire Neotropical regions where leaf-cutting ants occur.     

Abiotic drivers and their interactive effect on the flux and carbon isotope (C and δC) composition of peat-respired CO2

Feedbacks to global warming may cause terrestrial ecosystems to add to anthropogenic CO₂ emissions, thus exacerbating climate change. The contribution that soil respiration makes to these terrestrial emissions, particularly from carbon-rich soils such as peatlands, is of significant importance and its response to changing climatic conditions is of considerable debate. We collected intact soil cores from an upland blanket bog situated within the northern Pennines, England, UK and investigated the individual and interactive effects of three primary controls on soil organic matter decomposition: (i) temperature (5, 10 and 15 °C); (ii) moisture (50 and 100% field capacity – FC); and (iii) substrate quality, using increasing depth from the surface (0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm) as an analogue for increased recalcitrance of soil organic material. Statistical analysis of the results showed that temperature, moisture and substrate quality all significantly affected rates of peat decomposition. Q₁₀ values indicated that the temperature sensitivity of older/more recalcitrant soil organic matter significantly increased (relative to more labile peat) under reduced soil moisture (50% FC) conditions, but not under 100% FC, suggesting that soil microorganisms decomposing the more recalcitrant soil material preferred more aerated conditions. Radiocarbon analyses revealed that soil decomposers were able to respire older, more recalcitrant soil organic matter and that the source of the material (deduced from the δ¹³C analyses) subject to decomposition, changed depending on depth in the peat profile.     

Methane and methanogen community dynamics across a boreal peatland nutrient gradient

Field and lab-based methane (CH₄) fluxes and methanogen community structure were characterized across three peatlands in central Ontario (Canada) representing a successional and nutrient gradient from rich to poor fens. Air temperature was a strong and significant predictor of both CH₄ and carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes among the three sites. Net CH₄ efflux and in vitro CH₄ production potential were significantly greater in the rich and intermediate than the poor fen site. Although the poor fen site had the lowest water table position, this was not a significant predictor of CH₄ emissions and in general the 3 sites were relatively wet compared to many northern peatlands. Consistently, during spring and fall, ethanol stimulated in vitro CH₄ production potential from the poor fen, but not the rich and intermediate sites, indicating substrate limitation for CH₄ production in the poor fen. Lower rates of CH₄ production and emissions in the poor fen site were consistent with our hypotheses based on poorer substrate quality and a lack of sedges in that peatland type. However phylogeny of dominant methanogens inferred from terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analyses of 16S rDNA illustrated inconsistencies with previous reports of methanogens in northern peatlands. For example members likely of the family Methanosaetaceae (obligate high-affinity acetate fermenters) comprised a substantial portion of total methanogen population in the poor fen. In contrast, members of the order Methanomicrobiales (obligate CO₂ reducers) were important methanogens in the rich and intermediate fens and not detected in the poor fen. Methanogen community structure based on T-RFLP across the 3 sites was distinct during spring, while during fall methanogen communities in the poor fen samples were still somewhat distinct from those in the rich and intermediate fens. Methanogen diversity (community richness and evenness) was not correlated with rates of CH₄ production in the spring when soil respiration, and presumably rhizosphere activity, was slow. However, diversity was a significant predictor of CH₄ production in the early fall (when both production and emissions rates were higher), indicating that methanogen diversity can potentially play a role in biogeochemical cycling and greenhouse gas emissions in northern peatlands.     

Abiotic drivers and their interactive effect on the flux and carbon isotope (14C and δ13C) composition of peat-respired CO2

Feedbacks to global warming may cause terrestrial ecosystems to add to anthropogenic CO₂ emissions, thus exacerbating climate change. The contribution that soil respiration makes to these terrestrial emissions, particularly from carbon-rich soils such as peatlands, is of significant importance and its response to changing climatic conditions is of considerable debate. We collected intact soil cores from an upland blanket bog situated within the northern Pennines, England, UK and investigated the individual and interactive effects of three primary controls on soil organic matter decomposition: (i) temperature (5, 10 and 15 °C); (ii) moisture (50 and 100% field capacity – FC); and (iii) substrate quality, using increasing depth from the surface (0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm) as an analogue for increased recalcitrance of soil organic material. Statistical analysis of the results showed that temperature, moisture and substrate quality all significantly affected rates of peat decomposition. Q₁₀ values indicated that the temperature sensitivity of older/more recalcitrant soil organic matter significantly increased (relative to more labile peat) under reduced soil moisture (50% FC) conditions, but not under 100% FC, suggesting that soil microorganisms decomposing the more recalcitrant soil material preferred more aerated conditions. Radiocarbon analyses revealed that soil decomposers were able to respire older, more recalcitrant soil organic matter and that the source of the material (deduced from the δ¹³C analyses) subject to decomposition, changed depending on depth in the peat profile.     

稻草与生石灰对设施土壤微量元素含量和番茄产量的影响

为了探究设施内添加稻草与生石灰对土壤微量元素含量和番茄产量的影响,以长期施肥定位试验为依托,比较了施用鸡粪(M)的基础上,添加稻草(MR)、生石灰(MCa)、稻草与生石灰同时添加(MRCa)各处理全土及各粒级团聚体中有效态Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量和番茄产量的变化。结果表明:(1)添加稻草可增加土壤中有效态Fe、Mn、Zn含量,MR处理较M处理分别增加3.2%,80.9%,15.1%,对有效态Cu含量无显著影响;添加生石灰也可增加土壤中微量元素含量,其中Mn含量增加显著。土壤中有效态Fe、Mn、Cn、Zn含量与pH呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与有机质含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。(2)随着土壤团聚体粒级的减小,有效态微量元素含量呈下降趋势。添加稻草和生石灰可增加1~0.25mm粒级中有效态Mn含量,MRCa处理较其他处理增加6.6%~46.6%;添加稻草可增加<0.25mm粒级中有效态Zn含量。土壤中有效态Fe含量与<1mm粒级中含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01);土壤中有效态Mn、Zn含量分别与各粒级中含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01);土壤中有效态Cu含量与1~0.25mm粒级中含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。(3)施入稻草或生石灰可增加番茄产量,且稻草和生石灰同时施入产量最高,MRCa处理较MCa、MR处理分别增加12.6%,33.8%。土壤有效态Fe、Cu含量与产量正相关,其中有效态Fe含量对产量具有直接作用,决策系数最高,土壤有效态Cu含量对产量具有间接作用。因此,可以通过长期添加稻草和适量生石灰缓解设施土壤微量元素短缺的现状,且可获得最高作物产量,为设施内土壤可持续利用和设施农业可持续发展提供保障。