日本的发酵床养猪技术

现代农业的化学化、机械化、设施化，使从事农业的人几乎忘记了把目光投向自然界。其实，从几亿年前开始，森林土壤里就生息着丰富的土壤微生物，使土壤充满生机。只要我们走进森林、拂去地面的落叶，挖出土壤来看看，就会立刻发现丰富的土壤微生物。正是这种重新将眼光投向     

生态发酵薄床垫料组合的筛选试验

试验旨在探讨发酵薄床养猪模式下有效的垫料组合。研究了在不同垫料组合下,垫料的温度、湿度、pH、大肠杆菌菌群数指标的变化情况。结果表明,秸秆含量分别为20%、40%、60%、80%试验组的平均温度、湿度、pH与对照组差异显著;发酵床在一定程度上可以抑制大肠杆菌。秸秆、稻壳、锯末含量分别为40%、36%、24%的试验组是比较合适的垫料组合。     

发酵床最适合养保育猪

本文分析比较了发酵床养殖育肥猪、母猪和保育猪的经济效益,发现发酵床最适合养保育猪,并介绍了保育猪发酵床猪舍的设计和垫料的选用。     

发酵床养猪低成本垫料配此研究

为了探讨成本低廉的发酵床垫料配比,研究以秸秆、稻壳、锯末为主要成分,通过孔隙度和保水力的测定确定适宜的垫料配比,并进行发酵模拟试验,以核心层发酵温度、微生物蛋白含量作为菌群发酵效果评定指标,综合评价实际发酵效果良好的低成本垫料.结果表明:玉米秸秆、锯末、稻壳的比例为1:5:4,1:4:5,1:3:6的发酵效果均较好;但...     

发酵床养猪低成本垫料配比研究

为了探讨成本低廉的发酵床垫料配比,研究以秸秆、稻壳、锯末为主要成分,通过孔隙度和保水力的测定确定适宜的垫料配比,并进行发酵模拟试验,以核心层发酵温度、微生物蛋白含量作为菌群发酵效果评定指标,综合评价实际发酵效果良好的低成本垫料。结果表明:玉米秸秆、锯末、稻壳的比例为1︰5︰4,1︰4︰5,1︰3︰6的发酵效果均较好;但随着稻壳比例的增加垫料成本降低,发酵温度也有所降低。最终确定玉米秸秆、锯末、稻壳的比例为1︰4︰5的垫料配比成本和发酵效果最为理想。     

干法和湿法猪发酵床垫料中磷的变化规律研究

为完善猪发酵床养殖技术及促进土壤对垫料中磷的利用,研究分析同等时间干法发酵床和湿法发酵床表层垫料、中层垫料和底层垫料中磷的变化情况。结果表明：（1）湿法发酵床垫料水分含量、温度极显著高于干法发酵床（35.54%＆31.49%、34.87℃＆31.91℃）,垫料深度对水分含量、pH、温度有极显著影响（P〈0.01）,垫料中层温度最高;（2）湿法发酵床和干法发酵床总磷含量无差异（3.00%＆3.43%）;植酸磷极显著低于干法发酵床（21.04mg/kg＆27.59mg/kg）,有效磷极显著高于干法发酵床（94.22mg/kg＆91.16mg/kg）,垫料深度对总磷、植酸磷、有效磷有极显著影响（P〈0.01）;（3）湿法发酵床植酸酶、中性磷酸酶、脲酶活性高于干法发酵床（2.98U/L＆2.56U/L、25.83mg/g＆21.77mg/g、1.93U/L＆1.88U/L）,垫料深度对该三种酶活性有极显著影响（P〈0.01）;垫料中层总磷、植酸磷、有效磷含量及该三种酶活性最高。发酵床种类和垫料深度对垫料pH、植酸磷、植酸酶活性的互作极显著（P〈0.01）。研究表明,发酵床中磷的降解主要发生在垫料中层,湿法发酵床更有利于垫料中磷的降解,干法发酵床在养殖过程中需增加垫料的湿度。     

发酵床垫料饲养荷斯坦牛试验报告

选择饲养密度、品种一致的荷斯坦牛,分为试验组和对照组,对照组砖面平养,试验组采用发酵床垫料,饲养试验中对产量、环境卫生等指标进行测定。结果显示,试验组的产奶量、料奶比等指标明显好于对照组;试验组牛舍NH3浓度低于对照组,粪便降解充分,奶牛均匀躺卧在垫料上。说明建立的试验方法可行,为生物环保养殖技术应用于奶牛生产提供参考依据。     

不同垫料比对发酵床养猪效果的影响

将锯木屑、稻壳按照6：4、5：5、4：6比例,设计3个发酵床垫料配方。选择长X白二元杂交仔猪150头,公母各半,随机分为3组,每组50头,分别饲养在3种发酵床上,每天测定发酵床温度,出栏时称量猪体重。结果表明：垫料中锯木屑和稻壳为6：4、5：5、4：6时,不会影响发酵效果,但试验3组常有粪便堆积现象。锯木屑和稻壳比为6：4时,猪的日增重最大,但3个试验组间均无显著性差异。考虑到锯木屑来源有限,取材不便,实际生产中,可将锯木屑和稻壳按照5：5比例混合使用。     

生态养猪场发酵床垫料中砷残留测定

应用原子吸收方法测定不同年限、不同位置发酵床垫料中砷残留。结果表明:1年、2年、3年发酵床垫料中砷残留最大值分别是2.148、5.014、8.3353mg/kg;随着年限的增加,发酵床粪便区砷残留出现明显富集。     

发酵床养禽垫料制作与维护

正发酵床养禽技术的核心是发酵床,而发酵床的核心则是垫料制作与维护。垫料制作需要选择合适的材料与发酵菌种,这是发酵床养禽成功的前提,垫料合理的维护是发酵床养禽成功的保障。     

新型节能猪舍与传统猪舍环境对断奶仔猪生产性能的比较

本研究旨在通过测定夏季相同时间段内新型节能猪舍与传统猪舍的环境参数,以及对猪生产性能的影响,为改善养殖环境提供参考。结果表明,在12:00时,新型节能猪舍舍内温度显著低于传统猪舍及外部环境温度(P0.05),两个类型猪舍舍内湿度显著高于外部环境湿度(P0.05);在12:00新型节能猪舍CO2浓度显著低于传统猪舍(P0.05);在8:00、12:00和18:00传统猪舍内氨气浓度都显著高于新型节能猪舍(P0.05);在12:00新型节能猪舍内部风速显著高于传统猪舍内部以及外部环境风速(P0.05)。在仔猪生长性能方面,平均日增重、饲料/增重比,节能猪舍比传统猪舍分别提高了6.18%、6.20%(P0.05)。所以,新型节能猪舍在节约能源的基础上能够在一定程度上改善猪舍内的环境。     

浅谈标准化养猪猪舍建设

传统的集约化养猪主要有专业户饲养和工厂化饲养两种形式,多年来为我国养猪业的发展起到了积极作用。但是,实践证明传统的养猪方式     

Relationship between weaning age and antibiotic usage on pig growth performance and mortality

A total of 2,184 pigs (DNA 600 × PIC L42) were used to evaluate the effects of weaning age and antibiotic (AB) use on pig performance from weaning to marketing in a commercial production system. Experimental treatments were arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial with main effects of weaning age (18.5, 21.5, or 24.5 d of age) and with the use of ABs or an antibiotic-free (NAE) program. At birth, pigs were ear tagged, and the date of birth and sex recorded. Pigs were weaned from a 4,000-sow farm over four consecutive weeks. Four weaning batches (one per week) of 546 pigs were used. Each weaning batch had one-third of pigs of each weaning age. Pigs were placed in pens by weaning age and then randomly assigned to an AB or NAE program. There were 14 replicate pens per treatment and 26 pigs per pen (13 barrows and 13 gilts). Pigs allocated to the AB program were fed a diet containing 441 mg/kg chlortetracycline (CTC) from day 8 to 21 postweaning. They were also administered 22 mg/kg of body weight (BW) of CTC via drinking water for five consecutive days after a porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome outbreak during week 7 after weaning. In the first 42 d postweaning, increasing weaning age improved (linear, P < 0.001) BW at day 42, average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI). From weaning to 197 d of age, increasing weaning age increased (linear, P < 0.001) ADG and ADFI. Pigs on the AB program had greater (P = 0.031) ADG and ADFI compared with NAE pigs. An interaction (linear, P = 0.005) was observed for feed efficiency (G:F). When ABs were provided, increasing weaning age did not result in any change in G:F; however, in the NAE program, increasing weaning age increased G:F. Pigs on the AB program had lower (P < 0.001) total losses (mortality and removals) than those on the NAE program. Increasing weaning age marginally (linear, P = 0.097) decreased total losses. Increasing weaning age decreased (quadratic, P < 0.001) the number of pigs treated with an injectable AB but the AB program did not (P = 0.238). The weight sold (at 197 d of age) per pig weaned was increased (linear, P = 0.050) by increasing weaning age and by using AB in feed and water (P = 0.019). In summary, increasing weaning age linearly improved most of the pig performance criteria and relatively the short-term use of ABs reduced mortality and removals with both factors contributing to increased weight sold per pig weaned.     

猪舍通风的7条规则及其重要性

了解猪舍内的空气流动特性有助于猪场在猪舍内更好地应用适宜的通风措施。养猪管理专家John Gadd对此进行了详细的解释,并向广大猪场推荐猪舍通风的7条规则。     

无抗生素饲料对猪的营养管理

无抗生素的猪生产涉及了对猪管理的广泛研究,包括雇员的招收和培训、风险分析及其对策、饲料生产及运输、免疫计划、遗传筛选、饲养管理等。营养管理的含义包括氨基酸、能量、微量元素和维生素水平对免疫系统的影响及其相互作用。此外,还需要理解纤维素作为前生命物质的非传统用途,前营养物质的使用以及它们之间的相互作用,笔者主要从营养管理各方面进行阐述。[第一段]     

楼房通风设计初探

近年来,随着养猪效益的提高,以及土地的限制,许多新养殖场开始采用楼房猪舍模式。文章对猪舍建筑通风设计的几个方面进行了分析和探讨。     

FC-31 Prevalence and characterization of house dust mites and house dust mite allergens collected from the bedding, skin and hair coat of dogs in southwest England

Dust mites (DM) are the most common offending aeroallergens in atopic dogs. The aim of this study was to compare the DM load of households with atopic dogs (Group A, n  = 8) that had positive intradermal test reactions to Dermatophagoides farinae , D. pteronyssinus, Acarus siro, Lepidoglyphus destructor and/or Tyrophagus putrescentiae to the DM load of households with nonatopic dogs (Group B, n  = 4) and of nonpet households (Group C,  n  = 8). Group A dogs presented with perennial pruritus, were free of pathogenic mites and fleas, did not respond to an elimination diet, and fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of atopic dermatitis. All Group B dogs tested intradermally negative and had no dermatological problems. Dust samples were vacuum collected in a standardized fashion from the human (all groups) and dog mattresses (Groups A and B) or from the couch (Group C) four times, once for each season of the year. The presence of DM was assessed with a commercial test (Acarex test) and stereoscopically. At least one DM was found in all Group A houses. The DM load was not significantly different between the seasons or the three animal groups. The sensitivity of the Acarex test was significantly lower than that of stereoscopic examination ( P  < 0.001). In conclusion, the environmental DM load was similar between atopic and nonatopic dogs, the presence of dogs in a household didn't increase DM numbers, and stereoscopy was more sensitive than the Acarex test for the detection of DM.
Funding: Self-funded.     

试论替代猪饲料中抗生素的几个对策

1关于提高动物健康水平1.1加强仔猪的管理除选择优秀杂交仔猪外,仔猪可以采取全进全出制饲养管理:把体重相近的猪同时转入一个经过清洗消毒猪舍中,所有同一猪舍的猪均同期上市,在新的一批猪进来之前,猪舍中的所有猪圈均要腾空,清洗和熏蒸消毒。在下一批猪进舍之前,整栋猪舍要完     

Change management reduces antibiotic use on pig farms

A clostridial ‘syndrome’ in suckling and weaner pigs, with risk factors of high injectable ceftiofur use and poor hygiene, presented an opportunity to engage in management change to improve pig health and reduce ceftiofur use on four farms. Management changes included all‐in‐all‐out pig flow, batch disinfection with biofilm control, reduced protein starter diets, appropriate stocking density and the use of an anti‐clostridial probiotic. Assessment of the program was obtained from a questionnaire. The health and production changes were positive across all farms and were associated with reduced use of antibiotics, together with cost and labour savings. Provided there is a good relationship between a committed, competent veterinarian, and a committed, competent manager, change management programs can be successfully implemented over 6–12 months.     

饲用抗生素替代困境与对策

饲料添加剂是实现饲料工业化生产和养殖现代化的重要物质前提,没有现代化的饲料添加剂工业,就没有饲料工业的现代化。基于不同的目的,如补充必需养分、增加采食、促进生长、提高饲料转化效率、改善饲料和畜产品质量等,在配合饲料中添加不同种类的饲料添加剂。然而消费者对部分添加剂,特别是对抗生素类生长促进剂使用存在的潜在危害提出了越来越多的质疑。禁用抗生素的呼声日益高涨,安全、有机的食品倍受青睐。因此,探寻有效的、可被消化者接受且环境友好型抗生素替代品成为时下全球饲料工业界极为关心的焦点。1饲用抗生素替代的现状1.1酶制…