针灸诱导母猪发情

针灸是中国传统医学之一。据教科书介绍,它可治疗多种家畜疾病。不过台湾 ROC 的畜牧场主要是用针灸来诱导经产母猪和初产母猪的发情。事实证明,针灸法比采用荷尔蒙法更简单、更便宜、更自然、更有效。1986年的资料表明,用针灸法治疗不发情的初产母猪,有50～67%恢复了发情,经产母猪的治愈率为63-84%,资料还反映出:台湾的初产母猪和经产母猪不发情的发病率,夏季比冬季高。     

母猪产后营养不良的护理

正我国大部分猪场注重产前和产中母猪的护理及饲养,而忽视对产后母猪的护理及饲养管理,从而造成产后母猪患一系列生殖系统疾病而不能正常生产,因此严重制约了猪场的发展,影响了猪场的经济效益。母猪产后机体抵抗力下降,猪场应及时对母猪进行妥善护理及科学的饲养管理,使其尽早恢复健康,投入正常生产。     

母猪的产后护理

<正>母猪产后机体的抵抗力明显下降,要及时进行妥善护理,使其尽早恢复健康,投入正常的生产[1]。科学合理对产后母猪进行护理,能够大大提高母猪繁殖力,提高猪场生产力。在平时饲养管理过程中,人们往往只重视对母猪产前、产中护理,而常常     

利用针灸诱导母猪发情

针灸是一种能够治愈多种牲畜疾病的传统中国医学。在台湾人们主要是用针灸来诱导经产母猪或初产母猪发情。目前,这种方法已为广大养猪户所采用。用针灸法诱导母猪发情比用荷尔蒙要简单、便宜、自然、有效。 1986年有文章报道,用针灸法治疗不发情的初产母猪,有50～67％恢复发情。对于经产母猪发情率为63～84％。在夏天用针灸法较好,比冬天效果明     

浅论降低母猪热应激的主要措施

猪是一种恒温动物,有一定的控温限度.如果母猪处于高温环境条件下,只依靠物理调节无法维持其正常体温,机体将产生一系列生理反应,导致母猪的采食量、泌乳量、体重等降低,增加其死胎率、腹泻率等,严重威胁母猪的生产性能.本文主要对热应激产生的原因、危害、对母猪繁殖性能的影响以及应对措施等进行综述.     

妊娠母猪的营养需要与饲养管理

妊娠母猪良好的机体状况和繁殖性能是提高仔猪产出和成活率的基础,也是促进生猪养殖产业发展的重点研发方向。繁殖母猪的养殖重点需要从妊娠母猪的养殖管理着手,保障胎儿在母猪机体中的正常生长发育,避免出现弱子、死胎或者流产的情况,提高仔猪的初生重和机体健康状况。本文将对生猪养殖中妊娠母猪的营养需要和饲养管理措施进行综述,旨在为妊娠母猪的科学饲养以及生猪养殖产业的科学发展提供帮助。     

如何有效使用外源激素提高母猪繁殖力

<正>母猪从分娩开始到下一次妊娠,无不受机体内分泌的生殖激素所支配。母猪不发情、配种期延长、产仔分散,给母猪的生产管理带来很大的不便。因此,生产上常常使用外源性激素或外源激素类似物有意识地人为干预母猪的发情过程,促进多数母猪发情和排卵同期化。但由于母猪营养问题、运动量少、应激、疾病等因素往往导致母猪机体分泌的生殖激素不能满足其生殖生理需要,因此,猪场需要采用外源性激素类药物诱导母猪生殖生理过程的正常发生。在日常生产过程中,外源激素类药物使用     

母猪乏情的原因分析

正常情况下母猪断奶后很快就发情,其发情出现的时间平均为断奶后7天,最早的2天,最迟17天。但在养猪生产中,母猪乏情比较普遍,它直接影响母猪生产力,也是造成猪场经济损失的重要原因。1母猪乏情的原因导致母猪乏情的因素很多,包括初配年龄过早、母猪泌乳期过长、机体内分泌紊乱、营养过剩或不足、疾病等。     

泌乳母猪营养策略

泌乳期母猪除维持机体正常代谢和体组织沉积外,还要哺育仔猪,对营养需求很高,营养摄入不足会直接导致母猪体组织透支和泌乳量下降,进而影响母猪后续繁殖性能和乳仔猪生长发育。因此,泌乳期母猪营养值得高度重视,其基本策略除了提高母猪的泌乳性能外,还需要防止母猪失重过多,确保母猪断奶后能尽快返情。笔者认为至少应从以下3方面来考虑泌乳母猪营养策略问题。     

泌乳母猪营养策略

泌乳期母猪除维持机体正常代谢和体组织沉积外,还要哺育仔猪,对营养需求很高,营养摄入不足会直接导致母猪体组织透支和泌乳量下降,进而影响母猪后续繁殖性能和乳仔猪生长发育。因此,泌乳期母猪营养值得高度重视,其基本策略除了提高母猪的泌乳性能外,还需要防止母猪失重过多,确保母猪断奶后能尽快返情。笔者认为至少应从以下3方面来考虑泌乳母猪营养策略问题。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein