Patterns of Barley Grain Development in Spain and Scotland and Their Implications for Malting Quality

To determine whether patterns of grain filling were consistent between seasons and different between sites in northern and southern Europe, the cultivar Troubadour and TR49, a mutant derived from it, were grown, over two seasons, at sites in Scotland and northern Spain. Differences in sowing date and climate were reflected in different patterns of grain filling. Ear emergence in Scottish grown barley occurred around the time when daylight hours were maximal; optimal photosynthesis was the likely explanation for the rapid increase in grain size observed at the Scottish site. Differences between the sites in temperature and rainfall were most evident during the last month of the growing season. In Scotland, where ripening occurred in cooler, more humid conditions, synthesis of hordein and β-glucan followed the pattern of grain filling, reaching a peak at ~600 degree days after anthesis (the product of days after anthesis and average temperature). Levels then remained fairly constant until harvest ripeness was reached. In Spain, levels of hordein and β-glucan rose virtually throughout the growing season. Differences observed at maturity, between Scottish and Spanish grown grain, in total nitrogen and β-glucan levels were due to this accumulation in the later stages of growth. This was accompanied by a major change in the ratio of the constituent polypeptides of the storage protein and differences in the relative proportions of soluble and insoluble β-glucan.     

Malting Oats: Effects on Chemical Composition of Hull-less and Hulled Genotypes

Samples of hull-less oat genotypes from the Cooperative Naked Oat Test grown in Ottawa, ON, and Aberdeen, ID, were analyzed for their potential as a food malt. Malted oats had a lower concentration of petroleum ether-extractable lipid, but a much higher percentage of the lipid was in the form of free fatty acids. About 5% less starch and slightly more N was found in malted oats than in unmalted. Malted oats contained ≈8% soluble carbohydrate. During the germination phase of malting, nearly all the β-glucan was degraded. α-Amylase activity of malted oats approached that of malting barleys, but diastatic power was much lower. Groats of hulled cultivars grown at Madison, WI, were malted and analyzed with similar results. Because the increased levels of free fatty acids in the malted grains may lead to the development of rancid flavors, a method to curtail their increase or selections of genotypes with a minimum increase during malting may be necessary to produce a useful malted food product.     

稻米外观和碾磨品质QTL定位及其与土壤水分环境互作分析

本文利用旱稻品种IRAT109和水稻品种越富的花培DH群体的116个株系为作图群体，采用混合线性模型QTL定位方法，在水、旱2个土壤水分环境下对粒长(GL)、粒宽(GB)、长宽比(LWR)和垩白率(C)4项外观品质性状和糙米率(BR)、精米率(MR)、整精米率(HR)3项碾磨品质性状进行QTL定位及QTL与环境互作分析。在水、旱2种条件下对DH群体差异显著性分析结果表明，糙米率、精米率和长宽比差异不显著,而整精米率、粒长、粒宽、垩白率差异极显著。外观品质性状在水、旱栽培条件下变化较大，即在旱种环境下稻米粒形变小（粒长、粒宽减小）、变细（长宽比增大）垩白率大幅度下降。碾磨品质性状在双亲间均有差异，其中整精米率差异较大；且在两种土壤水分环境条件下均有变化，即在旱栽条件下两亲本的糙米率和精米率均降低，IRAT109分别减少了5.8%和5.5%，越富分别减少了11.7%和11.5%。共检测到11个加性效应QTL与稻米外观和碾磨品质性状7项指标有关，分别位于第1、3、5、6、7、10、11染色体上，单个QTL对性状的贡献率在3.15～21.42%之间，位于第1、7 染色体上2个控制整精米率的QTL存在显著环境互作，单个QTL与环境互作效应的贡献率分别为9.59%和13.58%。在第1染色体RM295标记附近同时检测到5个QTL，Qgc1a 、Qgc1b 、Qlwr1、QMr1b和QHr1，分别控制粒长、长宽比、精米率和整精米率，且该QTLs簇在2个环境下能稳定地被检测到。同时，还检测到10对上位性QTLs，所有上位性QTL都发生在不同染色体之间，其中，控制整精米率的4对QTL与土壤水分环境显著互作，其环境互作贡献率分别为14.29%、12.28%、10.56%和13.47%。控制粒长、粒宽、长宽比的6个加性QTL（Qgc1a、Qgc1b、Qgc5、Qgw6、Qlwr1、Qlwr10）与环境之间互作较小，在品质育种中可利用分子标记对其进行辅助选择，提高育种效率；而对于基因型×环境互作效应大的整精米率、垩白率应在特定环境(如土壤缺水条件)下进行选择，在特定水分胁迫条件选择目标亲本，并将抗旱基因导入该亲本方可选到品质较优的抗旱品种。     

Particle Size Effects on the Quality of Flour Tortillas Enriched with Whole Grain Waxy Barley

Wheat tortillas were enriched with whole barley flour (WBF) of different particle sizes including 237 μm (regular [R]), 131 μm (intermediate [IM]), and 68 μm (microground [MG]). Topographical and fluorescent microstructure images of flours, doughs, and tortillas were examined. Flours and tortillas were analyzed for color, protein, ash, starch, moisture, and β‐glucan content. Farinograph testing was conducted on the flour blends. Water activity and texture analyses of tortillas were conducted. A 9‐point hedonic scale was used by 95 untrained panelists to evaluate tortilla appearance, color, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability. Two commercial products (CP) were included in some analyses. As WBF particle size decreased, color was lighter; protein, moisture content and mixing stability decreased; ash, starch content, water absorption and farinograph peak time increased; and β‐glucan content was constant. WBF tortillas were darker than the control (C), while IM and MG tortillas had lower peak forces than C. No flavor differences were reported among C, R, and MG tortillas but higher scores were given to both CP in all attributes tested. Tortillas made with the largest WBF particle size (R) were the most similar in protein content, texture and flavor when compared with C tortillas made with refined bread flour.     

Grain Yield,Quality, and Nutrient Concentrations of Feed,Food, and Malt Barley

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a cereal grown for animal feed, human consumption, and malting. Nutrient concentrations are important as they provide information regarding the dietary values of barley consumed by animals or human beings. In addition, grain nutrient removal may be useful for refining fertilizer recommendations. A study was conducted in 2015 and 2016 investigating the cultivar effects on grain yield, quality, and grain nutrient concentrations and removal under irrigated conditions for two-row barley cultivars. Adjunct and feed cultivars produced the highest yields compared with the all-malt and food cultivars. Specific quality and nutrient values were greater than or equal to in the food cultivar compared to the malt or feed cultivars. Variations in nutrient concentrations were measured among the adjunct and all-malt cultivars, which could potentially affect the malting and brewing qualities. Grain yield, quality, nutrient concentrations and nutrient removal varied among cultivars grown under identical environmental conditions, which may influence end-use.     

世界主要优质红茶化学成分与产地环境研究

本文通过对3种优质高香红茶(中国祁门红茶、印度大吉岭红茶、斯里兰卡高地茶)和普通红茶矿质成分进行分析,研究不同产地茶园土壤理化性质和自然地理环境因素对红茶品质的影响.分析表明,优质红茶产地主要是红壤、红黄壤和河流冲积形成的山间冲积台地,土壤质地疏松,有机质含量较高.Cu对维持和提高多酚氧化酶活性具有不可替代的意义,多酚氧化酶活性的维持是形成红茶优良品质的重要保证,因而能够生产出具有特殊香气的茶叶:K 的富积有利于调节水分的蒸发从而抵御干旱,同时还能够增加茶叶滋味和香气成分的含量.干湿交替的季风气候有益于优良红茶风味的形成.     

Effects of Four Independent Low‐Phytate Mutations in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on Seed Phosphorus Characteristics and Malting Quality

Conversion of the seed phosphorus storage compound phytic acid, which is poorly digested by nonruminants, to available forms of phosphorus will have nutritional and environmental benefits. Low‐phytate (LP) barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars are in development and their commercialization will be facilitated by understanding their phosphorus profiles and malting quality. To study these issues, LP and normal types derived from mutagenized populations of barley cultivar Harrington (sets of sib lines homozygous for the wild‐type [WT] allele, or for one of four low‐phytic acid mutations, lpa1‐1, lpa2‐1, lpa3‐1, or M955), were developed through backcrosses to Harrington. Grain was produced in irrigated and rain‐fed environments. WT phosphorus profiles were similar to those of Harrington, suggesting that the major variable was the presence or absence of mutant alleles. All mutations conferred increased inorganic phosphorus. Total P was reduced for lpa1‐1. Phosphorus profiles were relatively stable across environments, which will facilitate the inclusion of LP barley in animal rations. Utilization of LP cultivars for malting may be difficult, as the LP trait was associated with substantial reductions in diastatic power. All mutations, except for lpa2‐1, affected wort β‐glucan levels, which could not be attributed to altered grain β‐glucan levels.     

Relationship Between Malting Quality Traits and Hordeins as Affected by Timing of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application

The application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer in malting barley is necessary to obtain good yield, but it also influences kernel protein content, which affects malting quality. The negative correlation between kernel protein content and malting extract is due to the hordein proteins. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of N application timing on hordein fractions and how this influences malt quality. Reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) was used to determine the hordein fractions in the two‐ and six‐row barley parents and their doubled‐haploid progeny, for two seasons for one location, and two locations in the second season. There were no changes in hordein level in response to timing of N application over years and locations. The two‐row parent had the lowest hordein level and the six‐row progeny had the highest. Total hordein content of the two‐row progeny and six‐row parent were similar. The supply of additional N in the form of fertilizer rather than the timing of all N applications influenced the production of all hordein fractions. There were significant correlations between hordein fractions and malting quality that also were reported in other studies. Kernel plumpness showed significant negative correlations with D, C, and B hordeins and total hordein content when half of the fertilizer was applied at planting and the other half at the six‐leaf stage. Absorption showed significant positive correlation with C hordeins and a negative correlation with the B‐to‐C ratio, also when the second half of the N was given at the six‐leaf stage.     

Relationships Between Fatty Acid Contents of Barley Grain,Malt, and Wort with Malt Quality Measurements

Although lipids and fatty acids (FA) represent only 1–3% of the grain weight, they can play an important role in regulating, modulating, and determining several chemical and physical properties of the grain and corresponding malts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between the content of FA in grain, malt, and wort with malt quality characteristics such as hot water extract (HWE) and apparent attenuation limit (AAL) in different commercial malting barley varieties. High and positive correlations were found between myristic acid and HWE (r = 0.71) and between stearic acid and AAL (r = 0.76), with intermediate correlations between palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids and AAL (r = >0.50) in grain. High and negative correlations were found between stearic acid and HWE (r = –0.66), and high and negative correlations were found between palmitic (r = −0.74) and linoleic (r = −0.60) acids and AAL in the wort. Results from this study showed that lipids, as well as the combination of unsaturated and saturated FA, might play a role in determining differences in HWE and AAL between the barley varieties analyzed. No clear evidence on HWE was observed when grain and malt samples from the same variety were compared. These results indicated that lipids and FA should be considered together with starch properties to explain differences between HWE and AAL.     

Patterns of Nitrogen Mineralization under Two Water Regimes in an Acidic Entisol as Influenced by Chemical Composition of Plant Residues

A 12-week laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to determine the effect of chemical composition of residues of nine plant species on their cumulative net nitrogen (N) mineralization in soil under submergence (SUB) and field capacity (FC) water conditions. The influence of residues and of water regimes on residue-N released over time was significant. Net mineralization was higher in FC than SUB especially in later periods, although differences either among soil water levels or among species were not significant in all the periods sampled. Net N release had significant correlations with initial N and ratios of carbon, lignin or polyphenol or the (lignin + polyphenol) to N concentration of residues under two water conditions. (Lignin + polyphenol):N ratio in SUB and carbon/nitrogen (C:N) ratio in FC showed highest correlations with N mineralization in all periods and explained 64.1% variation in N mineralization from residues under SUB and 64.5% under FC after 2 and 8 weeks, respectively.     

Composition of Functional Lipids in Hulled and Hulless Barley in Fractions Obtained by Scarification and in Barley Oil

Two cultivars of hulled barley (Thoroughbred and Nomini) and two cultivars of hulless barley (Doyce and Merlin) were scarified to abrade the outer layers of hull and pericarp. The resulting scarification fines fractions were evaluated as potential sources of functional lipids (phyto‐sterols, tocopherols, and tocotrienols). The levels of total phytosterols and total tocotrienols in the barley scarification fine fractions were probably not high enough to justify their use as functional foods. However, the levels of total phytosterols and total tocotrienols in the oils extracted from both whole kernels and scarified fines were both sufficiently high to make it reasonable to consider their potential use as new functional oils. Indeed, the levels of total tocotrienols in barley oils (2,911–6,126 mg/kg of oil) are several‐fold higher than those reported in two other oils that are being marketed as high in tocotrienols: palm oil (530 mg/kg) and rice bran oil (770 mg/kg). The levels of total phytosterols in barley oils range from 1.20 to 9.60 g/100 g of oil.     

Yield Quality Parameters and Chemical Composition of Peanut as Affected by Potassium and Gypsum Applications under Foliar Spraying with Boron

A field experiment was carried out at El-Khattara region (Sharkia Governorate, Egypt) during the 2009 season to study the effect of potassium (K) fertilization, gypsum addition rates, and foliar spraying with boron (B) and combinations of them on growth, yield, yield components, oil quality, and uptake of some macro- and micronutrients by peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. Giza 6) grown on a sandy soil. Biological yield (pod + hay) as well as hay and seed yields were increased significantly as a result of K and gypsum application, but there was no significant increase under foliar spraying with B. The greatest values of 7788, 6585, and 954 kg fed^?1 for biological, hay, and seed yields corresponded to 20.8 kg K fed^?1 + 0.5 ton gypsum fed^?1 without foliar spraying with B. For hay, the greatest value of N uptake was obtained with 20.8 kg K fed^?1 + 1.0 ton gypsum fed^?1, whereas the greatest values for P and K uptake (70.1 and 131 kg fed^?1) were obtained when 20.8 kg K fed^?1 + 0.5 ton gypsum fed^?1 was applied under spraying with B. For seeds, the greatest value of K uptake was obtained when 20.8 kg K fed^?1 + 1.0 ton gypsum fed^?1 was applied, whereas for N and P uptake the greatest values (60.8 and 15.2 kg fed^?1) were obtained when 20.8 kg K fed^?1 + 0.5 ton gypsum fed^?1 were applied under spraying with B. The oil yield of peanut seeds using the Soxhelt extraction method was found to be in the range of 23.1 to 35.2%. The greatest B uptake in hay was obtained without spraying with B, whereas in seeds it was obtained under spraying with B. In both of them was obtained upon application of 20.8 kg K fed^?1 + 0.5 ton gypsum fed^?1. Apparent K recovery (AKR) and K-use efficiency (KUE) were markedly decreased with increasing K addition rates.     

籽粒苋-烟草间作对烟叶部分矿质元素含量及品质的影响

采用大容积土培盆栽方法,研究了籽粒苋与烟草间作对烟叶矿质营养元素含量的影响,结果表明：间作烟叶磷的含量比单作降低了21．25％,而氮、钾和硫分别比单作增加了20．23％,63．86％和13．71％,间作烟叶中钾的含量分别是氮、硫的3．16倍和4．66倍;间作烟叶除铜的含量与单作的差异不显著外,其它微量元素含量与单作的差异均达显著或极显著水平,间作烟叶钼和铁的含量较单作分别增加了49．29％和27．39％;间作烟叶的灰分含量也较单作高7．83％;间作烟叶中砷和铬的含量较单作分别降低了15．65％和12．75％,而镉和铅含量则分别升高了8．73％和13．97％;间作烟叶的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量分别是单作的1．44倍和1．23倍,根系活力、叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量较单作烟草分别增加了12．64％,27．91％,37．50％,30．51％。     

Differences in Carbohydrate Composition and Digestion In Vitro of Selected Barley Cultivars as Influenced by Pearling and Cooking

Among common cereals, barley is a low glycemic index food. In an attempt to better understand this character, the nutritional properties of glycemic carbohydrates and dietary fiber concentrations of nine cultivars were evaluated. The cultivars were selected based on botanical variations and commercial value to investigate the impact of pearling and cooking on nutritional properties. Each cultivar was pearled into four fractions ranging from hull removal only to hull, bran, germ, and crease removal. The study showed that botanical class and degree of pearling significantly affect the carbohydrate composition and digestion indices of barley. Waxy starch cultivars had less total starch and more rapidly digestible starch (RDS), rapidly available glucose (RAG), and β‐glucan than the other nonwaxy cultivars. Regardless of the barley type, the less pearled kernels had significantly lower total starch and higher total low molecular weight sugars, insoluble, and total fiber. However, β‐glucan content was fairly comparable in the whole grain and pearled fractions. Cooking had a significant effect on nutritional properties of Celebrity and AC Klinck cultivars. The only consistent significant difference between raw and cooked barley was resistant starch (RS), which increased after cooking regardless of cultivar or fraction. The study showed that barley cultivar and carbohydrate composition significantly affected starch digestion with some cultivar fractions holding a promise for the development of low glycemic index foods.     

Detection of Incipient Germination in Malting Barley with a Starch Viscosity Method and a Proposed Ethanol Emission Method

The risk of germination loss during storage in two‐row malting barley can be reduced by identifying grain lots that have undergone incipient germination (IG) during harvest. A method based on starch viscosity that utilizes a Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) is currently available for IG analysis. A new potential method, based on the measurement of ethanol emission (EE) from whole barley, may be more efficient and less expensive than the RVA procedure. Three storage experiments were performed: experiments 1 and 3 at 25°C and 80% rh, and experiment 2 in unheated, uninsulated buildings. Decline in germination energy (GE) varied from <1% to about 80% during storage. In experiments 1 and 3, R² for GE loss (expressed as [weeks to 5% loss of GE]^0.2) versus EE was 0.76 in both cases, whereas R² for GE loss versus RVA viscosity was 0.64 and 0.68, respectively. In experiment 2, the greatest loss of GE was associated with high temperatures and relative humidity in July and August. EE performed as well as RVA in the prediction of germination loss in all three trials. Although further evaluation of the EE method is required, it appears to be a promising alternative to the RVA technique.     

青海黑青稞营养及活性成分分析与评价

为明确青海不同品种黑青稞的营养及化学成分含量,筛选优异种质资源,本研究开展了12种黑青稞营养及化学成分分析与评价.结果 表明,参试黑青稞蛋白、总淀粉、直链淀粉、粗脂肪、粗纤维、灰分、β-葡聚糖含量在部分品种间存在显著差异(P＜0.05),黑青稞具有较高含量的蛋白质(12.19％ ～14.07％)、纤维(2.13％～3....     

作物品种和化学固定剂对玉米谷物中镉和锌积累的影响

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of soil amendments(lime,nano-Si foliar solution and used diatomite) on the growth and metal uptake of three maize(Zea mays L.) cultivars grown in a Cd and Zn-contaminated acidic soil.The addition of lime significantly increased the maize grain yields and decreased the concentrations of Zn and Cd in the grains and shoots of maize when compared with the control.Among the three maize cultivars,Yunshi-5 accumulated the lowest amounts of Cd and Zn in the grain.The concentrations of Zn and Cd in the grain of Yunshi-5 conformed to the Chinese feed standards.These data revealed that a combination of low metal-accumulating maize and chemical fixation could effectively provide a barrier to prevent metals from entering the human food chain.     

谢家店植物群落恢复中种类组成及物种多样性分析

于2014年采用样方法对地震重灾区谢家店的植被自然恢复情况和生境条件（包括海拔高度、土壤温度、湿度和盐度）进行调查,分析了各样地物种多样性之间的相关性及不同恢复年限植被恢复的效果,通过研究植被的动态恢复效果及其立地条件的影响,把握地震灾区植物的演替规律,以期为当地制定植被恢复的方案提供参考和借鉴。结果表明:（1）已统计到植物46科66属84种,桤木（Alnus cremastogyne）为乔木层优势种（重要值是0.29）,同时也是群落的建群种,群落类型为桤木+灰白毛莓+木贼（A. Cremastogyne+Rubus Tephrodes+Equisetum hyemale）。（2）2014年Shannon-Weiner指数（H’）、Margalef指数（M_a）、Pielou指数（E）和Simpson指数（D）分别为2.06,2.942,0.73,0.189,相比2009年,物种丰富度上升,均匀度下降。（3）在不同生活型中Shannon-Weiner指数、Pielou指数和Margalef指数都是草本层 > 乔木层 > 灌木层;Simpson指数为灌木层 > 草木层 > 乔本层,灌木层物种数量分布不均衡。（4）土壤温度、湿度、盐度影响植物的生长和种类组成,进而影响物种的多样性指数,近几年植物物种和数量（物种的数量）都呈明显增大的趋势,但物种在样地中的分配并不均匀。     

Role of Potassium in Barley Plant Stand Architecture and Yield Formation

Potassium (K) plays a significant role in preventing outbreaks of pathogenic infections and thereby maintains the photosynthetic leaf area, which supplies assimilates for grain filling. The aim of this research was to investigate the role of K in barley straw anatomy, plant stand architecture, and yield formation. Growth and yield of barley improved with increasing K application rates. This appeared to be due to increased number of spike-bearing tillers, number of grains per spike, and single-grain weight. Straw and walls of cuticle, epidermis, and sclerenchymatous cells thickened in relation to applied K. Thick and firm internodes as well as efficient use of resources resulting from K applications are among key features for good-quality crop production in the field.