Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis ofGRGene Family in Cotton

[Objective] Glutathione reductase (GR) gene family is involved in biological processes such as plant growth and abiotic stress response, but its characteristics and functions in cotton have not been known yet. This study aims to explore the role of GR genes in cotton genome evolution and abiotic stress response through the whole genome identification and characterization of GR genes, thus providing a theoretical basis for future studies on the roles of the GR genes in enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in cotton. [Method] The GR genes in Gossypium hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. raimondii and G. arboreum were all identified using bioinformatics software. The physicochemical properties, sequence characteristics, chromosomal location, phylogeny and expression patterns were analyzed. [Result] A total of 18 GR genes were identified. The number of GR genes in G. hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. raimondii and G. arboreum was 6, 6, 3 and 3, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that GR genes were divided into two sub-groups. The genes in the same subgroup exhibited similar gene structure in relation to exon-intron ratios. The ratios of the non-synonymous mutations (K_a) and homologous mutations (K_s) were all less than 1, indicating that the GR genes underwent strong purification selection during their evolution process. The analysis of the expression patterns of GR genes in upland cotton indicated that all the GR genes responded actively to the stress environment; but under different abiotic stresses, the gene expression patterns were significantly different. [Conclusion] The study explored the evolution and function of the GR gene family in the four cotton genomes, providing a theoretical basis for future studies of cotton GR genes.     

棉花苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因家族的生物信息学分析

【目的】苯丙氨酸解氨酶是苯丙烷类代谢的关键酶,对调节植物生长和抗逆有重要作用。从全基因组层次了解棉花苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因家族的进化和功能,可为相关研究提供数据支撑。【方法】利用HMMER和BLASTP从棉花基因组筛选苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因家族,利用MEGA-X进行进化分析,利用MCScanX进行共线性分析,并利用NCBI SRA的数据进行表达分析。【结果】本研究分别从陆地棉、海岛棉、亚洲棉和雷蒙德氏棉基因组中筛选到12、13、7、8个苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因,依据进化分析和共线性关系数据,我们推测四种棉花的二倍体祖先起初应有6个苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因。顺式作用元件分析结果表明,苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因家族含有较多的光响应、激素响应、胁迫响应和生长发育相关的元件。苯丙氨酸解氨酶的蛋白序列具有保守的基序。陆地棉的12个苯丙氨酸解氨酶在低温、高温、盐和PEG胁迫下有不同的表达方式。【结论】本研究明确了苯丙氨酸解氨酶在棉花基因组中的数量、理化性质、进化和表达特征,为苯丙氨酸解氨酶的深入研究提供了参考。     

陆地棉Nudix基因家族的全基因组鉴定及表达分析

[目的]Nudix是一类能够催化各种核苷二磷酸衍生物水解的酶,具有维持遗传物质稳定,响应逆境胁迫等生物学功能.本研究旨在对陆地棉Nudix基因进行全基因组分析,为深入研究Nudix基因家族参与棉纤维生长发育调控机制提供参考.[方法]通过生物信息学方法对陆地棉基因组(ZJU_v2.1)的Nudix基因进行全基因组鉴定,并...     

Identification and Analysis of Fiber Quality and Yield Related Traits of Interspecific (Gossypium hirsutum L. × G. barbadense L.) Hybrids

[Objective] The aim of this study is to study the hereditary of heterosis of fiber quality and yield-related traits in the upland-island interspecific hybrids, and breed new interspecific hybrid varieties with high yield and fine fiber quality. [Method] In this study, 12 upland cotton materials and 5 sea-island cotton materials were selected to determine the fiber quality and yield traits of their parents and F₁ in Lin’an, Zhejiang and Sanya, Hainan. [Result] It was found that fiber length and fiber strength of F₁ (Gossypium hirsutum × G. barbadense) generally had significant mid-parent heterosis (MPH), some hybrid combinations showed strong over-parent heterosis (OPH), fiber length had a small coefficient of variation between the two places and could be stably inherited. And in terms of yield, seed cotton weight, lint weight, and lint percentage of some upland-island hybrids had MPH, but they were still significantly lower than those of upland cotton parents. [Conclusion] Two long-staple cotton hybrid combinations T035 and T044 with 5A grade high-quality were obtained, and an excellent material of G. barbadense Ta10-280 was screened. This study provides valuable data for the genetic law of fiber quality heterosis of upland-island hybrid cotton.     

Genome-Wide Selection of MAPKKK Gene Family in Gossypium raimondii and the Expression of Orthologs in Gossypium hirsutum

[Objective] The MAPKKK gene family plays an important regulating role in response to multiple abiotic stresses and the development of plant. This study aims to identify MAPKKK genes of Gossypium raimondii and analyze their functions. [Method] In this study, based on G. raimondii genome database and bioinformatics method, G. raimondii MAPKKK family genes were identified and analyzed. Using the MEGA5, GSDS and Mapchart program, the phylogenetic tree, gene structure and chromosomes location analyses were accomplished. Based on the existing microarray data in cotton and comparative profiles of these MAPKKK genes, different expression of them in multiple abiotic stresses and the expression at different cotton fiber developmental stages were analyzed. [Result] A sum of 114 MAPKKK genes were identified systematically in G. raimondii and classified into 3 subfamilies (Raf, ZIK and MEKK) according to the gene stucture and phylogenetic tree analyses. They were distributed on all the 13 chromosomes of G. raimondii, and segmental duplication and tandem duplication events may have occurred. Compared with the recently released 78 genes of G. raimondii MAPKKK family genes, 47 sequences are exactly the same ones. [Conclusion] The results are helpful to understand the evolution and function of MAPKKK gene family. Our results provide a foundation for future functional characterizations of MAPKKK genes in cotton and probably other Gossypium plants.     

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of TLP Genes in Gossypium hirsutum L.

[Objective] Thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) are important pathogenesis-related proteins that function during disease defense-related responses, participating in the defense reactions triggered by several kinds of pathogen infections. A genome-wide analysis of TLP genes could help increase our understanding of their molecular mechanism in response to Verticillium dahliae infections in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). [Method] The TLP family members in the genomes of the G. hirsutum L. were identified and expression analyses of TLP genes in response to Verticillium dahliae inoculation were conducted using bioinformatics and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR methods, respectively. [Result] In total, 88 TLP genes were identified in G. hirsutum. These TLPs were classified into 10 groups based on their amino acid sequences and a phylogenetic analysis. A gene structure analysis revealed that the number of exons ranges from 1 to 5, and the number of introns ranges from 0 to 4. TLP genes in the same group shared similar structures. Additionally, most TLP proteins contain five motifs that are arranged in the following order: 5, 4, 2, 3 and 1. In total, 87 TLP genes are distributed on 20 of the 26 chromosomes, and 42 and 45 TLP genes are distributed in the A and D subgroups, respectively. The real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of six candidate TLP genes were induced in both tolerant cotton cultivar GZ-1 and susceptible cotton cultivar 86-1, and showed a higher expression in the former. [Conclusion] These results provide a foundation for future studies of the functions and regulatory mechanisms of TLP family genes.     

棉花优异品质及抗性基因挖掘与分子育种

棉花品质、产量、抗性等均是多基因控制的数量性状,其表现型受基因型和环境的共同影响,且纤维品质和产量性状之间存在较大的负相关,采用常规育种手段实现棉花纤维品质与产量的同步改良具难度很大,针对棉花品质、产量、抗性等性状形成的遗传基础这一关键科学问题,棉花品种分子设计研究团队以陆陆种内分离群体、陆海种间分离群体等材料,交叉利用分子数量遗传学、功能基因组学和分子育种学等研究手段,在陆地棉优质品质及抗性基因挖掘、海岛棉优质品质及抗性基因挖掘以及分子标记辅助方法开发及棉花新品种培育等方面取得了一系列研究成果。为棉花品质、产量、抗性性状形成的同步改良奠定了重要基础。     

陆地棉KFB基因家族全基因组鉴定与表达分析

【目的】KFB(Kelch containing F-box protein)是普遍存在于各种生物体中含有F-box结构域的一类家族蛋白,参与众多生物过程。本研究旨在开展陆地棉KFB家族基因鉴定和表达分析。【方法】利用生物信息学方法从陆地棉(TM-1)基因组中鉴定KFB家族成员,与已知的拟南芥、水稻、大豆等KFB蛋白序列构建系统进化树;进一步针对第Ⅱ亚族进行基因结构、染色体定位和表达分析。【结果】从陆地棉基因组共鉴定出150个KFB家族成员,进化分析表明这些基因可分为7个亚族。陆地棉KFB第Ⅱ亚族24个基因分布在14条染色体上,有9对直系同源基因;该亚族基因结构简单,半数基因只有1个外显子;qRT-PCR结果表明,该亚族基因具有较为广泛的组织表达模式,但在不同组织的表达存在差异。【结论】这些结果显示陆地棉KFB第Ⅱ亚族基因在进化过程中出现了功能分化。     

棉花4个栽培种纤维初始发育的比较研究

利用扫描电镜技术,对棉花4个栽培种陆地棉（泗棉3号）、海岛棉（海7124）、亚洲棉（定远小花）以及非洲棉（A_1-50）开花前后的胚珠进行比较观察,并探讨延迟授粉对各棉种纤维初始发育的影响。结果表明,在南京大田气候条件下,除亚洲棉外其他3个棉种均在开花前1 d出现纤维细胞突起。在开花当天和开花后1 d,所有棉种的纤维突起（或伸长）密度均在珠柄顶部的脊突处最大,合点端和胚珠中部其次,珠孔附近最小。除陆地棉外,其他棉种在开花后1 d的纤维伸长密度均低于开花当天的纤维突起密度。说明随着棉胚珠体积的膨大,其他3个棉种胚珠表面的纤维细胞“稀释”程度大于陆地棉。在棉纤维初始发育阶段,纤维密度不仅受气象因子如温度的影响,而且与授粉时柱头的生活力密切相关;延迟授粉对纤维初始发育的影响以非洲棉较大,海岛棉较小,亚洲棉和陆地棉最小。本研究为理解棉纤维的分化和发育机理, 探讨4个栽培棉种纤维发育的亲缘关系,及人工授粉棉纤维的杂种优势利用提供了一定的理论依据。     

利用SSCP技术分析棉花纤维差异表达的基因

 单链构象多态性(Single strand conformation polymorphism,SSCP)技术是一种简便、灵敏的多态性检测方法,可以检测出在非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳中因构象差异而导致的单链DNA片段迁移率的不同。本研究根据棉花基因芯片筛选的纤维发育中差异表达基因设计了162对引物,利用SSCP技术在4个陆地棉品种、4个海岛棉品种中进行多态性检测。结果表明,在162对引物中,146对引物经PCR扩增后在1.5%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳中检测出现清晰、明亮的带。经过SSCP分析,54对引物在陆地棉之间产生多态性,共出现116个多态性位点;45 对引物在海岛棉之间产生多态性,共出现111个多态性位点;79对引物在陆地棉和海岛棉之间产生多态性,共出现260个多态性位点;36对引物在陆地棉之间、海岛棉之间同时出现多态性。进一步聚类分析后表明,海岛棉和陆地棉分别聚在了一起。     

陆地棉REM基因家族全基因组鉴定及表达分析

[目的]REM(Reproductive meristem)基因家族编码一类转录因子在植物生长发育过程中发挥重要作用,但在棉花中未见报道.[方法]基于陆地棉基因组数据和公共数据库中的转录组数据,运用生物信息学方法对陆地棉REM基因家族成员进行系统鉴定,并对该基因家族的理化性质、基因结构、组织表达特异性以及胁迫条件下的表...     

一个FIF1基因的SNP及定位研究

分子标记辅助选择逐步成为植物育种的重要方法。然而需要更多的实用的分子标记,尤其是与重要农艺性状紧密连锁的标记。目前,许许多多的方法已经应用到棉花结构基因组的标记开发,但是棉花SNP标记鲜见报道。FIF1基因是棉纤维优势表达的一个基因,研究证明它在棉纤维的发育过程中起着很重要的调控作用。根据已发表的亚洲棉FIF     

一个受黄萎病菌诱导的海岛棉功能基因GbVWR的克隆与表达

黄萎病是一种土传真菌维管束病害,严重影响棉花产量和品质。挖掘抗黄萎病相关基因对于棉花抗黄萎病遗传改良具有重要意义。本研究通过筛选黄萎病菌胁迫下的海岛棉全长cDNA文库和陆地棉SSH文库,获得一个与黄萎病菌胁迫相关的基因,命名为GbVWR。生物信息学特征和基因表达分析表明,GbVWR基因全长520 bp,开放读码框198 bp,编码65个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白,理论等电点为5.32,包含一个信号肽和一个跨膜区,是一种分泌蛋白。GbVWR基因可以诱导表达7 kD的蛋白。在GbVWR基因起始密码子上游1500 bp的核苷酸序列区间预测到真菌激发子响应、激素响应、伤口响应及黄酮生物合成基因调节等应答元件。GbVWR基因在海岛棉根中表达最高,茎中其次,叶中最低。受黄萎病菌诱导后,GbVWR基因在接菌后2 h可对黄萎病菌作出应答反应。此外SA、ET和GA均可显著诱导GbVWR基因的表达。初步推断GbVWR是海岛棉抵御黄萎病菌过程中一个新的功能基因,通过参与多种激素信号途径发挥功能     

亚洲棉和雷蒙德氏棉PEBP家族基因的鉴定及该家族基因在陆地棉组织中表达分析

磷脂酰乙醇胺结合蛋白(phosphatidyl ethanolamine-binding proteins,PEBP)基因家族广泛存在于真核生物中,在被子植物中主要起着促进或抑制开花和控制株型的作用。利用亚洲棉(Gossypium arboreum,A2)和雷蒙德氏棉(Gossypium raimondii,D5)的基因组数据库,分别搜索到8个棉花PEBP同源基因,都包含4个外显子和3个内含子,编码的蛋白都存在PEBP家族的保守基序和关键氨基酸位点,表明二倍体棉花中至少存在8个PEBP家族基因。进化分析表明,8个PEBP基因分属于3个亚家族,含FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)-like亚家族1个、TERMINAL FLOWER 1(TFL1)-like亚家族5个(包括3个TFL1和2个BFT)、MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1(MFT)-like亚家族2个。实时荧光定量PCR分析陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum)8个PEBP基因在根、茎、叶、幼苗顶端分生组织、花、胚珠和25 d的纤维组织中的表达,表明FT1在叶片中表达量最高,其次在纤维、胚珠和花中;MFT1在各组织中均表达,但在纤维中表达量最高,其次是花和叶片中,而MFT2以在叶片中表达为主;TFL1a、TFL1b和TFL1c均在根中表达量最高,但TFL1c在叶片、花和胚珠中也有相对较高的表达;BFT1和BFT2在叶片中表达量最高,但除幼苗顶端分生组织外,BFT1在其他各组织中的表达明显高于BFT2。这些结果表明,PEBP家族基因在棉花的生长发育中可能具有不同的功能。     

利用马克隆值差异显著的BILs鉴定棉纤维品质相关基因

【目的】马克隆值是衡量棉纤维品质的重要指标之一。利用马克隆值存在显著差异的2个陆海回交近交系材料进行高通量基因芯片分析,旨在筛选和鉴定棉纤维发育相关的关键基因。【方法】从SG747(Gossypium hirsutum L.)和Giza75(Gossypium Barbadense L.)高世代回交近交系(Backcross Inbred Lines,BILs)群体中选取NMGA-140(马克隆值6.2)和NMGA-051(马克隆值4.0)为材料,利用Affymetrix公司的棉花寡聚核苷酸基因芯片对其开花后10 DPA(Days after anthesis)的棉纤维进行了表达谱分析。【结果】获得了2655个差异表达基因,包括功能预测基因(15.57%),翻译、核糖体结构与生物合成相关基因(13.54%)和翻译后修饰、蛋白质转换、分子伴侣相关基因(9.31%)等。推测β-tub10正向调控棉纤维发育过程,β-tub1负向调控棉纤维发育过程,Ghi.3578.1.S1_s_at在棉纤维发育早期起到了作用。【结论】为棉花纤维品质的遗传改良提供了丰富的基因资源,为分子标记辅助育种开发更多新的分子标记。