养猪常见问题解答

1猪粪便发黑就是饲料消毒得好吗？ 高铜对仔猪有促生长作用（对生长肥育猪不明显）,许多饲料厂在猪饲料中添加了高铜（以硫酸铜的形式）。硫酸铜在猪体内经过化学变化后成为黑色的氧化铜,因而粪便也表现为黑色,所以粪便发黑并不能表明饲料消毒得好,只能表明饲料中添加了高铜。高铜只对仔猪有促生长作用,生长猪添加量过高不仅无益,还会对环境造成污染,不易提倡。     

高铜对哺乳仔猪生长发育的影响

近年来,国内对肥育猪日粮添加高铜的试验较多,并证明高铜对肥育猪增重确有明显效果。但在哺乳仔猪中补高铜的试验未见报道。为此,进行了本试验。1 材料与方法1.1 试验时间与地点本试验于1989年3月29日-5月5日在北京军区后勤部机关农场进行。预试期为7 d,试验期为30d。     

高铜在养猪生产中应用的利与弊

高铜作为促生长剂在1945年由英国人Braude博士提出,从此以后高铜在商品猪养殖中逐渐得到了广泛应用。高铜是指在饲料中添加125～250×10-6的铜,对仔猪可以产生铜离子的额外添加剂效应。就铜而言,它只是一种动物必需的微量元素,通常情况下仔猪日粮中铜为6×10-6,而肥育猪饲料中仅3×10-6就能满足需要(NRC1998)。有的饲料厂家不仅在仔猪、生长猪饲料中添加高铜,而且在肥育猪和母猪饲料中也使用高铜制剂。当铜含量高达250×10-6时,可使猪的脂肪变软,影响胴体性状,并对食品安全、环境和不可再生的矿物质的消耗等有不良影响。因此,美国不允许在…     

饲料安全性问题(3)畜禽日粮中添加高铜、高锌导致的问题及其解决办法

国内外研究表明,日粮中高铜(200～250mg/kg)可促进动物的生长和提高饲料利用效率;高锌(2000～3000mg/kg)具有促进仔猪生长和降低仔猪断奶后腹泻的效果。因此,高铜添加在生产上已被广泛应用,高锌添加也有日益推广的趋势。但是。长期对畜禽饲用高铜、高锌日粮会给畜禽业发展和生态环境带来不良的影响,因而应予以高度重视。 1 添加高铜导致的问题 1.1 引起动物铜中毒 —般认为,猪日粮中铜的最高安全限量为     

铜与柠檬酸不同配伍对断奶仔猪生产性能与血液生化指标影响的研究

选用杜洛克×长白×大约克三元杂交品种，35日龄断奶的仔猪72头进行试验。试验采用随机区组设计，共设8个组，其中设添加1%柠檬酸和添加250 mg/kg铜2个对照组，铜与柠檬酸的不同组合为6个处理组，每组设3个重复，每个重复3头仔猪。试验结果表明：①日粮中添加高铜与柠檬酸的不同配比均可以不同程度地提高日增重、饲料利用率与降低仔猪腹泻率；②日粮中添加高铜与柠檬酸可以促进高铜的代谢和吸收，有较好的生态效应； ③ 总体上铜与柠檬酸各组合对仔猪的各项血液生化指标影响不明显，基本上处于正常的生理值范围内；④ 高铜与柠檬酸有明显的互作效应，本试验以150 mg/kg高铜和1.5%柠檬酸的组合效果最好。     

怎样防治猪铜中毒病

采用高铜饲料喂猪,可加快猪的生长速度,快速出栏,提高饲料利用率,但高剂量的铜进入猪体内,引起猪铜中毒。铜中毒多发生于仔猪身上,严重者可引起仔猪死亡。     

断乳仔猪日粮中铜,铁,锌适宜添加水平研究

自Barber 1955年首先发现饲料中添加高剂量铜(125～250ppm)可提高仔猪的生长速度和改善饲料报酬后,38年来国内外使用高铜作为60公斤体重前生长肥育猪促生长添加剂,已取得了肯定的增产效果。由于铜与铁、锌之间在吸收水平上相互竞争,相互制约,只有添加适量的铁、锌,才能最佳协调高剂量铜的促生     

猪铜中毒病的预防和治疗

猪的铜中毒病是一种猪慢性中毒性疾病。采用高铜饲料喂猪，可加快猪的生长速度，使猪快速出栏，提高饲料利用率，从而使高剂量的铜进入猪体内，引起猪中毒。尤其仔猪多发铜中毒，严重时会引起仔猪死亡。     

高铜和高锌对饲料中益生菌活性的影响

试验研究了饲料贮存过程及饲料中添加高水平铜和锌对本实验室保藏的9株益生菌活性的影响,从而筛选出活性高的益生菌,并以带毒平板法测定益生菌株对铜、锌的最大耐受浓度。将9株益生菌分别制成单一菌制剂添加到空白、高铜、高锌的仔猪料中,分别贮存60 d。结果表明:无论在饲料贮存过程中还是添加高铜高锌后,2株芽孢杆菌的活菌数均无显著变化。3株酵母菌对高铜、高锌的耐受性均较差。4株乳酸菌在贮存过程中活菌数有不同程度降低,且对高铜高锌有不同耐受性,戊糖片球菌、植物乳杆菌与干酪乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌相比,对高铜、高锌抗逆性相对较强,但活性不如芽孢杆菌。     

高铜对断奶仔猪的生理作用及其影响

高铜在断奶仔猪日粮中的添加的生理作用研究在当前养殖业中已经普遍存在。很多研究者都曾就高铜对仔猪的生长性能、血清生化指标及其激素水平、抗氧化酶活性等方面进行了试验并报道了相关参考数据和结论。文章在前人的基础上综述了近年来铜特别是高剂量铜对断奶仔猪的作用和影响。     

Effect of dietary copper source (cupric citrate and cupric sulfate) and concentration on growth performance and fecal copper excretion in weanling pigs

In each of two experiments, 924 pigs (4.99 kg BW; 16 to 18 d of age) were assigned to 1 of 42 pens based on BW and gender. Pens were allotted randomly to dietary copper (Cu) treatments that consisted of control (10 ppm Cu as cupric sulfate, CuSO4 x 5H2O) and supplemental dietary Cu concentrations of 15, 31, 62, or 125 ppm as cupric citrate (CuCit), or 62 (Exp. 2 only), 125 (Exp. 1 only), or 250 ppm as CuSO4. Live animal performance was determined at the end of the 45-d nursery phase in each experiment. On d 40 of Exp. 2, blood and fecal samples were collected from two randomly selected pigs per pen for evaluation of plasma and fecal Cu concentrations and fecal odor characteristics. In Exp. 1, ADG, ADFI, and G:F were increased (P < 0.05), relative to controls, when pigs were fed diets containing 250 ppm Cu as CuSO4. Pigs fed diets containing 125 ppm Cu as CuCit had increased (P < 0.05) ADG compared with pigs fed diets supplemented with 15 or 62 ppm Cu as CuCit. The ADG, ADFI, and G:F did not differ among pigs fed diets containing 125 and 250 ppm Cu as CuSO4 or 125 ppm Cu as CuCit. In Exp. 2, pigs fed diets containing 250 ppm Cu as CuSO4 had improved (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and G:F compared with controls. In addition, ADG, ADFI, and G:F were similar when pigs were fed diets containing either 250 ppm Cu as CuSO4 or 125 ppm Cu as CuCit. Pigs fed diets containing 62 ppm Cu as CuSO4 or CuCit had similar ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Plasma Cu concentrations were not affected by dietary Cu source or concentration, but fecal Cu concentrations were increased (P < 0.05) as the dietary concentration of Cu increased. Pigs consuming diets supplemented with 125 ppm Cu as CuCit had fecal Cu concentrations that were lower (P < 0.05) than pigs consuming diets supplemented with 250 ppm Cu as CuSO4. Fecal Cu did not differ in pigs receiving diets supplemented with 62 ppm Cu as CuSO4 or CuCit. Odor characteristics of feces were not affected by Cu supplementation or source. These data indicate that 125 and 250 ppm Cu gave similar responses in growth, and that CuCit and CuSO4 were equally effective at stimulating growth and improving G:F in weanling pigs. Fecal Cu excretion was decreased when 125 ppm Cu as CuCit was fed compared with 250 ppm Cu as CuSO4. Therefore, 125 ppm of dietary Cu, regardless of source, may provide an effective environmental alternative to 250 ppm Cu as CuSO4 in weanling pigs.     

Effect of dietary mannan oligosaccharides and(or) pharmacological additions of copper sulfate on growth performance and immunocompetence of weanling and growing/finishing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) fed at two levels of Cu on growth and feed efficiency of weanling and growing-finishing pigs, as well as the effect on the immunocompetence of weanling pigs. In Exp. 1, 216 barrows (6 kg of BW and 18 d of age) were penned in groups of six (9 pens/treatment). Dietary treatments were arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial consisting of two levels of Cu (basal level or 175 ppm supplemental Cu) with and without MOS (0.2%). Diets were fed from d 0 to 38 after weaning. Blood samples were obtained to determine lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. From d 0 to 10, ADG, ADFI, and gain:feed (G:F) increased when MOS was added to diets containing the basal level of Cu, but decreased when MOS was added to diets containing 175 ppm supplemental Cu (interaction, P < 0.01, P < 0.10, and P < 0.05, respectively). Pigs fed diets containing 175 ppm Cu from d 10 to 24 and d 24 to 38 had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI than those fed the basal level of Cu regardless of MOS addition. Pigs fed diets containing MOS from d 24 to 38 had greater ADG (P < 0.05) and G:F (P < 0.10) than those fed diets devoid of MOS. Lymphocyte proliferation was not altered by dietary treatment. In Exp. 2, 144 pigs were divided into six pigs/pen (six pens/treatment). Dietary treatments were fed throughout the starter (20 to 32 kg BW), grower (32 to 68 kg BW), and finisher (68 to 106 kg BW) phases. Diets consisted of two levels of Cu (basal level or basal diet + 175 ppm in starter and grower diets and 125 ppm in finisher diets) with and without MOS (0.2% in starter, 0.1% in grower, and 0.05% in finisher). Pigs fed supplemental Cu had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F during the starter and grower phases compared to pigs fed the basal level of Cu. During the finisher phase, ADG increased when pigs were fed MOS in diets containing the basal level of Cu, but decreased when MOS was added to diets supplemented with 125 ppm Cu (interaction, P < 0.05). Results from this study indicate the response of weanling pigs fed MOS in phase 1 varied with level of dietary Cu. However, in phase 2 and phase 3, diets containing either MOS or 175 ppm Cu resulted in improved performance. Pharmacological Cu addition improved gain and efficiency during the starter and grower phases in growing-finishing pigs, while ADG response to the addition of MOS during the finisher phase seems to be dependent upon the level of Cu supplementation.     

Copper proteinate in weanling pig diets for enhancing growth performance and reducing fecal copper excretion compared with copper sulfate

Two 28-d experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of low dietary concentrations of Cu as Cu-proteinate compared with 250 ppm Cu as CuSO4 with growth performance, plasma Cu concentrations, and Cu balance of weanling swine as the criteria. In the production study (Exp. 1), 240 crossbred pigs that averaged 19.8 d of age and 6.31 kg BW initially were group-fed (two or three pigs per pen) the basal diets (Phase 1: d 0 to 14 and Phase 2: d 14 to 28) supplemented with 0 (control), 25, 50, 100, or 200 ppm Cu as Cu-proteinate, or 250 ppm Cu as CuSO4 (as-fed basis). The basal diets contained 16.5 ppm Cu supplied as CuSO4 before supplementation with Cu-proteinate or 250 ppm Cu as CuSO4. There were quadratic responses (P < or = 0.05) in ADFI and ADG for wk 1, Phases 1 and 2, and overall because ADFI was higher for pigs fed 25 or 50 ppm Cu as Cu-proteinate, and ADG increased with increasing Cu-proteinate up to 50 ppm Cu. The Cu-proteinate treatment groups combined had a higher (P < or = 0.05) Phase 2 and overall ADFI and ADG than the CuSO4 group. In the mineral balance study (Exp. 2), 20 crossbred barrows that averaged 35 d of age and 11.2 kg/BW initially were placed in individual metabolism pens with total urine and fecal grab sample collections on d 22 to 26. Treatments were the basal Phase 2 diet supplemented with 0, 50, or 100 ppm Cu as Cu-proteinate, or 250 ppm Cu as CuSO4 (as-fed basis). Treatments did not differ in growth performance criteria. There were linear increases (P < 0.001) in Cu absorption, retention, and excretion (milligrams per day) with increasing Cu-proteinate. Pigs fed 100 ppm Cu as Cu-proteinate absorbed and retained more Cu and excreted less Cu (mg/d, P < or = 0.003) than pigs fed 250 ppm Cu as CuSO4. Plasma Cu concentrations increased linearly (P = 0.06) with increasing Cu-proteinate. In conclusion, weanling pig growth performance was increased by 50 or 100 ppm Cu as Cu-proteinate in our production Exp. 1, but not in our balance Exp. 2, compared with 250 ppm Cu as CuSO4. However, 50 or 100 ppm Cu as Cu-proteinate increased Cu absorption and retention, and decreased Cu excretion 77 and 61%, respectively, compared with 250 ppm Cu as CuSO4.     

Effects of source and level of copper on performance and liver copper stores in weanling pigs

Five 28- to 33-d experiments involving 460 crossbred pigs weaned at 28 +/- 2 d of age (initial weight, 6.7 to 8.1 kg) were conducted to determine the effects of feeding high dietary levels of Cu sulfate (CuSO4) or Cu oxide (CuO) on rate and efficiency of gain and liver Cu stores of weanling pigs. The pigs were housed in groups of five to six/pen and fed a fortified, unmedicated, corn-soybean meal-dried whey basal diet (1.1% lysine, 30 ppm Cu). In Exp. 1 and 2, pigs (eight replicates) were fed the basal or the basal plus 125 or 250 ppm Cu from CuSO4 or CuO for 28 d. In Exp. 3 and 4, four replications were fed the same diets as in Exp. 1 and 2 plus two additional diets (500 ppm Cu from CuSO4 or CuO). In Exp. 5, dietary levels of 0, 125, 250, 375 or 500 ppm Cu from CuSO4 were evaluated using four replications. At the end of each experiment, the liver from one pig in each pen was collected for Cu analysis. Overall, rate and efficiency of gain were improved (P less than .01) by feeding 125 or 250 ppm Cu as CuSO4, with the 125 ppm dietary level being about 75% as effective in stimulating growth as 250 ppm. Performance of pigs was not different from controls when the highest (500 ppm) level of Cu (from CuSO4) was fed. Liver Cu increased 10- to 70-fold when 250 to 550 ppm Cu from CuSO4 was included in the feed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The effect of copper and fat addition to the diets of weanling swine on growth performance and serum fatty acids.

A 2 x 3 factorial experiment, encompassing three 28-d trials involving a total of 420 weanling pigs, was conducted to determine the effect of dietary Cu (5 or 250 ppm) and animal fat (0, 2.5, or 5%) on the performance and serum fatty acid profiles of weanling pigs. Pigs had ad libitum access to corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 10% whey and 5% fish meal and similar lysine:calorie ratios. Pigs were weighed and pen feed intakes were recorded weekly. Weekly blood samples were collected during the first two trials (n = 270) for serum fatty acid analysis. There was a Cu x fat interaction for ADG from d 1 to 14 (P less than .07) and over the 28-d experiment (P less than .05). The ADG of pigs fed 250 ppm of Cu increased, whereas the ADG of pigs fed 5 ppm of Cu was not affected as dietary fat increased. The addition of 250 ppm of CU increased (P less than .01) ADFI throughout the 28-d experiment. The addition of fat quadratically increased ADG (P less than .05) during d 14 to 28 and gain:feed ratios (P less than .01) during d 14 to 28 and over the 28-d experiment. The addition of fat decreased (P less than .05) the weight percentage of serum saturated fatty acids and increased (P less than .01) the weight percentage of serum monounsaturated fatty acids on d 28. The addition of 250 ppm of Cu decreased (P less than .01) the weight percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids on d 14 and 28.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Interactive effects of dietary calcium, phosphorus and copper on performance and liver stores of pigs

Three experiments involving 304 pigs were conducted to determine the related effects of copper (Cu), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) on the performance and liver Cu stores of growing-finishing pigs. Rate and efficiency of gain were improved by the addition of 250 ppm of Cu to the diets. Improvements in rate of gain averaged 6.6% (652 vs 696 g/d) to 60.5 kg body weight and 1.7% (713 vs 725 g/d) to 94.5 kg body weight. Feed:gain ratio was improved by 1.4% to 60.5 kg and 1.6% to 94.5 kg body weight when Cu was added to the diet. Increasing the dietary Ca and P levels from .65% Ca and .55% P to 1.2% Ca and .86 or 1.0% P resulted in increased (P less than .01) growth rate to 60 and 95 kg (649 vs 699 g/d and 700 vs 737 g/d, respectively), but feed efficiency was not affected (2.86 vs 2.84 and 3.18 vs 3.17 kg feed/kg gain, respectively.) Feeding the higher Ca and P levels resulted in increased liver Cu levels in pigs fed 250 ppm Cu (189 vs 323 ppm), but Ca and P did not affect liver Cu of pigs fed low Cu diets (29 vs 28 ppm). When dietary Ca and P were varied independently, the high Ca level increased liver Cu, but P had little effect on liver Cu. Increasing the dietary P level partially alleviated the effect of Ca on liver Cu.     

Comparison of growth performance and zinc absorption, retention, and excretion in weanling pigs fed diets supplemented with zinc-polysaccharide or zinc oxide

Fifty weanling crossbred pigs averaging 6.2 kg of initial BW and 21 d of age were used in a 5-wk experiment to evaluate lower dietary concentrations of an organic source of Zn as a Zn-polysaccharide (Zn-PS) compared with 2,000 ppm of inorganic Zn as ZnO, with growth performance, plasma concentrations of Zn and Cu, and Zn and Cu balance as the criteria. The pigs were fed individually in metabolism crates, and Zn and Cu balance were measured on individual pigs (10 replications per treatment) from d 22 to 26. The basal Phase 1 (d 0 to 14) and Phase 2 (d 14 to 35) diets contained 125 or 100 ppm added Zn as Zn sulfate, respectively, and met all nutrient requirements. Treatments were the basal Phase 1 and 2 diets supplemented with 0, 150, 300, or 450 ppm of Zn as Zn-PS or 2,000 ppm Zn as ZnO. Blood samples were collected from all pigs on d 7, 14, and 28. For pigs fed increasing Zn as Zn-PS, there were no linear or quadratic responses (P > or = 0.16) in ADG, ADFI, or G:F for Phases 1 or 2 or overall. For single degree of freedom treatment comparisons, Phase 1 ADG and G:F were greater (P < or = 0.05) for pigs fed 2,000 ppm Zn as ZnO than for pigs fed the control diet or the diet containing 150 ppm Zn as Zn-PS. For Phase 2 and overall, ADG and G:F for pigs fed the diets containing 300 or 450 ppm of Zn as Zn-PS did not differ (P > or = 0.29) from pigs fed the diet containing ZnO. Pigs fed the diet containing ZnO also had a greater Phase 2 (P < or = 0.10) and overall (P < or = 0.05) ADG and G:F than pigs fed the control diet. There were no differences (P > or = 0.46) in ADFI for any planned comparison. There were linear increases (P < 0.001) in the Zn excreted (mg/d) with increasing dietary Zn-PS. Pigs fed the diet containing ZnO absorbed, retained, and excreted more Zn (P < 0.001) than pigs fed the control diet or any of the diets containing Zn-PS. In conclusion, Phase 2 and overall growth performance by pigs fed diets containing 300 or 450 ppm Zn as Zn-PS did not differ from that of pigs fed 2,000 ppm Zn as ZnO; however, feeding 300 ppm Zn as Zn-PS decreased Zn excretion by 76% compared with feeding 2,000 ppm Zn as ZnO.     

Effect of chelated copper sources on performance of nursery and growing pigs

Four experiments were conducted to determine the effect of Cu source and level and an antimicrobial agent on performance of nursery (6 to 25 kg) and growing (20 to 65 kg) pigs. Copper was fed either as CuSO4.5H2O (CS), inorganic chelated Cu (ICC) or organic chelated Cu (OCC) to provide 31.25 to 250 ppm supplemental Cu. In Exp. 1, 224 pigs were used to study Cu source and level added to nursery diets. No difference (P less than .05) among treatments was observed during the nursery period. Treatments were continued the first 56 d of the growing-finishing period. Regardless of the Cu source, pigs receiving 125 ppm added Cu gained faster (P less than .05) than pigs in other treatments. In Exp. 2, 216 pigs were used to determine the optimum level of CS and ICC in nursery diets. Pigs were less efficient (P less than .01) when Cu was added at 62.5 and 125 ppm than at 250 ppm (1.69, 1.72 and 1.59, feed/gain respectively). In Exp. 3, no differences (P greater than .05) in performance between sources or among levels of Cu were found. In Exp. 4, 216 pigs were utilized to determine the combined effects of Cu source and an antimicrobial on performance. Pigs fed ICC were less efficient (P less than .01) than pigs fed either OCC or CS (1.99, 1.85 and 1.90, respectively). The inorganic and organic chelated Cu compounds used in these studies were not more efficacious than CS for nursery or growing pigs.     

The effect of copper addition to diets with various iron levels on the performance and hematology of weanling swine

A 2 x 6 factorial experiment with Cu added at 5 or 250 ppm and Fe added at 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, or 300 ppm was conducted using 480 crossbred weanling pigs with an average initial weight of 7.0 kg. The basal corn-soybean meal-whey diet contained 4 ppm Cu, 169 ppm Fe, and 199 ppm Zn. Pigs were allotted by weight, sex, and litter outcome group and had ad libitum access to feed and water during the 28-d trials. Animals were weighed and pen feed intake was recorded weekly. Blood samples were collected on d 1, 14, and 28 of the experiment. The addition of 250 ppm Cu increased ADG (P less than .001) and average daily feed intake (ADFI, P less than .01) during the 28-d trials. The addition of Fe had no effect on ADG and ADFI (P greater than .10). A Cu x Fe interaction (P less than .01) was observed for feed/gain. Increasing Fe levels linearly improved hematocrit status (P less than .05) on d 28 of the trial. A Cu x Fe interaction (P less than .08) was observed for hemoglobin at the end of the trial; hemoglobin levels were increased by the addition of Fe to the diet containing 250 ppm of Cu. Plasma Cu was increased (P less than .001) by the addition of 250 ppm of Cu. Plasma Fe was low when either 50 or 100 ppm of Fe was added in the presence of 250 ppm of Cu, but it was not affected at other levels, resulting in a Cu x Fe interaction (P less than .05). These data indicate that levels of added Fe up to 300 ppm may help to improve the hematological status of weanling pigs fed growth-promoting levels of Cu but that it has little effect on performance.     

Effect of various levels of avilamycin on the performance of growing-finishing swine

A series of 12 trials involving 1,710 crossbred pigs was conducted at eight geographical locations in the United States to determine the effect of avilamycin on average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed (ADF) and feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) of growing-finishing swine. Eight of 12 trials evaluated avilamycin concentrations at 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 ppm, while an additional four trials evaluated avilamycin concentrations at 0, 10, 20 and 40 ppm in swine grower and finisher diets fed ad libitum. All trials were conducted using a randomized complete block design with data from the 12 trials pooled for statistical analysis. Pigs fed 5, 10, 20, 40 or 60 ppm avilamycin had increased (P less than .05) ADG over control pigs. No differences were detected for ADF between control and avilamycin-fed pigs. Pigs fed 10, 20, 40 or 60 ppm avilamycin had improved (P less than .05) F/G over control animals. Average daily gain, ADF and F/G for pigs fed 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 or 60 ppm avilamycin were: 749, 763, 767, 769, 771 and 771 g; 2.38, 2.40 2.39, 2.41, 2.38 and 2.38 kg; and 3.17, 3.15, 3.12, 3.13, 3.09 and 3.09, respectively. Linear plateau procedures showed that the effective dose range of avilamycin for the growing-finishing phase is 5 to 10 ppm for improving ADG and 10 to 60 ppm for improving F/G.