瑞香狼毒总黄酮的提取及体外抗氧化作用研究

运用超声波技术提取瑞香狼毒中的总黄酮,用亚硝酸钠-硝酸铝比色法测定总黄酮含量,瑞香狼毒总黄酮提取物中的黄酮含量为24.30%,采用抗坏血酸(VC)作为对照,测定了瑞香狼毒总黄酮对超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力与羟基自由基的清除能力。结果表明,瑞香狼毒总黄酮具有显著的体外清除超氧阴离子自由基、羟基自由基的作用,其作用强于VC,是一种有开发价值的天然抗氧化剂。     

甘草黄酮抗氧化及免疫活性

为了研究甘草黄酮的抗氧化及免疫活性,试验通过DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和羟基自由基的清除率测定甘草总黄酮的抗氧化活性,通过测定不同浓度的甘草总黄酮刺激小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞增殖能力、小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞抗体形成的影响,研究甘草黄酮的免疫调节作用。结果显示,甘草黄酮对DPPH自由基清除率为25%,对超氧阴离子自由基清除率为79.07%,对羟基自由基清除率为29.51%。各试验组小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞增殖能力均显著高于对照组;IL-2水平试验中,各试验组均显著高于对照组,试验3组极显著高于对照组,显著高于1,2组;在IgG抗体水平分析中,甘草黄酮各试验组均极限著高于对照组。说明甘草黄酮具有较好的抗氧化及免疫活性。     

甜荞总黄酮的体外抗氧化活性研究

为了探讨甜养总黄酮提取物体外抗氧化作用,通过DPPH法、改良Smimof法和邻苯三酚自氧化法分别测定甜荞总黄酮化合物清除DPPH·自由基、羟自由基(·OH)和超氧阴离子自由基(·O_2~-)的效果。结果表明,在试验的浓度范围内,甜养总黄酮提取物能有效清除DPPH·自由基及超氧阴离子自由基,且随着提取物浓度的升高,其自由基清除能力也显著提高。表明甜荞总黄酮提取物具有较强的体外抗氧化活性。     

黄芩多糖体外抗氧化活性研究

目的:探讨黄芩多糖的体外抗氧化活性。方法:从还原力,清除DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和羟基自由基4个方面研究黄芩多糖的体外抗氧化活性,并与VC进行比较。结果:黄芩多糖对上述自由基均有不同程度清除作用,其还原力较低;清除DPPH自由基的能力略低于VC;对超氧阴离子清除能力强于VC,EC50为0.261 mg/mL;对羟自由基的清除能力弱于VC,EC50为0.724 mg/mL。结论:黄芩多糖具有一定的体外抗氧化能力。     

甘肃棘豆黄酮抗氧化活性及免疫活性的研究

为研究甘肃棘豆黄酮的抗氧化及免疫活性,试验通过1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和羟基自由基的清除率测定其抗氧化活性,通过测定不同浓度甘肃棘豆黄酮对小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞增殖能力、白细胞介素2(IL-2)和免疫球蛋白G(IgG)抗体形成的影响研究其免疫活性。结果显示,甘肃棘豆黄酮对DPPH自由基清除率最高为32.23%,略高于维生素E(28.55%),低于维生素C(97.05%);对超氧阴离子自由基清除率最高为80.03%,高于维生素E(69.70%),低于维生素C(98.69%);对羟基自由基清除率最高为30.39%,低于维生素C(98.98%)、略低于维生素E(32.57%)。在小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞增殖试验中,随着甘肃棘豆黄酮溶液浓度的提高,脾脏淋巴细胞相对增殖率也提高,当其浓度为200μg/mL时,小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞的增殖率为23.40%;200μg/mL甘肃棘豆黄酮组IL-2水平极显著高于对照组(P0.01),50和100μg/mL甘肃棘豆黄酮组与对照组无显著差异(P0.05);各甘肃棘豆黄酮组IgG抗体水平均极显著高于对照组(P0.01),其中,50μg/mL甘肃棘豆黄酮组极显著高于100和200μg/mL甘肃棘豆黄酮组(P0.01),100μg/mL甘肃棘豆黄酮组极显著高于200μg/mL甘肃棘豆黄酮组(P0.01)。综上所述,甘肃棘豆黄酮具有较好的抗氧化活性及免疫活性。     

蜂胶清除自由基能力与总黄酮含量和醇溶物含量的相关性

【目的】探讨蜂胶清除自由基的能力与总黄酮和醇溶物含量的相关性。【方法】选取16个不同地区的蜂胶,用超声波辅助乙醇浸提法提取,Fenton反应和邻苯三酚自氧化反应测定醇提液对羟自由基(·OH-)和超氧阴离子自由基·(O2-)的清除率,分光光度法和重量法测定总黄酮和醇溶物的含量。【结果】蜂胶醇提液清除·OH-的能力与其总黄酮含量、醇溶物含量均存在极显著的正相关(r=0.751,P=0.0010.01)、(r=0.650,P=0.0060.01);清除·O2-的能力与其总黄酮含量、醇溶物含量均不存在明显的相关性(r=0.119,P=0.660.05)、(r=0.414,P=0.110.05)。【提示】蜂胶作为天然的自由基清除剂,其清除自由基的功效成分复杂,总黄酮和醇溶物含量的高低并不能完全代表蜂胶清除自由基能力的强弱。     

蜂胶清除自由基能力与总黄酮含量和醇溶物含量的相关性

【目的】探讨蜂胶清除自由基的能力与总黄酮和醇溶物含量的相关性。【方法】选取16个不同地区的蜂胶,用超声波辅助乙醇浸提法提取,Fenton反应和邻苯三酚自氧化反应测定醇提液对羟自由基（·OH^-）和超氧阴离子自由基（·O2^-）的清除率,分光光度法和重量法测定总黄酮和醇溶物的含量。【结果】蜂胶醇提液清除·OH^-的能力与其总黄酮含量、醇溶物含量均存在极显著的正相关;清除·02-的能力与其总黄酮含量、醇溶物含量均不存在明显的相关性（r=0．119,P=0．66〉0．05）、（r=0．414,P=011〉0．05）。【结论】蜂胶中总黄酮和醇溶物含量的高低,并不能完全代表蜂胶清除自由基能力的强弱。     

广东桑枝条黄酮含量测定及抗氧化活性研究

通过正交试验对桑枝总黄酮的提取工艺进行了优化,获得了最佳工艺参数。从国家桑树资源圃华南分圃中选择28个代表性品种,分别测定各品种的总黄酮含量、总抗氧化能力、清除自由基能力及清除超氧阴离子能力。结果表明,不同桑枝品种总黄酮含量极差较大,范围从2．472mg／g～11．456mg／g;品种间总抗氧化能力、清除自由基能力及清除超氧阴离子能力也各有差异,其中总黄酮含量高的品种,其总抗氧化能力也较强,两者表现出一定的正相关关系．     

富锌酵母菌发酵液体外抗氧化作用

为探讨富锌酵母菌发酵液体外抗氧化作用,在体外模拟抗氧化系统的基础上,测定了2种pH发酵液对超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基、DPPH自由基的清除能力及对铁氰化钾高价铁的还原能力。结果,与空白对照组比较,pH3.6发酵液对超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基、DPPH自由基清除率最高分别到达76.8%(P<0.01)、24.1%(P<0.01)、88.4%(P<0.01),对高价铁相对还原力最高达31.4%(P<0.05);pH6.5发酵液对超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基、DPPH自由基清除率最高分别达到79.4%(P<0.01)、37.2%(P<0.01)、81.0%(P<0.01),对高价铁相对还原力最高达30.81%(P<0.05);2种pH发酵液之间抗氧化作用无显著差异性(P<0.05)。结果表明,富锌酵母菌其发酵液均具有一定的体外抗氧化作用,并与其稀释度有关。     

新型饲草串叶松香草SOD提取条件优化及其抗氧化能力

本文旨在对不同生长期串叶松香草超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)提取条件进行优化,并对其提取液中类SOD活性物质及抗氧化能力进行考察。采用单因素和正交试验方法,以SOD活力为标准,优化提取条件,并测定串叶松香草不同生长阶段总黄酮、多酚类化合物和维生素C等类SOD活性物质含量,同时对不同生长阶段提取液中羟自由基、1,1-二苯代苦味酞基(DPPH)自由基及超氧阴离子的清除能力进行测定。结果表明:叶丛期与开花期的水提条件为料液比1∶25,37℃水浴浸提12h,其提取液SOD活性分别为4030.12、4445.31U/g。与叶丛期相比,开花期维生素C、总黄酮和总多酚含量分别提高34.51%(P<0.01)、56.59%(P<0.01)和23.15%(P<0.01),开花期提取液清除羟自由基和DPPH的能力分别提高205.65%(P<0.01)和12.20%(P<0.01)。综上,串叶松香草开花期比叶丛期抗氧化能力更强。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.