森林生态系统服务功能空间模型研究初探

森林生态系统的服务功能在定义上是指:森林生态系统以及其生态过程中所形成和所维持的人类社会赖以生存的自然环境条件和效用。科学性、量化性、客观性地评价森林生态系统的服务功能,在加深人们对于环境保护的意识,推进和加强林业生态环境建设在国民经济中的主导地位,提高森林经营和管理水平,加快将森林生态环境纳入整个国民经济核算系统以及正确处理好生态环境保护与社会经济发展之间的关系等具有相当重要的现实意义。     

辽宁省法库县可持续发展评价研究

采用生态承载力理论和PREE系统理论两种评价方法,分析法库在未来发展中对资源环境承载能力和生态服务功能提出的要求是否能够得到满足。结果表明,法库县具有良好的生态环境基础,经济还有非常大的发展空间,生态仍处于盈余阶段,生态环境问题相对较轻,发展的不可持续度也相对较低,有利于社会经济的持续发展和生态环境的自组织调控。     

吉林市生态环境功能评价指标体系构建与区划

选取生物多样性、生态承载力及环境污染负荷程度等三方面作为主要评价因子,建立生态环境功能评价指标体系,运用综合评价法和聚类法生成分区方案,对吉林市生态环境功能进行评价及生态功能分区,为区域的生态环境建设与保护提供科学依据。     

城市居民对绿色生态系统休闲娱乐服务的支付意愿及其价值评估——以成都为例

指出了生态系统服务与人类的生存与发展息息相关,研究城市绿色生态系统休闲娱乐服务价值及其支付意愿对城市生态环境建设及公众参与有重要的参考价值。以成都市居民为调查对象,采用Logistic回归模型分析了居民对城市绿色生态系统休闲服务的支付意愿及其影响因素,并运用条件价值法评估其经济价值。结果表明：居民支付意愿与受教育程度、婚姻状况、每月平均游玩次数、对生态系统服务价值的了解程度,以及对服务质量的满意程度呈显著正相关;成都市绿色生态系统休闲娱乐服务的居民平均意愿支付金额为115.14元,其总经济价值贡献额为18.1亿元。     

蒙自市公益林管护探讨

公益林是指为维护和改善生态环境,满足人类社会的生态、社会需求和可持续发展为主体功能,主要提供公益性、社会性产品或服务的森林、林木、林地,如何有效地管护好蒙自市的公益林,对蒙自市建设以森林为主体比较完备的林业生态体系,有着重大作用。     

我国生态环境现状与社会发展

我国生态环境现状与社会发展①裴海潮（河南省森防站）闫荣玲（邓州市林站）姚新爱（郑州市林业工作总站）生态环境是一种为人类提供各种服务的特殊资产。一个良好的生态环境是人类社会发展的前提，同时也是人类赖以生存、社会得以安定的基本条件。人类社会要想健康地发展...     

大连市政路桥工程的绿色预算探讨

以大连市政路桥工程为研究对象、大连市政路桥工程建设项目的环境影响评价报告书为基础,对大连市政路桥工程生态环境影响因子进行了生态环境影响识别,根据各生态环境因子服务功能的不同进行分类,利用生态系统服务功能价值的评价方法对各项功能的价值进行了估算,将得出的绿色预算纳入建设工程总造价中,以利于大连市城市生态系统的可持续发展。     

广州市帽峰山森林公园生态安全的初步评价

随着生态旅游的不断兴起,森林公园已逐渐成为我国最热门的旅游目的地之一.但人类活动和森林公园自身建设的不完善,也给旅游地的生态环境带来了许多负面影响,制约着森林公园的可持续发展.文章以广州市帽峰山森林公园为对象,从资源安全、环境安全和生态服务功能与生态建设三方面构建了森林公园生态安全评价指标体系并进行评价,评价结果显示该...     

自然保护区森林生态系统服务功能评估方法与指标研究综述

生态系统服务作为人类可持续发展的基础内容,影响着人类的长远发展。自然保护区森林生 态系统具有复杂性及经济性的特征,因此需要运用多种指标与方法对其实施的生态系统服务功能进行评 估。文章通过对国内外相关文献进行梳理与研究,在综述了自然保护区森林生态系统的功能分类、评估 方法以及指标体系等各方面研究进展的基础上,对我国自然保护区森林生态系统服务功能价值评价的主 要指标的计量方法、原理以及优缺点进行分析。最后,对森林生态系统服务功能评估体系的构建进行探 讨,并且对森林生态系统服务功能价值评估模型化与精准化以及自然保护区生态补偿机制方面进行展望, 以期丰富生态系统服务价值评估理论。     

生态环境质量评价之评价

21世纪人类发展进入空前的阶段,对资源的掠夺和环境的破坏也达到了前所未有的程度。生态环境的恶化已成为制约人类发展的重要瓶颈,如何协调经济发展与环境保护之间的关系成为人类可持续发展面临的重大课题。客观地认识一地区生态环境质量状况及其存在的问题,科学、全面、准确地评价生态环境质量状况及其变化趋势,是该地区保护环境、制定可持续发展规划的关键。通过综述生态环境质量评价的内涵、评价指标体系建立、评价方法等方面的研究成果,指出生态环境质量评价的对象经历了从含糊到逐步清晰,评价内容从局部与单一到综合与多样化,评价指标体系从主观与表象到客观与本质,评价方法从指标化综合分析到实测性逻辑推理的发展历程;并且探讨了目前生态环境质量评价过程中存在的不足,指明未来生态环境质量评价的发展方向,旨在为建设新时代有中国特色社会主义提供借鉴。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.