基于最小数据集的黄淮海旱作区耕层土壤质量评价及障碍分析

为探究黄淮海旱作区耕层土壤质量特征,基于土壤物理、化学及剖面特征,建立黄淮海旱作区耕层土壤质量评价指标体系,运用主成分分析法构建耕层质量评价指标的最小数据集（minimum data set,MDS）,结合障碍因子诊断模型揭示黄淮海旱作区耕层土壤质量特征及其障碍因素。结果表明：1）研究区耕层土壤质量评价最小数据集由土壤有机质、土壤阳离子交换量、土壤pH、耕作层厚度、耕作层穿透阻力和耕作层压实度构成,基于最小数据集和全指标数据集的耕层土壤质量指数间显著正相关（R²=0.61,P＜0.05）,Nash有效系数和相对偏差系数分别为0.601和0.181,表明最小数据集的指标能够代替全部数据集指标对黄淮海旱作区耕层质量进行评价;2）研究区耕层土壤质量总体处于中等水平,质量指数为0.25～0.61;适宜耕层各项指标如下：耕作层厚度不小于17.20 cm,耕作层穿透阻力不大于896.10 kPa,耕作层土壤压实度不大于78.01%,pH值为8.01～9.37,有机质不小于17.87 g/kg,阳离子交换量不小于21.13 cmol/kg;3）黄淮海旱作区存在明显的障碍类型,耕层障碍可分为薄化紧实与养分贫瘠障碍耕层、养分贫瘠耕层、土壤紧实型耕层3类。其中有机质含量低、阳离子交换量低、耕作层压实度过高是黄淮海旱作区耕层质量主要障碍。研究为黄淮海旱作区耕层土壤质量提升和改善提供理论支撑。     

兰州市北山削山造地的土壤质量变化评价

[目的] 评价兰州市北山削山造地引起的土壤质量变化,旨在为该区削山造地工程和生态效益评价提供科学依据和建议。[方法] 选择兰州市城关区北山原有耕地、林地、草地、削山产生的新造地4种土地利用方式,采集土壤物理性质、化学性质和根系生物量样品,基于主成分分析法(principal component analysis, PCA)筛选出最小数据集(minimum data set, MDS),通过土壤质量指数对兰州市北山土壤质量进行评价。[结果] ①基于包括12项理化指标的土壤质量全数据集(total data set, TDS)的主成分分析,构建了由容重、速效磷、速效钾、全氮、pH值组成的最小数据集。②兰州市北山4种土地利用方式下土壤质量指数排序为：耕地＞林地＞新造地＞草地,削山造地显著影响了土壤的水分保持、有机质积累、全氮、速效钾含量等。③最小数据集和全数据集之间相关性系数为0.66,最小数据集能够较好地进行土壤质量评价(p＜0.01)。[结论] 兰州市北山的耕地和林地具有更好的土壤质量,新造地土壤的持水与积累养分能力低于原有耕地和林地,是未来植被恢复和重建的重点区域。削山造地时应尽量安排在草地上进行,注意对原有耕地和林地的保护。     

怀来盆地不同土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响分析

基于对河北省怀来县官厅水库南北两岸8种主要土地利用类型的土壤养分、pH值和土壤容重等的分析,讨论了不同土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响,并评价了不同土地利用方式下的土壤退化程度。结果表明:怀来县官厅水库北岸的防护林地,由于合理的土地利用管理与保护措施,土壤容重最低,土壤养分含量高于其它几种土地利用方式;而由坡耕地撂荒后演替而来的草地,由于当地干旱寒冷多风的气候环境,土壤的母质条件以及缺乏有效的恢复措施等原因引起土壤质量继续退化;在长期不合理的土地管理措施影响下位于水库南岸的防护林地及葡萄园、果园、玉米地等土壤也发生较严重退化,表现为土壤容重、pH值显著增加,大部分土壤养分显著降低。土壤退化指数的计算结果也表明草地及南岸的玉米地、葡萄园的土壤发生了较严重的退化。在对数据进行处理分析过程中发现,土壤有机质、有机碳与全氮之间存在显著正相关关系。     

云南主要葡萄种植区土壤肥力特征与评价

土壤肥力状况对葡萄的产量和品质有直接影响,为了摸清云南省葡萄园目前的土壤肥力状况,为合理施料提供科学依据,在云南省4个葡萄主产区采集典型葡萄园0~40 cm土层的土样137个,并测定了其养分含量。根据测定数据并结合已有研究,讨论了云南省葡萄园土壤的土壤有机质及速效氮、磷、钾养分建议分级指标。运用改进后的Nemerow综合指数法评价结果表明:云南省主要葡萄生产基地总体肥力水平较高,综合肥力指数为2.62,为Ⅰ级,达到肥沃级别;其中红河弥勒采样区土壤肥力处于较低水平,综合肥力指数为0.88,为Ⅲ级,整体肥力较低;综合肥力指数总体为:大理云南省文山昆明红河;全省来看,碱解氮、pH和有机质处于所有肥力指数较低水平,可通过平衡施肥、增施有机肥等措施解决。     

喀斯特槽谷区侵蚀坡面的土壤质量评价及障碍因子

[目的]为准确评价喀斯特槽谷区顺/逆层坡侵蚀坡面的土壤质量特征,筛选出适用于该地区的土壤质量评价方法,探析限制其土壤质量的障碍因子。[方法]以重庆市青木关喀斯特槽谷区顺/逆层坡面的5种典型土地利用类型(林地、草地、裸地、玉米地、辣椒地)为研究对象,利用主成分分析法结合Norm值建立评价指标最小数据集(minimum data set, MDS),并通过非线性土壤质量评价方法和隶属度函数对喀斯特槽谷区顺/逆层坡面的土壤质量进行评价。[结果](1)喀斯特槽谷区土壤质量评价指标最小数据集(MDS)包括毛管持水量、毛管孔隙度和全磷;(2)通过非线性土壤质量评价方法得出,逆层坡土壤质量(0.519)优于顺层坡(0.451),其中逆层坡林地土壤质量最优(0.653),辣椒地土壤质量最差(0.426);(3)非线性评价方法在顺/逆层坡的决定系数(R²)均高于隶属度函数,因此喀斯特槽谷区更适合采用非线性评分模型;(4)顺/逆层坡侵蚀坡面的土壤质量障碍因子差异显著,仅有全氮为共同的障碍因子。[结论]适当增加草地和乔木林的覆盖能提高喀斯特槽谷区土壤质量,研究结果可因地制宜地为喀斯特槽...     

土壤质量指标和评价方法

土壤质量是反映土壤保持生物生产力、环境质量以及动植物健康能力的土壤的内在属性。土壤质量评价是根据土壤内部属性对土壤综合状况进行表达。评价必须确定合适的时间和空间尺度,综合量化分析指标和不可量化的描述性指标。评价方法包括定性评价和定量评价,系统化的定性评价仍有其现实意义。定量评价要选择指标的最小数据集(MDS),采用最小数据集(MDS) 土壤变换函数(PTF)的方法将土壤质量指标和土壤功能相联系,对土壤的各个功能因子进行评价,在此基础上利用各种数学评价方法得到综合的量化土壤质量评价结果。     

提升集约化香蕉园土壤健康水平的根层调控策略与途径

香蕉是热带亚热带地区一种重要的经济作物,在国际水果贸易中占有重要地位。与世界高产国家相比,我国香蕉生产单产存在较大的产量差,因此,如何消减土壤障碍因子,培育健康土壤,成为香蕉集约化生产中面临的重大挑战。本文提出了蕉园集约化生产根层土壤健康调控的策略:（1）明确香蕉生产中土壤障碍因子,（2）通过根层调控消减土壤障碍因子,（3）提高蕉园土壤生物活性和生态系统服务功能。集约化生产蕉园土壤物理、化学和生物学障碍因子,主要有土壤耕性差、pH低和有机质含量不高、养分有效性低、微生物多样性下降及枯萎病菌等土传病害和香蕉根结线虫为害加剧等。应采用相应的调控策略有增施石灰提高根层土壤pH、改善养分有效性;施用有机改良剂和其他调控措施相结合,在调酸的基础上改善土壤物理性质,提高有机质含量和养分的有效性;施用生物有机肥增加根际土壤有益微生物数量,减轻土传病害。总之,对根层进行综合调控可以提升集约化生产蕉园土壤健康水平和生态系统服务功能,实现香蕉产业提质增效和绿色可持续发展。     

青藏高原典型沙化区草地土壤质量评价

为了探究青藏高原沙化区草地土壤质量变化,采用主成分分析法筛选具有代表性的土壤质量指标构建最小数据集,计算土壤质量指数SQI(Soil Quality Index),评价了青藏高原海晏县、共和县、贵南县3个典型沙化区不同沙化程度下的土壤质量变化特征。结果表明:(1)随着沙化程度的减弱,3个典型沙化区草地的地上生物量均值由0增大至(0.8±0.18)kg/m²; 土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、全磷、速效钾、速效磷、碱解氮等养分含量增大,土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)增大了87.28%; 土壤容重减小了33.62%;(2)3个典型沙化区内不同沙化程度下,贵南县森多镇土壤质量最好,其次为共和县铁盖乡,海晏县三角城镇土壤质量最差;(3)最小数据集与全数据集的土壤质量指数呈现极显著相关关系,表明采用最小数据集法代替全数据集法评价典型区沙化草地土壤质量是行之有效的。综上所述,沙化区草地的土壤质量随沙化程度的加剧逐渐降低,不同沙化区草地土壤质量存在空间差异性。     

不同冬种模式对稻田土壤碳库管理指数的影响

长江中下游地区是我国水稻生产的重要基地,在保障我国粮食安全中占有重要地位,但该地区农田可持续性不高,稻田冬季利用率较低。本研究通过探讨不同冬季种植模式对土壤质量的影响,为冬闲田合理开发利用,提高稻田可持续性提供理论依据。设置5种冬种模式,分别为冬季休闲、冬种紫云英、冬种油菜、冬种大蒜和冬季轮作（马铃薯、紫云英、油菜）模式,通过测定不同土层土壤养分、土壤有机碳、活性有机碳和微生物生物量碳等,进一步分析不同冬种模式的土壤碳库管理指数及其综合效应。结果表明,在0~30 cm稻田土壤,与冬闲处理相比,不同冬季种植模式土壤有机碳提高6.12%~7.17%、活性有机碳提高13.56%~20.76%、微生物生物量碳提高0.13%~14.34%、可溶性有机碳提高3.49%~19.15%,土壤活性有机碳有效率提高6.74%~17.20%,冬季轮作（马铃薯、紫云英、油菜）模式能显著促进稻田土壤总有机碳及可溶性有机碳的积累;不同冬种模式提高了稻田土壤碳库活度指数和碳库指数,并且土壤碳库管理指数增加14.37%~27.29%。土壤有机碳与活性有机碳呈极显著相关（P<0.01）,土壤碳库管理指数与总有机碳呈显著相关（P<0.05）、与活性有机碳间存在极显著（P<0.01）的相关性。对土壤碳库管理指数影响因素的灰色关联度综合分析表明,冬季轮作（马铃薯、紫云英、油菜）模式排名第1。可见,不同冬季种植模式能增加土壤有机碳含量和提高土壤碳库管理指数,冬季轮作（马铃薯、紫云英、油菜）模式的综合评价最好,其次为冬种大蒜模式。     

基于最小数据集的黄土高原矿区复垦土壤质量评价

矿产开发影响了土壤质量,特别是在黄土高原生态脆弱地区。通过植被恢复能够改善矿区复垦土壤质量。为了揭示矿区复垦土壤质量在植被恢复过程中的变化,该文以黑岱沟矿区排土场不同恢复年限不同植被类型、未复垦地和周边自然植被恢复区为研究对象,选取21项理化生指标作为总数据集(totaldataset,TDS),运用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)结合Norm值构建评价指标最小数据集(minimum data set,MDS),通过非线性(non-Linear,NL)和线性(linear,L)两种评价方法对研究区土壤质量进行了评价。研究表明:黄土高原北部典型矿区复垦土壤质量评价指标MDS包括粉粒百分比、有机质、速效磷、钠吸附比和微生物碳;2种评价方法下,植被恢复均对复垦土壤质量指数(soil quality index,SQI)有了显著提升(P 0.05),复垦20 a灌木SQI高于复垦10 a灌木SQI,复垦12 a草本SQI高于复垦20 a草本SQI,然而所有复垦土壤SQI均未达到自然植被恢复土壤SQI;由于非线性土壤质量评价方法(SQI-NL)具有更大的土壤质量指数变化区间和变异系数,此外,在SQI-NL和线性土壤质量(SQI-L)评价两种方法下,MDS和TDS之间决定系数分别为0.911和0.866,因此,非线性土壤质量评价方法在该区域具有更好的适用性,并且最小数据集能够较准确地进行土壤质量评价。     

Landscape-scale soil quality change under different farming systems of a tropical farm in Hainan, China

Abstract. The impact of different tropical farming systems on soil quality was examined using a systematic sampling strategy. Total organic C, pH, extractable P, exchangeable K, bulk density, water stable aggregates, microbial biomass C, cation exchange capacity, soil depth, and clay content were determined. An assessment framework, including a minimum data set, linear scoring functions and weighted additive indices, was used to evaluate the soil quality of a tropical farm growing various crops in Hainan, China. Soil quality was evaluated according to four functions: water availability, nutrient availability, rooting suitability, and erosion resistance. Our results showed that soils were intrinsically lacking in nutrients and vulnerable to degradation, and that these problems were exacerbated by inappropriate management. There was strong evidence that long-term rubber farming caused soil acidification, soil compaction, and depletion of organic matter and nutrients. By contrast, conservation practices in coffee plantations protected or improved organic matter concentration and soil structure, resulting in higher soil quality indices.     

辽南葡萄主产区土壤养分特征研究

为了给辽南规模化葡萄园的养分管理和科学施肥提供依据,2016年在辽南葡萄主产区采集91个葡萄园土壤样品,分别测定土壤pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,对该葡萄主产区土壤养分状况进行研究。研究结果表明:辽南葡萄主产区土壤pH平均值为6.2;有机质平均含量为11.0 g kg?1,处于缺乏水平的样点占总样点的97.8%;土壤全氮、碱解氮平均含量分别为0.08 g kg?1和73.3 mg kg?1,处于缺乏水平的土壤样点分别占样本总数的85.8%和74.8%;土壤速效磷平均含量为70.4 mg kg?1,90.1%样点属于丰富水平,但变异系数较大;速效钾平均含量为158.0 mg kg?1,总体含量属于中等以上,处于中等以上和缺乏水平的样点占总样点的比例分别为68.2%和31.8%。不同地区、不同树龄和不同产量水平的葡萄园土壤养分状况存在较大差异;李官镇葡萄园养分状况好于许屯镇;随着种植年限的增加,葡萄园土壤pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均呈现显著升高趋势;不同产量葡萄园有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量变化趋势为高产园 > 中产园 > 低产园。建议根据产量和树龄情况,分区域进行葡萄园养分管理,适当减少磷肥和钾肥、增加有机肥用量,以保证养分的高效利用。     

Nitrogen and/or phosphorus fertilization effects on organic carbon and mineral contents in the rhizosphere of field grown sorghum

The effects of nitrogen (N) and/or phosphorus (P) fertilizers on the nutritional status in the rhizosphere were studied by monitoring throughout the growth period the concentrations of organic carbon (C), inorganic N, NaHCO₃ extractable P, exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) down in an Alfisol field, and of all these elements except for extractable P, and exchangeable Ca in a Vertisol field in semi-arid tropical India. These concentrations were compared between the rhizosphere soil and bulk soil of sorghum grown in both fields.

Organic C content of the rhizosphere soil increased with plant age and was significantly higher than that in the bulk soil throughout the growth of sorghum, but it was not affected by the rates of N or P fertilizer. Inorganic N concentration in the rhizosphere soil was significantly higher than that in the bulk soil until maturity in sorghum. The content of available P in the rhizosphere soil was significantly higher than in the bulk soil after the middle of the growth stage. Its average concentration in the rhizosphere soil across growth stages was significantly higher than in the bulk soil, which contradicts the observation in many reports that there is a depletion of P in the rhizosphere soil. The concentration of three exchangeable cations, K, Ca, and Mg, showed different patterns in the rhizosphere and the bulk soils. The concentration of K was almost constantly higher in the rhizosphere soil than in the bulk soil, Ca concentration was not different between the two soils, and Mg concentration was significantly higher in the bulk soil than in the rhizosphere soil. The reasons for these discrepancies cannot be explained at present. The concentrations of these cations were not affected by the rate of N or P fertilizer except for Mg at a later growth stage. The differences between rhizosphere and bulk soils in Alfisol were similar to those in Yertisol with respect to the concentration of organic C, inorganic N, and exchangeable K and Mg.     

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) for rapid soil testing and soil quality assessment in smallholder farms

Rapid soil testing and soil quality assessment are essential to address soil degradation and low farm incomes in smallholder farms. With the objective of testing diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) to rapidly assess soil chemical properties, nutrient content and a soil quality index (SQI), samples of surface soil were collected from 1113 smallholder farms in seven districts in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh, India. A minimum dataset (MDS) approach was followed to estimate SQI using the three chemical parameters of soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and soil organic carbon (SOC), and 11 different soil nutrients. Principal component and correlation analyses showed that soil pH, SOC content and three available nutrients − copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and sulphur (S) − may constitute the MDS. Estimated SQI values showed strong positive correlation with crop yields. Results of chemometric modelling showed that the DRS approach could yield the coefficient of determination (R²) values in the validation datasets ranging from 0.79 to 0.94 for exchangeable calcium (Ca) followed by 0.67–0.88 for exchangeable potassium (K), 0.52–0.86 for SOC and 0.53–0.81 for available boron (B) content. Except in one district, the DRS approach could be used to estimate SQI values with R² values in the range of 0.63–0.81; an R² value of 0.71 was obtained in the pooled dataset. We also estimated the three-tier soil test crop response (STCR) ratings to compare DRS and wet chemistry soil testing approaches. Similar STCR ratings were obtained for both these approaches in more than 86% of the samples. Parameters for which both the methods yielded similar ratings in more than 80% of the samples were EC (>98%), pH and exchangeable Ca (>81%) and available B (>89%). With similar ratings, these results suggest that the DRS approach may safely be used for farmers' fields, replacing the traditional wet analysis approach of soil testing.     

Soil quality assessment under shifting cultivation and forests in Northeastern Himalaya of India

The study aimed to evaluate the impact of shifting cultivation on soil quality, in Wokha district of Nagaland, using weighted soil quality index (SQIw). Four forest sites and three sites under shifting cultivation were selected and physical (texture and bulk density) and chemical (pH, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, available N, P, K, exchangeable cations) parameters were analyzed. The SQIw was calculated on a minimum data set selected by principal component analysis, followed by varimax rotation algorithm and through subsequent normalization of the parameters using the linear scoring function. Significant (P < 0.05) variations in SQIw were found across the depth of the soil and land use according to severity of factors associated with land use. Three different classes of soil quality were also identified: high quality (SQIw > 0.70) for two forest soils (FS1 and FS2) and land under shifting cultivation (JH1), low quality (SQIw < 0.50), only to FS3, and intermediate quality (0.50 < SQI < 0.70) in all other soils. The approach used in this study proved to be sensitive to evaluate the soil quality, however further research is required to better understand the sustainability of shifting cultivation by including more physical, biological and chemical indicators.     

江苏沿海垦区暗管排水农田轮作对土壤有机碳的影响模拟

针对江苏沿海垦区地势平坦、降雨量大,农业生产易受涝渍灾害影响,而新开垦农田土壤贫瘠、有机质含量极低的问题,该研究基于江苏省东台市内省水科院农田暗管排水试验基地的气象、土壤、作物等数据,联合运用田间水文模型-DRAINMOD和土壤有机碳模型-DNDC（Denitrification-Decomposition Model）,研究了轮作和秸秆还田方式对暗管排水农田土壤有机碳（Soil Organic Carbon,SOC）累积过程的影响。结果显示：对于地下水位埋深较浅的沿海垦区,在DRAINMOD准确预测暗管排水农田地下水位动态的基础上,运用DNDC模型可以更好的预测土壤有机碳的累积过程;以现有土壤有机碳含量（2.95 g/kg）为初始值,DNDC模型32 a长序列模拟发现,冬小麦-玉米轮作配施全量秸秆还田措施效果最佳,可提升耕层土壤有机碳含量至17.85 g/kg;冬小麦-玉米-冬小麦-绿肥（紫花苜蓿）轮作配施全量秸秆还田措施可提升耕层土壤有机碳含量至16.12 g/kg,具有很好的固碳效果。与研究区现有明沟排水系统相比,暗管排水可快速降低地下水位,减少涝渍胁迫,作物产量提升3.9%,耕层固碳速率提升39.39%。暗管排水条件下,湿润年频繁降雨造成了土壤干湿交替变化,由此激发了高强度土壤的呼吸作用,导致了一定程度的SOC损失;建议采用农田控制排水措施来抑制过度排水,减少高强度土壤呼吸对SOC累积过程的不利影响。研究成果可为沿海垦区农田地力提升和农业碳中和提供参考。     

A world dataset of derived soil properties by FAO–UNESCO soil unit for global modelling

A standardized dataset of derived soil properties for the 106 soil units considered on FAO-UNESCO's 1:5 million scale Soil Map of the World is presented. It was derived from a statistical analysis of the 4353 soil profiles held in the WISE (World Inventory of Soil Emission) database, which was developed at the International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC) for the geographic quantification of soil factors that control processes of global change. Median values are presented by soil unit for selected soil properties including: pH(H₂O); organic carbon content; cation exchange capacity; sum of exchangeable Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺; exchangeable sodium percentage; bulk density; total porosity; available water capacity; soil drainage class; and gravel content class. Medians for these variables are presented both for the topsoil (0–30 cm) and subsoil (30–100 cm), where applicable. The data set can help to refine ratings for soil quality in global environmental models pending the availability of comprehensive georeferenced databases on soil and terrain resources such as SOTER, the World Soil and Terrain Database. In a Geographical Information System (GIS) it can be linked to the units shown on the digital Soil Map of the World through the legend code.     

The application of biochar on soil acidity and other physico‐chemical properties of soils in southern Ethiopia

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of biochar amendment on soil acidity and other physico‐chemical properties of soil in Southern Ethiopia using a field experiment of three treatments: (1) biochar made of corn cobs, (2) biochar made of chopped Lantana camara stem, and (3) biochar made of Eucalyptus globulus feedstock and a control, in which neither of the biochar was used. Each treatment had three levels of 6, 12 and 18 t ha⁻¹. The experiment was setup with RCBD in a factorial arrangement with three replications. In this regard, a total of 36 plots (each 2 × 2 m size) were applied with three replications to the depth of 0–15cm. From these 36 plots, composite soil samples were collected to the depth of 0–30 cm and analyzed for bulk density, total porosity, pH, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, potassium, and exchangeable acidity using standard procedures before and after biochar application. Two‐way ANOVA was also used to analyze the impact of the biochars on soil acidity and other properties. For the treatments that had significant effects, a mean separation was made using Least Significance Difference (LSD) test. The results showed the application of biochar significantly reduced, soil bulk density and exchangeable acidity when compared with a control (p < 0.05). Moreover, the total soil porosity, soil pH, total nitrogen, soil organic carbon, available phosphorus, and potassium were significantly increased in the soil. From among applied biochar treatments, Lantana camara applied at the level of 18 t ha⁻¹ had a higher impact in changing soil physico‐chemical properties. In general, the study suggests that the soil acidity can be reduced by applying biochar as it can amend other soil physico‐chemical properties.     

Buffering capacity of cashew soils in South Eastern Tanzania

Abstract. Cashew soils of South Eastern Tanzania become acidified due to sulphur used for controlling powdery mildew disease ( Oidium anacardii Noack). The buffering capacity of surface and subsurface horizons of 35 soil profiles of major cashew growing areas –- the Makonde plateau, its piedmont and inland plains –- was studied. The buffering capacity of surface and subsurface horizons was strongly correlated with clay content and weakly with organic carbon content. In addition, it was only weakly correlated with total exchangeable bases and available P of the surface horizon, but strongly with soil pH, base saturation and cation exchange capacity of the clay fraction of the subsurface horizon. Highly weathered sandy soils, dominant on the Makonde plateau and common on the Piedmont, had the lowest buffering capacity. Soils from the inland plains had better buffering capacities as they are generally more clayey or are less weathered. The risk of severe acidification and of a decline in productivity of cashew and of food crops is highest on the Makonde plateau. Further development and dissemination of methods which can reduce the use of sulphur are required.     

不同灌溉方式对保护地土壤酸化特征的影响

自连续13a在同一地块以不同灌溉方式进行灌溉试验的保护地,分层采集沟灌、滴灌、渗灌3个处理0～60cm土层土壤样品,研究灌溉方式对土壤酸化特征的影响。结果表明,3种灌溉处理土壤活性酸度和交换性酸含量均随着土层加深而降低,各处理间土壤活性酸度在0～40cm土层差异明显,总体为沟灌>渗灌>滴灌;土壤交换性酸差异出现在0～30cm土层,为渗灌>沟灌>滴灌;土壤交换性Al3+随土层加深呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,且以滴灌含量最低。各处理土壤盐基饱和度(BS)随土层加深而增加,在0～30cm土层为滴灌>渗灌>沟灌。土壤pH与交换性酸、硝态氮含量呈极显著负相关,与盐基饱和度、特别是Ca2+饱和度呈极显著正相关;Al3+占交换性酸比例与有机质含量呈极显著负相关。总之,保护地土壤酸化与硝态氮含量、盐基饱和度、有机质含量关系密切;与沟灌和渗灌相比,滴灌更利于抑制土壤酸化。