落叶松外生菌根合成条件的研究

本文研究了厚环乳牛肝菌、赭丝膜菌、彩色豆马勃、血红铆钉菇 4种菌根菌 ,在纯培养条件下对土壤温度和含水量 2个生态因子的适应性 ,以及同日本落叶松和长白落叶松形成外生菌根的能力。结果表明 ,土壤温度和含水量对菌根生长、菌根侵染率具有很大影响。其中厚环乳牛肝菌和彩色豆马勃具有很强的耐温湿性 ,而赭丝膜菌和血红铆钉菇则稍差。在菌根纯培养合成中 ,供试菌株均与落叶松形成了外生菌根。接种后苗木的各项生长指标均比对照有所提高。     

褐环乳牛肝菌对轻基质营养包樟子松和油松苗的促生效应

为提高轻基质营养包樟子松和油松幼苗的出棚成活率以及对恶劣环境的适应能力,有效的增强其抗逆性,人工接种外生菌根真菌技术可以有效解决以上难题.用实验室生产的褐环乳牛肝菌优良菌株Suillus luteus SP4,SP7,SP8以及SP4、SP7、SP8的混合液体菌液,应用蘸根的方法对1年生轻基质营养包樟子松幼苗和1年生轻基质营养包油松幼苗进行接种,试验结果表明,SP4、SP7、SP8的混合液体菌剂接种两种幼苗的菌根侵染效果好于单独使用一种菌剂侵染,且接种油松幼苗的效果好于樟子松幼苗;相应的用SP4、SP7、SP8的混合液体菌剂接种的樟子松幼苗和油松幼苗的生长指标提高幅度最大.     

在高寒地区樟子松育苗中应用外生菌根真菌的效应*

人工接种外生菌根真菌对高寒地区樟子松新播苗、移植苗的生长有明显的促进作用,苗高、地径、侧根数、干重和菌根化程度均比对照有较大提高。随着苗木生长期的延长,这种积极作用越显著。根据各项生长指标综合分析,筛选出的优良菌种为:臭红菇(Russula foetens)、牛肝菌(Boletus sp.)、血红铆钉菇(Gomphidius rutilus)。     

盐碱胁迫下AM真菌对沙枣苗木生长和生理的影响

【目的】研究盐碱胁迫下丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对沙枣苗木的生长和生理的影响,以期探索AM真菌提高沙枣苗木耐盐碱机制,为菌根化沙枣苗木在盐碱地推广应用提供理论基础。【方法】采用盆栽法研究了4种不同土壤盐碱度下分别接种根内球囊霉和摩西球囊霉对沙枣苗木的生长影响,并对沙枣苗木的光合特性、Na+和K+含量、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量等各项生理指标进行测定。【结果】2种AM真菌均能与沙枣苗木建立共生关系,且GI处理对苗木的侵染率显著高于接种GM处理,但随着土壤中盐浓度增加,沙枣苗木菌根侵染率有所降低。在同一盐碱度下接种AM真菌可显著促进沙枣幼苗的生长,在中度盐碱胁迫下(含盐量1.56%,p H 9.52),接种GI和GM的沙枣苗木株高分别较未接种AM真菌植株增加了20.07%,9.68%,植株干生物量显著增加;AM真菌可显著提高盐碱胁迫下沙枣幼苗叶片叶绿素含量和光合生理特性,其叶片净光合速率Pn、蒸腾速率Tr、气孔导度Gs、胞间二氧化碳浓度Ci均显著高于未接种AM真菌处理的幼苗(P0.05)。接种GI和GM处理植株叶片组织内SOD,CAT和POD酶活性显著高于对照处理,但根系及叶片组织内丙二醛含量显著低于对照处理的植株,而其脯氨酸含量却都表现出显著提高。接种AM真菌沙枣根系和叶片中Na+含量较未接种处理植株显著下降,K+含量和K+/Na+比值显著提高。【结论】接种AM真菌能显著提高沙枣苗木耐盐碱能力。接种根内球囊霉的沙枣苗木的生长及抗盐碱胁迫能力的各项生理指标均显著高于接种摩西球囊霉处理的苗木,表明根内球囊霉在盐碱地改良方面具有很好的推广应用前景。     

利用木糖渣栽培平菇试验研究

以平菇(PB4、PB5)为供试菌株,采用木糖渣为试验材料,研究木糖渣提取液对平菇菌丝生长的影响,探索利用木糖渣栽培平菇的可行性。结果表明：木糖渣提取液对平菇的菌丝生长速率影响差异显著,但在栽培试验中,木糖渣基质对菌丝生长速率影响不明显,木糖渣栽培平菇的第一潮菇平均产量为179.76 g/袋和169.17 g/袋,略低于对照,与对照差异不显著。生物学效率为35.95%和33.83%。     

外生菌根真菌对油松幼苗生长的影响

采用红蜡蘑L.l、美味牛肝菌B.e、铆钉菇G.v、厚环乳牛肝菌S.g、褐环乳牛肝菌S.l等5种外生菌根真菌的固体培养物对油松幼苗进行接种实验,研究外生菌根真菌对其生长的影响。3个月后取样测量,结果表明外生菌根真菌能明显提高苗木的菌根化程度,对幼苗的生长有促进作用,提高了植株对养分NPK的吸收。筛选出L.l、S.l、S.g是油松菌根化育苗的优良菌种。     

外生菌根菌对提高油松飞播造林成效的研究

采用外生菌根真菌──血红铆钉菇纯培养复合菌剂──８９０１号包衣油松种子进行飞播造林，结果表明，油松种子包衣接种８９０１号复合菌剂对石质山区油松飞播造林成效、苗高、地径等各项生长指标都有显著的提高。飞播试验处理区油松成苗率是裸种对照区的１．５５倍，苗木生物量比对照提高８４．６％～１００％，菌根侵染率提高１３０．６％～１７６．９％。油松种子包衣接菌飞播造林每公顷成效成本比对照降低了６６．７元，经济、生态和社会效益显著。     

外生菌根菌对湿地松苗防病和生长的作用

将外生菌根菌牛肝菌(Boletus sp.)、铆钉菇(Gomphidin viscidns)、厚环枯盖牛肝菌(Snillus grevillei)的人工纯培养物接种于培育湿地松苗的大田中,对苗木的生长、产量和抗病能力都有显著提高,施菌苗比未施菌苗每亩净增值分别为B 菌66.2%、G 菌105%、S菌70.8%,经济效益显著。     

红花尔基樟子松林分内铆钉菇资源利用探析

文章针对红花尔基天然和人工樟子松林内铆钉菇的生长现状,从保护和开发铆钉菇资源入手,提出了充分利用野生资源发展铆钉菇的措施及人工促进铆钉菇的野外生长的樟子松林保护培养措施、人工孢子接种、人工培养菌丝体野外接种、移植栽培等人工促进方法,同时也提出了加强科研和保护利用的建议。     

红汁乳菇菌种分离培养及其对马尾松苗木生长效应研究

红汁乳菇菌种分离实验表明，红汁乳菇可通过组织分离获得纯菌，不同地域的红汁乳菇子实体在相同条件下进行分离时，菌丝生长的快慢不同。红汁乳菇一级菌种培养时，菌丝在PDA、MMN、酵母葡萄糖酸钙培养基上生长较快和旺盛，菌丝在MS、查氏、蛋白胨培养基上生长缓慢，且生长很弱。用液体培养的红汁乳菇接种马尾松幼苗可形成菌根化苗，苗木菌根形成率为73．3％，且菌根明显促进马尾松苗木生长。马尾松菌根化苗可以提高马尾松苗出圃率及造林成活率，促进马尾松生长，为实现红汁乳菇的半人工栽培提供基础。     

外生菌根菌剂对白皮松幼苗生长效应的研究

白皮松是中国特有的珍贵树种，但长期以来由于苗期生长缓慢，阻碍了它们的推广。本试验研究在国内首次应用7种不同的外生菌根菌剂对其幼苗进行土壤根际处理，并对白皮松幼苗菌根菌的感染能力以及促进生长效果进行了分析研究，获得以下结果：(1)菌剂处理对白皮松苗高、地径、干质量、侧根等方面有显著的促生作用；(2)菌剂处理提高了苗木N、P、K及叶绿素的含量；(3)筛选出了北京地区促进白皮松幼苗生长的优良菌种——美味牛肝菌(Boletusedulis)及红绒盖牛肝菌(Xerocomus chrysenteron)。     

外生菌根真菌促进油松人工幼林生长试验

应用从不同林型下分离获得的外生菌根真菌纯培养菌株中的优良菌种,对油松人工林进行菌剂混合接种试验。结果表明:采用外生菌根真菌对油松林接菌,能使土壤微生物种群数量发生变化;接菌后的土壤中的细菌、真菌、放线菌总数比对照有明显的增加,其中真菌增加558.7%。接菌后的油松菌根侵染率为75%,对照为20%;采用外生菌根真菌对油松林接菌,能够提高其抗病力,增强抗旱性,促进林木的生长。对连续2年接种菌剂的油松幼林调查表明,施用菌剂的油松与对照相比,其地径、树高均有显著增加,树高增长46.1%,地径增长41.3%。所以说外生菌根真菌作为一项生物接种技术,对提高油松林的抗病力,增强抗旱性,促进林木的生长具有重要的作用。     

天水小陇山白皮松林土壤真菌多样性的初步研究

在样地调查的基础上,在小陇山白皮松分布区采集表土土样20个,采用稀释平板计数法对真菌进行了分离,并进一步鉴定到属。结果表明:小陇山白皮松以青霉属和曲霉属为优势菌群,土壤整体质量不高。根据物种多样性分析的结果,小陇山白皮松物种多样性较丰富,不同样地多样性指数差异较大。     

Growth and nutrition of nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal pitch pine (Pinus rigida) seedlings under phosphorus limitation

The association of ectomycorrhizal fungi with tree roots enhances the acquisition of phosphorus (P) from the soil. In addition to increasing the uptake of H(2)PO(4) (-) (P(i)), mycorrhizal fungi may increase the spectrum of P sources utilized by tree roots by mediating the dissolution of insoluble metallophosphate salts or the hydrolysis of organic P compounds. To investigate the role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in enhancing P acquisition by tree roots, pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) seedlings were grown in sand culture with or without the ectomycorrhizal symbiont Pisolithus tinctorius Coker and Couch under various conditions of P limitation. Compared with nonmycorrhizal seedlings, seedlings inoculated with P. tinctorius exhibited a greater capacity to function under P limitation as evidenced by superior growth and the maintenance of normal foliar ion composition at low P(i) concentrations. Nonmycorrhizal seedlings subjected to P-limiting conditions exhibited depressed K and P and elevated Na concentrations in foliage. The association of P. tinctorius with pitch pine seedling roots maintained foliar K concentrations and prevented the accumulation of Na under P limitation. Nonmycorrhizal seedlings were unable to obtain P from either solid AlPO(4) or inositol hexaphosphate (IHP), whereas seedlings inoculated with P. tinctorius utilized AlPO(4), but not IHP as a P source. Root surface acid phosphatase (APase) activity was depressed in roots infected with the mycorrhizal symbiont and was negatively correlated with seedling growth on all P sources. Root APase activity was negatively correlated with foliar P concentrations in seedlings grown on P(i), but was not correlated with foliar P concentrations in seedlings cultured with AlPO(4) or IHP.     

Effect of ammonium on glutamine synthetase activity in ectomycorrhizal fungi, and in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Scots pine seedlings

The influence of ammonium on glutamine synthetase activity (GS, EC 6.3.1.2) was studied in three species of ectomycorrhizal fungi, Paxillus involutus (Batsch:Fr) Fr, Piloderma croceum Erikss. and Hjortst. and Suillus variegatus (Fr) O Kuntze growing in pure culture, as well as in the roots and needles of nursery-grown, non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings inoculated with Paxillus involutus or Piloderma croceum as the symbiont. In response to increasing concentrations of ammonium in the nutrient solution, GS activity (expressed on a dry weight basis) increased slightly in Suillus variegatus but not in the other fungi. Glutamine synthetase activity increased in the roots and decreased in the needles of non-mycorrhizal seedlings as the ammonium concentration in the nutrient solution was increased from 0 to 1 mM, but no response was noted with further increases from 1 to 12 mM. Interspecies differences in GS activity were noted among the fungi growing in pure culture, but no significant interspecies differences were observed among the same fungi in the mycorrhizal state.     

Influence of ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculation on growth and root IAA concentrations of transplanted conifers

We determined whether in vitro plant growth regulator production by mycorrhizal fungi is correlated with conifer seedling growth and root IAA concentrations. Container-grown seedlings of interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.) were inoculated at seeding with ectomycorrhizal fungi having a high, moderate or low capacity to produce either IAA or ethylene in vitro. Inoculated seedlings were grown for one season in the nursery, harvested in December, cold stored over winter and then transplanted to either a nursery field or a forest site in the spring. Seedling morphology and endogenous IAA in roots were measured immediately after cold storage and again six and 12 months after transplanting. Morphological responses to inoculation varied among different mycorrhizal fungi. Free IAA concentration of roots was increased in some inoculation treatments for all conifer species. In seedlings transplanted to a nursery field, in vitro ethylene-producing capacity of the ectomycorrhizal fungi was highly correlated with more morphological features than in vitro IAA-producing capacity. Both IAA- and ethylene-producing capacity were significantly correlated with more morphological features in seedlings transplanted to a forest site than in seedings transplanted to a nursery field. One year after transplanting, only in vitro IAA-producing capacity was correlated with endogenous IAA concentration of roots of the inoculated seedlings. We conclude that growth responses of conifer seedlings can be partially influenced by IAA and ethylene produced by ectomycorrhizal fungal symbionts.     

国外松菌根的接种效应研究

用广东常见的两种菌根真菌纯菌剂以及彩色豆马勃的孢子粉，对加勒比松及湿地松幼苗实施人工接种。结果表明，菌根接种对幼树生长的促生效果明显，1.5年生湿地松树高增幅达10.94%；2年生加勒比松树高增幅达20.37%；3年生加勒比松树高增幅达13.54%-22.35%；5年生加勒松树高增幅达31.13%；胸径也有较大的增幅。接种5年的加勒比松幼林蓄积量达16.82m^3/hm^2，比对照的增加87.1%，效果十分显著。菌根接种是我省松树造林及提高生产力的有效措施之一。     

Prior contact of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus tabulaeformis</Emphasis> with ectomycorrhizal fungi increases plant growth and survival from damping-off

Pinus tabulaeformis (Chinese pine) is a widely planted conifer species in northern China and is used for soil and water conservation on the Loess Plateau. Due to its strong reliance on ectomycorrhizae and low survival rate from damping-off during seedling cultivation and in nurseries, we explored the early influence of three ectomycorrhizal fungi (Handkea utriformis, Suillus lactifluus, and Suillus tomentosus) on the growth, root morphological characters, root vitality, and survival of P. tabulaeformis seedlings from subsequent damping-off in a pot experiment. In addition, the in vitro suppression of three ectomycorrhizal fungi on the damping-off pathogen (Fusarium solani) was evaluated and observed using a scanning electron microscope. We found that all three ectomycorrhizal fungi could colonize more than 40% of the roots of P. tabulaeformis, promote plant shoot and root growth, increase the proportion of large-diameter roots, improve root vitality, and increase survival rates 3 months after inoculation. All three ectomycorrhizal fungi suppressed the growth of F. solani to a different extent in vitro. Ectomycorrhizal fungal hyphae proliferated and wrapped around the hyphae of F. solani when the hyphae encountered each other. The colonization rate of P. tabulaeformis roots was highly correlated with root vitality and root growth parameters, while the survival rate of P. tabulaeformis seedlings was highly correlated with the colonization rate of P. tabulaeformis roots, root vitality and growth. Our results suggest that early contact between P. tabulaeformis and ectomycorrhizal fungi could improve plant growth and resistance against damping-off.     

Effects of lime and ash treatments on ectomycorrhizal infection of Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings planted in a pine forest

A pine forest in the south of Sweden was treated with lime and wood ash. In early June, 12 months after the ash treatment and 18 months after the lime treatment, one year old Pinus syhestris L. seedlings were planted. Four months later six différent ectomycorrhizal types had infected the seedlings in all the treatments. A mycorrhizal type designated “pink”; was more than twice as common in the lime treatments as in the control and ash treatments. Piloderma croceum Erikss. & Hjorts. was significantly more abundant in limed soil than in ash treated soil. The results were compared to those from a bioassy performed in the laboratory, where P. syhestris seedlings had been grown in soil from the same forest. Similar soil pH values in the two studies resulted in different relative infection rates of the mycorrhizal types found. One additional mycorrhizal type, designated “white”; was found in the field experiment. This suggests that mycelial connections to the mature host plants may significantly alter the ability of different fungi to colonize host plant roots in competition with each other compared to when the fungi infect from propagules in the soil.