浅谈牛脑炎病的基本预防

<正>牛脑炎,是脑实质的组织受到伤害以后出现的一种病理变化,是一种以神经症状为主要特征的疾病。引起牛脑炎的病原主要有病毒、细菌、衣原体等,由这些病原体引起的脑炎称为原发性脑炎,而由流行感冒、脑震荡、头部创伤、长期过度使役、马腺疫、牛结核等疾病诱发导致的脑炎称为继发性脑炎。引起该病的病毒主要包括流     

家畜脑震荡及损伤的发生、诊断和治疗

脑震荡是由于牛的脑受到钝力的冲击、撞击或打击，致使脑神经受到损伤，既无肉眼可见的，又无显微镜下可见的组织学变化，只是引起昏迷、反射机能停止或消失的现象。如果脑组织已经发生病变，即为脑损伤。本病发生于各种家畜，牛也多发，故应引起注意。     

犬神经症状疾病的鉴别诊断

1脑炎、脑震荡及脑挫伤患脑炎的病犬体温稍高，嚎叫，有攻击行为，眼充血，有时盲目奔走，不避障碍或做圆圈运动，最后昏睡，四肢游泳动作。脑震荡及脑挫伤严重时，犬初昏迷，意识丧失，心跳节律不齐，呼吸不均，粪尿失禁。有时病犬呕吐，震荡时突然惊恐、叫唤，口吐白沫。犬体转圈，如果左脑受到撞击则身体向右转，右脑受撞击身体向左转，有时四脚朝天呈游泳状。     

中西医结合治疗犬脑震荡案例

<正>脑震荡是由于颅骨受到钝性暴力物的作用,致使脑神经受到全面损伤的疾病,表现为昏迷,反射机能减退或消失等脑机能障碍。脑震荡只是脑组织受到过度的震动,无肉眼可见的病。犬脑震荡在犬病例中并不多见。凡脑震荡程度严重的病例很难治愈或无治疗价值。笔者曾用中西药配合治愈2例犬轻度脑震荡案例,现报告如下,供同行指正。1病因主要由于扑打、冲撞、跌倒、坠落、交通事故等外部钝性暴力等原因引起的。     

马破伤风的鉴别诊断与治疗

马破伤风是由破伤风梭菌的外毒素引起的一种人畜共患的中毒性传染病,是伤口感染破伤风梭菌导致,马往往是出现外伤、阉割、分娩和各种外科手术消毒不严发生感染,一般常年均有发病,呈散发。本文介绍了由外伤引起的马破伤风诊断和治疗,提出了相应的预防措施,为马破伤风的预防和治疗工作提供了理论依据。     

马属动物蹄底挫伤的诊治

<正>马属动物的蹄底挫伤在临床上时有发生,是由于马在行进过程中蹄底真皮受到砖瓦块、石头等钝性物体的撞击和压迫引起的损伤,一般为局限性渗出性真皮炎,有时也伤及更深部的组织,常伴发组织溢血,如挫伤的组织发生感染,还可引起化脓性过程。就发病动物及病位来看,马比骡多发,前蹄较后蹄多发,且多发生于蹄底后部,如蹄支角。多年来,笔者诊治马属动物蹄底挫伤67例,获得了较好的疗效,现报告如下。     

静脉注射喹嘧胺引起黄牛中毒死亡

<正> 喹嘧胺即安锥赛对于预防和治疗马媾疫和由伊氏锥虫、刚果锥虫、马锥虫所引起的家畜锥虫病有良好效果。本品对马毒性较大,对牛产生副作用较少见,笔者于工作中遇到静脉注射喹嘧胺引起黄牛中毒死亡一例。     

英特威公司收到EU对其产品Equilis StrepE的上市许可

欧洲兽医药产品委员会批准了英特威的产品E-quilisStrepE。该产品是用于治疗马链球菌感染的活苗,这种病菌是引起马腺疫的病原体。马腺疫是一种具有高度传染性的普遍存在的疾病,主要引起上呼吸道感染和淋巴结节。英特威公司收到EU对其产品Equilis StrepE的上市许可     

马立克氏病的综合防控措施

马立克氏病（MD）是最常见的一种鸡淋巴组织增生性传染病，是由马立克氏病病毒（MDV）引起鸡的一种高度接触性传染性肿瘤疾病，以淋巴组织的增生和肿瘤形成为特征。马立克氏病是目前惟一可以用疫苗预防的肿瘤性疾病，也常被用来作为肿瘤性疾病的治疗模型。     

鸡马立克氏病流行特点、临床症状、鉴别及治疗

鸡马立克氏病是由马立克氏病毒感染引起的一种严重危害鸡养殖产业的传染性疾病,临床上患病鸡主要表现为淋巴组织发生恶性增生,以出现内脏器官恶性肿瘤或多发性神经炎为主要特征,常给鸡养殖产业造成不同程度的经济损失。该文主要结合实际工作经验,分析了鸡马立克氏病的流行特点、临床症状、鉴别诊断和治疗对策。     

Investigation of an outbreak of encephalomyelitis caused by West Nile virus in 136 horses

OBJECTIVE: To describe an outbreak of encephalomyelitis caused by West Nile virus (WNV) in horses in northern Indiana. DESIGN: Case series. ANIMALS: 170 horses. PROCEDURES: Horses with clinical signs suggestive of encephalomyelitis caused by WNV were examined. Date, age, sex, breed, and survival status were recorded. Serum samples were tested for anti-WNV antibodies, and virus isolation was attempted from samples of brain tissue. Climate data from local weather recording stations were collected. An epidemic curve was constructed, and case fatality rate was calculated. RESULTS: The most common clinical signs were ataxia, hind limb paresis, and muscle tremors and fasciculations. Eight horses had been vaccinated against WNV from 2 to 21 days prior to the appearance of clinical signs. West Nile virus was isolated from brain tissue of 2 nonvaccinated horses, and anti-WNV IgM antibodies were detected in 132 nonvaccinated horses; in 2 other nonvaccinated horses, anti-WNV antibodies were detected and WNV was also isolated from brain tissue. Thirty-one (22.8%) horses died or were euthanatized. The peak of the outbreak occurred on September 6, 2002. Ambient temperatures were significantly lower after the peak of the outbreak, compared with prior to the peak. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The peak risk period for encephalomyelitis caused by WNV in northern Indiana was mid-August to mid-September. Reduction in cases coincided with decreasing ambient temperatures. Because of a substantial case fatality rate, owners of horses in northern Indiana should have their horses fully protected by vaccination against WNV before June. In other regions of the United States with a defined mosquito breeding season, vaccination of previously nonvaccinated horses should commence at least 4 months before the anticipated peak in seasonal mosquito numbers, and for previously vaccinated horses, vaccine should be administered no later than 2 months before this time.     

Septic Arthritis of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint in 12 Horses

The medical records of 12 horses with septic arthritis of a distal interphalangeal joint were reviewed to determine clinical features and response to treatment. Sepsis was caused by trauma or an injection that resulted in an open or contaminated distal interphalangeal joint. All horses were severely lame. Treatment included broad-spectrum parenterally administered antimicrobial drugs (ten horses), percutaneous through-and-through joint lavage (eight horses), indwelling drains (three horses), immobilization of the limb in a cast (three horses), intraarticular injection of sodium hyaluronate (one horse), intraarticular injection of antimicrobial drugs (five horses), curettage of the distal phalanx (one horse), and cancellous bone grafting to promote fusion (one horse). Five horses were euthanatized. Ankylosis of the affected joint developed in five horses, four of which are pasture sound. Two horses treated medically are sound although one underwent subsequent palmar digital neurectomy for treatment of navicular syndrome.     

Injuries caused by outside violence with forensic importance in horses

Traumatic injuries are common in horses and may be caused by self-infliction, accident or in an increasing number by an act of violence. Over a four year period, 193 horses with injuries caused by self-infliction or accident were referred to the clinic. In addition, ten horses with injuries associated with an act of violence had to be treated. Those injuries were caused by gunshots, or were stab wounds caused by spear like instruments or knives. Furthermore, cases of zoophilism and zoosadism were observed. Penetrating injuries were potentially life-threatening and in particular injuries with soft tissue damage extending over the limits of visible injury required a special approach. Of the ten horses, seven survived by surgical or medical treatment. Beside of medical aspects, forensic aspects should be considered in such cases.     

Brain injury after head trauma: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.

Brain injury after impact to the head is due to both immediate mechanical effects and delayed responses of neural tissues. In horses, traumatic brain injury occurs in three main settings: (1) poll impact in horses that flip over backwards; (2) frontal/parietal impact in horses that run into a fixed object, and (3) injury to the vestibular apparatus secondary to temporohyoid osteoarthropathy.Distinct forebrain, vestibular, midbrain, hindbrain, or multifocal syndromes may be encountered in horses with traumatic brain injury. The most important components of treatment are those consistent with principles of "evidence-based medicine". Accordingly,secondary brain injury can most effectively be prevented by establishing normal blood pressure, temperature, blood glucose concentration, and tissue oxygenation. Pain must be controlled and brain swelling may be treated with infusions of hypertonic saline or mannitol. Surgical procedures, including unilateral hyoid bone transaction or elevation of skull fracture fragments, are indicated in selected cases. Optional additional treatments include use of anti-oxidants, conventional doses of corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate and drainage of CSE There is no indication for the use of massive doses of methyl prednisolone sodium succinate.     

Long-term successful outcome of a Streptococcus equi subspecies equi brain abscess

We previously described successful treatment, including surgical drainage, of a Streptococcus equi subspecies equi brain abscess that caused severe neurological deficits in a 7-year-old Quarter Horse mare. This report details the long-term successful outcome of the case, findings of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study performed 14 years after surgery and necropsy findings 18 years after initial treatment. Despite persistent cerebral and midbrain lesions detected by MRI and at necropsy, the mare returned to serviceable function within a year of initial treatment and had a successful performance career for over 10 years until carpal arthritis prompted retirement. This case demonstrates that brain abscess in horses can be successfully managed by combined medical and surgical treatment.     

Histological Changes in the Deep Branch of the Lateral Palmar Nerve of Horses With Induced Proximal Suspensory Desmitis

Desmitis of the proximal aspect of the suspensory ligament, or interosseus medius muscle, of the pelvic or thoracic limb is a commonly diagnosed cause of lameness of performance horses. Despite medical treatments available for horses with proximal suspensory desmitis (PSD), most horses treated medically for PSD of a pelvic limb remain persistently lame; this persistent lameness may be the result of a neuropathy caused by compression of nerves by an enlarged suspensory ligament. Few horses with PSD of a thoracic limb remain persistently lame. Based on the results of reports citing successful treatment of horses chronically lame because of PSD of a pelvic or thoracic limb, by excising a portion of the deep branch of the lateral plantar or palmar nerve (DBLPlN/DBLPaN), we theorized that persistent lameness of horses caused by PSD of a thoracic limb may also be due to compression of nerves that supply the ligament. The aim of this study was to determine if histological signs of compression neuropathy of the DBLPaN are present in horses with PSD in a thoracic limb. To test this hypothesis, we induced PSD by instilling collagenase into the ligament and then examined the DBLPaN after harvesting this nerve 2 months later. We found that the DBLPaNs of all treated limbs showed histologic changes suggestive of nerve compression. We conclude that studies examining the DBLPaN of horses with naturally occurring PSD for histological evidence of neuropathy are warranted.     

Effects of warfarin on blood rheology in navicular disease

A preliminary investigation has been undertaken of blood rheology in horses and ponies, its variation in navicular disease and the changes following treatment with warfarin. Erythrocyte flexibility, measured by a centrifuge packing technique, is higher in horses (30 per cent min-1) than in ponies (23.8 per cent min-1). There are corresponding differences in blood viscosity. The high erythrocyte flexibility in horses is caused by an unknown factor present in plasma. The erythrocyte flexibility in horses with navicular disease is even higher, at 38.5 per cent min-1. Treatment with warfarin reduces the flexibility to just below the normal value. A significant fall in plasma viscosity and erythrocyte flexibility was found after treatment of four ponies with 6 mg warfarin daily for one week.     

A review of anhidrosis in horses

Horses with anhidrosis are defined by signs of impaired thermoregulation caused by sweating that is inadequate for the ambient conditions. Anhidrosis has been recognised since the early twentieth century; affected horses have been variably described as nonsweaters, drycoats, blowers or puffers. The condition affects horses of all age groups, breeds, coat colours, genders and activities and is common among horses in hot, humid environments. Despite the enormous financial and emotional costs of anhidrosis, the causes and pathogenesis of the condition are largely unknown and no consistently effective treatment has been found.     

Balloon-tipped catheter arterial occlusion for prevention of hemorrhage caused by guttural pouch mycosis: 13 cases (1982-1985)

Epistaxis, caused by guttural pouch mycosis, was treated by balloon-tipped catheter and ligature occlusion of the involved arteries in 13 horses. In 7 horses, more than one artery was catheterized. Serious postoperative hemorrhage was prevented in all horses. Long-term endoscopic follow-up examination was possible in 8 horses, and all had complete regression of the fungal lesion as early as 5 weeks after surgery. Six of the 8 horses did not receive medical treatment. Problems related to the use of the balloon-tipped catheter technique were rare. There were incisional infections in 3 horses, catheter breakage during removal occurred twice, and in one horse, a catheter was inappropriately placed.     

Improvement of the lung function of horses with heaves by treatment with a botanical preparation for 14 days

The effects of an oral preparation containing a mixture of extracts from yellow gentian, garden sorrel, cowslip, verbena and common elder on the lung function of nine horses suffering from heaves were determined in a longitudinal crossover study. The horses were divided at random into a group of five (group 1) and a group of four (group 2). The horses in group 1 were each given 15 tablets of the preparation twice daily, while the horses in group 2 were left untreated. Fourteen days later, the horses in group 2 were given the same course of treatment while the horses in group 1 were left untreated. On being subjected to a histamine inhalation provocation test, five of eight horses tested appeared to be hyperresponsive to histamine. The treatment decreased the histamine sensitivity of three of them; it also caused a significant decrease in maximal intrapleural pressure difference of all the horses. The treatment had no significant effects on the clinical signs, the mucociliary activity or the cytology of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of the horses.