近42年榆中县气温突变及周期变化

利用榆中县1971-2012年的日平均气温,采用线性倾向率法、累积距平法、Mann-Kendall法和小波分析等方法,对榆中县42年来的温度变化和突变现象进行了研究。结果表明,近42年来,榆中县年平均气温变化在5.73~8.04℃,年平均气温呈现升高趋势,气候倾向率为0.26℃·10a~(-1),并且榆中县年平均气温突变出现在1995―1996年;榆中县四季平均气温表现为相同趋势,其中冬季的气候倾向率达到0.28℃·10a~(-1),增幅最明显;春季次之,为0.25℃·10a~(-1)。28a时间尺度是榆中年平均气温的第一主周期,同时还有14和6a时间尺度变化周期。榆中县气温呈上升趋势,且呈一定的周期和规律变化。     

内蒙古鄂温克族自治旗近50年气温变化分析

通过对内蒙古鄂温克地区近50年温度变化特征分析,发现鄂温克族自治旗年平均气温为-1.5℃,线性倾向率为0.51℃/10 a,变暖趋势明显。1961—2010年月平均气温普遍呈升高趋势,在0.28~1.03℃/10 a,2月升温趋势最大,其次为3月。平均气温、平均最高气温和平均最低气温升温明显。     

2002-2011年河北辛集气温变化与蛋鸡生产情况调查分析

通过收集河北省辛集地区2002～2011年的气温资料和蛋鸡生产资料，利用相关和回归统计方法对二者进行相关和回归分析，研究该地区10年气温变化情况对蛋鸡生产的影响。结果表明，辛集地区年平均气温在13．5～14．5℃之间波动，月均最高气温为27．6℃，月均最低气温为-1．6℃；蛋鸡年平均产蛋量从2002年的5．10kg上升到2011年的8．57kg，同比增长68．04％；利用相关分析模型和回归分析模型发现，年平均气温、高温天气、低温天气与蛋鸡年平均产蛋量的相关系数分别为-0．287、0．152、0．388，一次回归决定系数分别为0．0821、0．0230、0．1502，二次回归决定系数分别为0．1113、0．4128、0．1861。本研究结果表明，在集约化和规模化养殖过程中，河北辛集地区气温对蛋鸡生产性能仍有一定的影响，二者呈负相关关系（r=-0．287）。     

中国北方农牧交错带中段近60年气温序列变化研究

利用1955-2014年中国北方农牧交错带中段10个气象观测站的气温时间序列资料,在分析气温变化结构的基础上运行气候突变检验和小波分析,用以解释气温变化的多时间尺度的复杂结构,分析不同时间尺度下气候气温变化的突变点和周期性变化规律。结果表明：近60 a来研究区内平均气温呈现普遍升高趋势,尤其在20世纪80年代以后升高趋势更加显著,达到99%置信度,升温速率达到0.45℃·10a^-1,高于全国和全球的气温增长率。2008年后区域进入降温过程,冬季降温尤为明显,其原因是全球变化发生停滞;气候突变检验表明区域年平均气温的升温突变发生在1986年,显著升温开始于1991年,冬季升温突变时间最早,发生在1978年,夏季升温突变时间滞后,出现于1991年;周期检验表明区域内气温存在5~10 a和30 a的多重时间尺度结构的变化特征,预计2008年后年平均气温和季节平均气温增加速度将变缓,甚至可能发生变暖停滞。     

近53年青海省气候变化与粮食产量及气候生产潜力特征

利用青海省1961-2013年年平均气温、年降水量等资料,分析了青海省气候变化的特征,应用Thornthwaite Memorial模型估算了青海省气候生产潜力,探讨了气候生产潜力与粮食产量的关系。分析结果表明,1961-2013年青海省年平均气温显著升高,年平均气温升温率达0.40℃·10a-1;降水量也呈现增加趋势,增幅为6.0mm·10a-1;日照时数和相对湿度呈现减少趋势。自2002年以来的近10年期间,粮食总产量和气候生产潜力变化趋势有一定相关性且气候生产潜力从2002年开始有突变(r=0.29,P0.05)。近53年青海省气候生产潜力在323.39~478.48g·m-2·a-1之间,年际间变化波动较大,呈现较弱的增加趋势,增加率为0.914g·m-2·a-1。     

锡林郭勒草原东南部近60年的气温变化特征——以多伦县为例

选取内蒙古多伦县1953～2012年的气温资料,利用线性倾向估计、相关分析等方法重点分析了近60年来 多伦县平均气温、极端气温和平均最高(最低)气温的变化特征及趋势.结果表明:多伦县气温呈明显上升趋势,年平均气温倾向率为0.39℃/l0a,冬季和2月的平均气温增温最为显著,对年平均气温上升的贡献率最大;年、季极端最低气温较极端最高气温升温趋势明显,月极端最低气温以3月增温最为突出,倾向率为1.27℃/l0a;平均最高(最低)气温均以冬季和2月增温速率最快,年、季、月平均最低气温较平均最高气温升温趋势明显.     

同德县气候变化特征与草原生态环境效应

通过分析青海省同德县气候变化特征及其对草原生态环境的影响,发现同德地区气候变化的显著特征是:一年四季的平均气温都呈现升高趋势,但变化的幅度却不相同,年平均气温呈增高趋势,平均每10年增高0.37℃ ,冬季气温呈明显上升趋势,平均每10年气温升高0.50～0.88 ℃ ,是气候变暖最突出的时段;1987年以来同德县相继出现14个暖冬,是近45年来最暖的时期.年降水量以每10年10.5 mm的趋势减小,90年代降水量最少.并由此引起无霜期延长,积雪、冰雹、雷暴、大风、沙尘暴日数的减少,气候变化一方面使同德地区草原的生态环境有所好转,另一方面也是近几年蝗虫泛滥的主要原因之一.当前存在的草原退化现象主要应归咎于不合理的人为活动.     

海南省琼文地区栽桑养蚕的可行性试验

<正> 海南省位于我国的南端,年平均气温24.5～27.0℃,最热月(7月)平均气温27.0～29.0℃,最冷月(1月)平均气温17.0℃以上。≥10℃年积温多数地区为8300℃以上。除中部山区和北部沿海外,全年无霜。年平均日照时数达2177小时,年太阳总辐射量大部分地区120～140千卡/厘米~2,年降雨量为1700毫米左右,年平均相对湿度为80～86％,平均风速2米/秒以上,且具台风多的特点。     

修文县发展山地生态畜牧业的思考

<正>1修文县发展山地生态畜牧业的优势1.1气候优势修文县位于贵州省中部,属北亚热带和南温带季风气候,年平均气温13.6℃,最热月(7月)平均气温22.4℃,最冷月(1月)平均气温3.5℃,极端最高气温33.5℃,极端最低气温-8.5℃。全年≥10℃的活动积温3 838.6~4 710℃,年日照时数1 132~1 139.2小时,年降雨量为1 150 mm,无霜期285天,雨量充沛,气候温和湿润,雨热同季,冬无严寒,夏无酷暑,气候宜人,有     

西藏阿里草地气候生产力对气候变化的响应

利用1985~2013年的西藏阿里地区气象数据,依据Miami模型和Thornthwaite Memorial模型计算出阿里草地气候生产力的数值,分析了西藏阿里气候变化和草地气候生产力变化趋势和草地气候生产力与降水、气温变化的响应关系。研究表明,近29年来,阿里地区年平均气温增温的趋势明显,其倾向率为0.588℃/10a,年平均降水呈现减少的趋势,其倾向率为-2.926 mm/10a,草地气候生产力向减少趋势发展,其倾向率为-71.181kg/(hm~2·10a),年际变化188.04~2572.19kg/(hm~2·a)之间,当温度每升高1℃草地气候生产力下降15.526kg/(hm~2·a),降水每升高1mm草地气候生产力升高21.269kg/(hm~2·a)。在降水减少和气温升高的趋势下,气候向"暖干化"发展趋势明显,降水对草地生产力的影响将更加明显,草地生产力下降趋势给草地畜牧业发展带来了严重的影响。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.