N—脱氢枞基—N,N—二羟乙基季铵盐类阳离子表面活性剂合成及性质研究

以脱氢枞胺为基础，合成了三种Ｎ－脱氢枞基－Ｎ，Ｎ－二羟乙基季铵盐类阳离子表面活性剂。对产品结构进行了ＵＶ，ＩＲ，ＮＭＲ及元素分析鉴定，测定了产品的表面物理性质，并对产品的抗菌，缓蚀性能进行了应用研究。     

肽类表面活性剂的合成及其表面活性性能的研究

以生物质资源棕榈酸、硬脂酸和脱氢枞酸为原料,通过甘氨酸羧基保护法合成了棕榈酰甘氨酸(A)、硬脂酰甘氨酸(B)和脱氢枞酰甘氨酸(C)3种肽类表面活性剂,用IR光谱确证其结构,并对其表面活性性能进行了研究.研究表明:所合成的3种表面活性剂具有良好发泡能力及乳化能力,棕榈酰甘氨酸的表面活性略优于硬脂酰甘氨酸和脱氢枞酰甘氨酸,其泡沫高度可达112 mm,分水时间可达15 min.肽类表面活性剂是一类环境友好的表面活性剂.     

一种松香基阴离子表面活性剂的合成与性能研究

以脱氢枞酸(DA)和6-氨基己酸为原料,经酰氯化、酰胺化和皂化等反应合成了一种松香基阴离子表面活性剂6-脱氢枞酰胺基己酸钠(R-6).首先利用二维核磁技术对脱氢枞酸的氢谱和碳谱信号进行了全面解析,并用1 H NMR和FT-IR确证了终产品的结构,进一步考查了R-6的溶解性能、表面张力和泡沫性能.研究结果表明:在室温下,...     

去氢枞酸为原料表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

从歧化松香中分离提纯出去氢枞酸。以去氢枞酸为原料合成了２－羟基－３－［Ｎ－（３－去氢枞酰氧基－２－羟基）丙基－Ｎ－羟乙基］氨基丙磺酸钠和２－羟基－３－［Ｎ－（３－去氢枞酰氧基－２－羟基）丙基－Ｎ－乙基］氨基丙磺酸钠这两种未见文献报道的表面活性剂，产品的结构通过紫外光谱、红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱进行了鉴定，测定了这两种表面活性剂的最低溶解温度、临界胶束浓度、钙皂分散力和钙离子稳定性。     

去氢枞酸合成两性表面活性剂及其性质

从歧化松香中分离出去氢枞酸，并以此为原料合成了三种新型的两性表面活性剂，Ｎ－（３－去氢枞酰氧－２－羟）丙基－Ｎ－甲基氨基乙酸钠，Ｎ－｛Ｎ＇－［（３－去氢枞酰氧－２－羟）丙基］胺乙基｝氨基乙酸钠。Ｎ－｛Ｎ＇－［（３－去氢枞酰氧－２－羟）丙基］双胺乙基｝氨基乙酸钠。其结构通过波谱和元素分析得以证实，并测定了其表面物理化学性质如克拉夫特点，临界胶束浓度和分子横断面积。此外还根据相分离模型计算得出胶束化过     

松香基双子阳离子表面活性剂的抑菌性能研究(英文)

以N,N,N′,N′-四甲基,N,N′-二脱氢枞基乙醇酯二溴化铵(TDDDD)和N,N,N′,N′-四甲基,N,N′-二脱氢枞基二溴化铵(TDDD)两个系列的松香基季铵盐双子阳离子表面活性剂为材料,对它们的抑菌性能进行了测试和比较研究。结果表明,它们对所测7种菌株均具有明显的的抑制作用,其中,TDDDD系列的4个化合物对表皮葡萄球菌的抑菌作用最强,最小抑菌浓度(M IC)值为16 mg/L。由于它们较高的表面性能和特殊的结构特征,松香基双子阳离子表面活性剂具有较高的抑菌活性。     

N－（3－去氢枞酸酰氧基－2－羟基）丙基－N－（2－羟基）乙基胺基乙酸钠的合成及性质研究

本文合成了一种新型的两性表面活性剂，Ｎ－（３－去氢枞酸酰氧基－２－羟基）丙基－Ｎ－（２－羟基）乙基胺基乙酸钠。其结构通过波谱和元素分析得到证实。测定了其表面物理化学性质如Ｋｒａｆｆｔ点和临界胶束浓度等。根据相分离模型计算出了其胶束形成过程中的标准焓变（△Ｈ＿ｍ），熵变（△Ｓ＿ｍ）和自由能变（△Ｇ＿ｍ）。     

松香基聚氧乙烯胺型双子表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

脱氢枞胺经N-烷基化反应合成N,N'-二脱氢枞基-α,ω-丙二胺,再与溴代聚乙二醇单甲醚经N-烷基化反应制备了4种不同分子质量的N,N'-二聚乙二醇单甲醚-N,N'-二脱氢枞基-α,ω-丙二胺松香基聚氧乙烯胺型双子表面活性剂RPG550、RPG1000、RPG2000和RPG5000。通过FT-IR和1H NMR对产物进行了结构表征,并对其临界胶束浓度(CMC)及其表面张力(γcmc)、对松节油/水体系或液体石蜡/水体系的乳化能力、抑泡及消泡能力进行了研究。研究结果表明:RPG550、RPG1000、RPG2000、RPG5000的CMC值分别为1.00×10-3、9.75×10-4、5.25×10-4、1.90×10-4mol/L,γcmc值分别为26.4、27.5、22.8、22.2 mN/m,都低于市售表面活性剂壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚TX-10的相应值(CMC值2.03×10-3mol/L,γcmc值31.6 mN/m);其对松节油/水体系以及液体石蜡/水体系有较好的乳化能力,并有明显的抑泡能力和一定的消泡能力,抑泡能力明显好于TX-10。     

松香酸聚氧乙烯琥珀酸单酯磺酸钠合成及其结构与功能特性研究

合成了一系列松香酸聚氧乙烯琥珀酸单酯磺酸钠阴离子表面活性剂。对产品结构进行鉴定，测定了产品功能特性，并对其产品结构与功能特性关系进行了探索研究。     

松香基季铵盐型杂双子表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

以脱氢枞酸为原料,经酰胺化、还原、季铵化反应制备了N,N,N',N'-四甲基-N-去氢枞基-N'-十二烷基-二溴化-1,3-丙二铵(V3)、N,N,N',N'-四甲基-N-去氢枞基-N'-十二烷基-二溴化-1,4-丁二铵(V4)、N,N,N',N'-四甲基-N-去氢枞基-N'-十二烷基-二溴化-1,5-戊二铵(V5)及N,N,N',N'-四甲基-N-去氢枞基-N'-十二烷基-二溴化-1,6-己二铵(V6)等4种松香基季铵盐型杂双子表面活性剂。通过FT-IR及1H NMR表征了产物的结构,并对该系列表面活性剂的表面张力(γcmc)和临界胶束浓度(Ccmc)、Krafft点、乳化性能、泡沫性能等表面活性以及抑菌性能进行了研究。研究结果表明,该系列表面活性剂具有良好的表面性能及抑菌性能;Ccmc分别为3.32×10-5、2.86×10-5、2.54×10-5、2.28×10-5mol/L;γcmc值分别为24.7、26.5、28.9、32.3 m N/m;Krafft点分别为12、17、20、23℃;松节油/水乳化体系中分出10 m L水的时间分别为42、45、53、48 h;初始起泡高度分别为137、128、131、135 mm,5 min后泡沫高度分别为125、121、127、131 mm;对大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度为4、2、2和2 mg/L,抑菌性均优越于市售抑菌剂新洁尔灭(64 mg/L)。     

不同结构木质素聚醚磺酸盐与石油磺酸盐复配体系界面张力研究

对不同结构的木质素聚醚磺酸盐与石油磺酸盐的复配体系与华北京-11原油间的油水界面张力性质进行了研究,进而对其在该类型油田矿藏中的可行性应用进行了评估。结果表明:木质素聚醚磺酸盐与石油磺酸盐之间存在良好的协同效应,可以有效地改善石油磺酸盐的耐盐性能。三种木质素聚醚磺酸盐与石油磺酸盐的复配体系在一定的弱碱Na₂CO₃浓度下均可以使华北原油的油-水界面张力平衡值达到超低,其中LPO₁₀SO₃Na/PS体系与华北原油间超低界面张力的碱浓度范围明显拓宽,说明该复配体系对华北原油的界面活性优良,可用作石蜡基原油的驱油剂。     

Synthesis of new betaine-type amphoteric surfactants from tall oil fatty acid

Two new betaine-type amphoteric surfactants — betaineN,N'-dihydroxyethyl-N-ethyl fatty acid ester and ammoniumN-(fatty acid ester) ethyl-N,N-bis (2-hydroxyethyl)-3-(2-hydroxypropyl) sulfonate — were synthesized using tall oil fatty acids as the raw materials. Processing conditions suitable for synthesizing the intermediates and final products were probed. In addition, the chemical structures of the intermediates and the final products were identified by infrared spectroscopy, hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and elemental analysis.     

Synthesis of 1-hydroxyethyl-2-alkyl-2-imidazoline and its derivative sulfonate amphoteric surfactant from tall oil fatty acid

1-Hydroxyethyl-2-alkyl-2-imidazoline (HEAI) and its derivative sulfonate amphoteric surfactant were synthesized using tall oil fatty acid as the raw material. Suitable experimental conditions for synthesizing the intermediate and final products were probed. Their chemical structures were also investigated by means of infrared spectroscopy and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Based on the results of these analyses, it has been found that during the reaction process of HEAI with sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropane sulfonate under alkaline condition the imidazoline ring was hydrolyzed to amides, and the obtained amphoteric surfactant was actually a complex mixture of amides. An etherification reaction in the hydroxyethyl group was also observed when the HEAI/sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropane sulfonate molar ratio was more than 1:1.     

秦岭森林潜在火行为数量分类及划分指标研究

根据秦岭林区 4 5块标准地和 2 2 5个样方的冠层易燃物最大密度 (D)、地表可燃物载量 (W )及地表可燃物绝对含水率 ( μ) 3个实测值的 1 35个数据 ,运用Dissimilarityanalysis计算认为 ,调查的 4 5块标准地明显地可聚为 6类。据类间差异性将秦岭森林潜在树冠火行为分为强度树冠火、弱度树冠火和无树冠火 3种类型 ,划分依据为冠层易燃物最大密度 ,区分指标分别为 0 1 1kg/m3 和 0 37kg/m3;地表火强度划分应用μ和W 双因素判断法 ,并将其划分为强度地表火、中度地表火和弱度地表火 3种类型 ,其区分指标分别为地表可燃物载量 1 4 0kg/m2 和地表可燃物绝对含水率 4 0 %。据此 ,秦岭林区潜在火行为共划分为 9种类型 ,分别为强度树冠火强度地表火类型 (D >0 37kg/m3,W≥ 1 4 0kg/m2 ,μ<4 0 % )、强度树冠火中度地表火类型 (D >0 37kg/m3,W≥ 1 4 0kg/m2 ,μ≥ 4 0 %或W <1 .4 0kg/m2 ,μ<4 0 % )、强度树冠火弱度地表火类型 (D >0 37kg/m3,W <1 4 0kg/m2 ,μ≥ 4 0 % )、弱度树冠火 ( 0 1 1kg/m3≤D≤ 0 37kg/m3)强度地表火类型、弱度树冠火中度地表火类型、弱度树冠火弱度地表火类型、无树冠火 (D <0 1 1kg/m3)强度地表火类型、无树冠火中度地表火类型和无树冠火弱度地表火类型     

Surface analysis of explosion pulps by ESCA

Summary The oxygen (1s) ESCA peak for aspen explosion pulp consists of two components, O1 and O2. A tentative assignment was made for them. O1 with lower binding energy is assigned to oxygen in lignin; while O2 comes mainly from the oxygen elements in carbohydrates. Thus, an O1 area percentage might be viewed as a measure of lignin exposed on the fiber surface. Sulfur (2p) spectra show that the sulfur on the fiber surface of the pulps studied here is in the form of sulfonate groups. Compared to conventional pulps, the lower percentage of O1 and higher sulfur-to-carbon ratio for explosion pulps imply higher number of hydrophilic groups exposed on their fiber surface.     

大气候室测定家具中甲醛及其他VOC的释放量

采用30m(3)大气候室测定家具中释放的甲醛和其他有机挥发物,并用气相色谱仪和液相色谱仪等分析.结果表明:家具中释放的甲醛和总有机挥发物(TVOC),超过相关标准限量;TVOC中二甲苯、乙酸丁酯和正十一烷相对较多;甲醛为总醛类挥发物的88%.基材甲醛释放量为E2级时,通过贴面并涂饰处理,仍不能阻止甲醛的释放.     

华山松人工林凋落物层细小可燃物含水率预测模型研究

在防火期2~5级火险天气条件下,在华山松人工林测定了153组林内气温(x1)、相对湿度(x2)、凋落物表面温度(x3)、腐殖质层表面温度(x4)、凋落物层厚度(x5)、可燃物含水率(y)数据,建立了华山松林细小可燃物含水率预测的多元线性回归模型。分析表明,影响华山松林凋落物上层易燃可燃物含水率的因子依次为:x3>x2>x4>x1。应用该模型,可以用易于获取的火环境和可燃物因子来预测可燃物的含水率,为合理开展林火预测预报、计划火烧、营林用火等提供依据。     

Selection of female parents with high fertility and high combining abilities for cross-breeding Populus tomentosa

To select maternal parents with high fertility and high combining ability during cross breeding of Populus tomentosa Carr., the ploidy level of 75 female clones was determined using flow cytometry. In addition, genetic variations and phenotypic correlations of seed traits and early growth traits, as well as the general combining ability(GCA) for seedling height(SH) and basal diameter(BD) of all diploid half-sib families were examined. A total of 26 natural triploid clones were identified. For all diploid families, family effects were significant for inflorescence length(IL), thousand kernel weight(TKW), seedling emergence rate(SER), and for SH and BD. There was a positive correlation between TKW and other traits,excluding IL. The seed-bearing coefficient(NS 9 SER)ranged from zero to 32.4%. Clones 3-10-2, 2-8, 3119,3206, and 3-10-1 had the best performance of the GCA for SH and BD. Based on the fertility and GCA for SH and BD, clone 3-10-2 and clone 3119 could be used as female parents for controlled cross-breeding of P. tomentosa.     

Estimating stem maintenance respiration rates of dissimilar balsam fir stands

Stem maintenance respiration rates were measured in five contrasting balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) stands. At 15 degrees C, average respiration rates for individual stands ranged from 120 to 235 micro mol m(-3) s(-1) when expressed per unit of sapwood volume, from 0.80 to 1.80 micro mol m(-2) s(-1) when expressed per unit of stem surface area, and from 0.50 to 1.00 micro mol g(-1) s(-1) when expressed per unit of nitrogen in the living stem biomass, but differences among stands were not statistically significant. Coefficients of variation ranged from 50 to 100% within stands and were similar for all bases used to express respiration rates. Coefficients of determination for regressions between chamber flux and chamber values of sapwood volume, stem surface area and nitrogen content varied between stands and no one base was consistently higher than the other bases. We conclude that the bases for expressing stem respiration are equally useful. Respiration rates were more closely correlated to stem temperature observed approximately 2 h earlier than to current stem temperature. Among stands, annual stem maintenance respiration per hectare varied from 0.1 to 0.4 Mmol ha(-1) year(-1), primarily because of large differences in sapwood volumes per hectare. Annual stem maintenance respiration per unit of leaf area ranged from 3 to 6 mol m(-2) year(-1), increasing as sapwood volume per hectare increased.