太阳辐射变化对东亚内陆大气粉尘含量影响的数值试验

利用美国大气研究中心(NCAR)的公用气候模式(CCM3)与一个粉尘释放和沉降模式(DEAD)相嵌套的模式CCM3-DEAD,研究了太阳常数改变所引起的太阳辐射变化对东亚大气粉尘含量的可能影响.数值试验结果表明,当太阳常数减小1%后,东亚内陆干旱区大部分地区上空的大气粉尘浓度、粉尘释放通量、粉尘沉降通量均有所增加.在中国北方及中蒙边境一带,大气粉尘浓度增加比较明显,最高增加量可达到70 mg/m2,在其周边地区浓度变化在10～60 mg/m2之间.同时,4种粒径(0.1～1.0,1.0～2.5,2.5～5.0,5.0～10.0 μm)的粉尘释放通量和沉降通量普遍增加,其中1.0～2.5 μm粒级的粉尘释放通量增加最为显著,占总增加量的32%,而5.0～10.0 μm粒级的粉尘沉降通量增加占总沉降通量增加量的58.5%,即太阳辐射减小促进了细颗粒的释放和粗颗粒的沉降.初步分析发现,东亚内陆干旱区大气粉尘含量的增加可能与太阳辐射减少所引起的对流层低层大气相对湿度减小及起沙的临界摩擦速度降低有关.     

对陆面过程模型CoLM中关键参数的修正

通过对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地观测数据的分析和模拟,重新修正了陆面过程模型CoLM中的关键参数值和参数化方案。① 采用涡动相关数据和Monin Obukhov理论,对地表动力学粗糙度重新计算;为提高地表比辐射率的精度,采用两种不同的方法进行计算和比较;将地表反照率参数值校正为符合年际变化的参数化方案;重新选择符合沙漠环境的地表热力学粗糙度参数化方案;改变相同的10层土壤导热率为不同值。② 经过参数值的校正与参数化方案的修正,改善了CoLM在沙漠地区对地表通量、地表和土壤温度模拟的缺陷;③ 改善后的CoLM模拟值与观测值的标准误差小于改善前,但不同季节模拟改善效果存在差异,总体上冬季的标准误差小于其他季节。     

SEBS模型在塔克拉玛干沙漠地区地表能量通量估算中的应用

利用SEBS(Surface Energy Balance System)模型,对塔克拉玛干沙漠及周边地区的地表能量通量进行模拟估算。通过修正适合于塔克拉玛干沙漠地表的参数化方案,结合该地区的MODIS遥感数据,将同期同化气象资料输入模型中,模拟出该地区的地表净辐射、地表土壤热通量、感热通量和潜热通量的空间分布。与塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站的实测数据对比,得出:1)SEBS模型在塔克拉玛干沙漠地区具有适用性;2)模型反演的沙漠腹地净辐射约为350W/m~2,感热通量在200W/m~2左右,潜热通量在±20W/m~2之间,其结果均与塔中站实测资料吻合较好。因此利用参数修正后的SEBS模型估计塔克拉玛干沙漠地区能量平衡各分量具有一定精度,可满足区域地表能量通量的计算要求。     

荒漠下垫面陆面过程模式中重要参数的修正及模拟效果分析

通过对内蒙古阿拉善左旗荒漠下垫面观测数据的分析和模拟,重新修正了陆面过程模式Co LM中的重要参数值和参数化方案,并按照不同的组合方式设计了控制实验和敏感性实验,对比分析重要参数对该下垫面陆气相互作用的敏感性。主要结论有:(1)基于Monin-Obukhov相似性理论的最大频数法,优化了地表动力学粗糙度,重新计算和选择符合研究区域地表热力学粗糙度和土壤热导率的参数化方案;(2)参数优化和参数化方案修正后,提高了Co LM模式对土壤温度,感热通量和地表净辐射的模拟能力;(3)改善前后Co LM模式的模拟值与观测值对比表明,地表动力学与热力学粗糙度和土壤热导率分别在春夏季和秋冬季对地表温度影响较大,感热通量在夏半年主要对地表动力学粗糙度敏感,而土壤热导率对其影响很小。     

中国西北干旱半干旱区阿拉善沙漠和黄土高原的物源分析

中国北方沙漠、黄土高原和青藏高原是亚洲粉尘释放的关键区域,元素示踪研究表明中国西部沙漠和北部沙漠是亚洲粉尘和黄土高原黄土的主要源区.通过收集总结大量的大气观测、地球化学、地形数据,对比当前研究已得到粉尘的成果和释放模式,初步认为中国黄土物质来源于阿拉善高原的巴丹吉林沙漠与腾格里沙漠.这两个沙漠(包括阿拉善高原的戈壁)的...     

沙漠地区不同下垫面近地表沙尘水平通量研究

沙漠地区近地表水平输送的沙尘物质通量及其随高度的变化特征直接影响着沙尘的输送过程。选择塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区的典型沙丘、平沙地为观测点,利用BSNE集沙仪,对2008-2009年11次典型沙尘天气过程中近地表0～200 cm不同高度层沙尘物质的水平输送进行了测量,对其随高度变化特征进行分析,计算近地表水平运动的总沙尘通量。结果表明：近地表0～200 cm范围内,在沙丘顶部和平沙地沙尘水平通量均随高度呈显著降低趋势,在这2种下垫面条件下,沙尘水平通量随高度的变化均较好地符合幂函数关系;在沙丘顶部,通过100 cm（宽度）×200 cm（高度）空间断面的总沙尘水平通量为3 721.0 kg,平沙地通过相同大小断面的沙尘水平通量为2 252.9 kg,比沙丘顶部减少了39.5%;沙丘顶部与平沙地PM80的总水平通量分别为996.8 kg和678.9 kg。     

小麦留茬对陕北农田风蚀影响的室内风洞模拟

作为风蚀区主要保护性耕作措施之一,秸秆留茬覆盖可以通过增加地表粗糙度(Z0)减少近地表风速和侵蚀动力,并缩短风蚀颗粒的搬运距离和搬运高度,从而减少地表风蚀量.本研究采用室内模拟风洞实验,测定并分析了陕北2种主要土壤类型(风沙土和黄绵土)在4个风速、3种小麦留茬高度和2种留茬行距处理下土壤风蚀强度和在0～60 cm风洞断...     

草原灌木带空气动力学粗糙度研究

为了定量研究灌木带修复退化草原的机理,采用集沙仪和风速廓线仪野外采集了不同高度灌木带及退化草原的风蚀物及风速廓线,利用最小二乘法对风速廓线数据进行计算得到了相应的空气动力学粗糙度。结果表明:灌木带对草地的防护机理在于提升了地表的空气动力学粗糙度,降低了近地表的风速,从而导致灌木带相对退化草原的抗风蚀能力增强,大量风蚀物集中在近地表30 cm范围内;距灌木带的距离越远,空气动力学粗糙度呈现下降趋势;同时对不同高度灌木带的研究发现,0.3 m、0.7 m和1.5 m高的灌木带分别在距背风面3 m、5 m和6 m处的空气动力学粗糙度与退化草原的值趋于一致,此距离为该灌木带的有效防风蚀范围,空气动力学粗糙度及有效防护范围均随灌木高度的增加而增大。     

策勒绿洲-荒漠过渡带风沙前沿近地表沙尘水平通量观测

沙漠地区近地表水平输送的沙尘物质通量及其随高度的变化是沙尘输送过程的重要表现特征。在塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲-荒漠过渡带风沙前沿平坦沙地的风沙观测场,利用BSNE集沙仪对近地表（2 m）不同高度沙尘物质的水平输送进行了观测,对其随高度变化特征进行了分析,并对近地表水平运动的沙尘通量进行了计算。结果表明：观测点沙尘物质的水平通量随高度的增加而减小,与高度的关系可用幂函数和指数函数表示;55%～58%的沙尘量在地表0.5 m高度以内传输;73%～75%在地表1 m高度以内传输;87%～89%在地表1.5 m高度以内传输;2010年5月25日至2011年5月24日,通过0～2 m高度的单宽总输沙量为1 846.7 kg•m^-1;其中PM80、PM50的输送量分别为1 192.0 kg•m^-1、387.9 kg•m^-1。     

策勒不同下垫面风速廓线时空差异研究

通过对新疆策勒4个下垫面10m高风速廓线及粗糙度、摩阻风速等分析,探讨不同时空条件下植被和地形对风场的影响。结果表明:在中性层结下,从流沙前沿到半固定沙地、固定沙地扬沙天气风速廓线斜率依次降低,风速较大时基本符合对数关系,其拟合程度依次是半固定沙地﹥固定沙地﹥流沙地,绿洲内部2m以上高度的风速较大时与高度基本符合对数关系。春季沙尘暴期间风速较小时半固定沙地0-10m高及绿洲内部2m以上高度风速与高度变化接近对数关系,当夏季沙尘暴风速较大时,4个下垫面不同高度风速与高度之间都不呈现对数关系。随着地表植被覆盖度的增加,粗糙度和摩阻风速也迅速增加,绿洲内部夏季沙尘暴天气近地表粗糙度比春季地表粗糙度增加较为显著。     

Effect of stones on the sand saltation threshold during natural sand and dust storms in a stony desert in Tsogt-Ovoo in the Gobi Desert,Mongolia

Non-erodible elements such as stones and vegetation are key to controlling wind erosion and dust emission in drylands. Stony deserts are widely distributed in the Gobi Desert, but the effect of stones on wind erosion and dust emission have not been well studied, except under artificial conditions. In this study, we evaluated the effect of stones on wind erosion and dust emission by measuring the sand saltation threshold in a stony desert in Tsogt-Ovoo in the Gobi Desert, Mongolia, under natural surface conditions during sand and dust storms. We quantified the amount of stones by measuring the roughness density, and determined the threshold friction velocity for sand saltation by measuring wind speed and sand saltation count. Our results showed that the threshold friction velocity increased with the roughness density of stones. In the northern part of the study area, where neither a surface crust nor vegetation was observed, the roughness density of stones was 0.000 in a topographic depression (TD), 0.050 on a northern slope (N.SL), and 0.160 on the northern mountain (N.MT). The mean threshold friction velocity values were 0.23, 0.41, and 0.57 m/s at the TD, N.SL, and N.MT sites, respectively. In the southern part of the study area, the roughness density values of stones were 0.000 and 0.070-0.320 at the TD and southern slope sites, respectively, and the mean threshold friction velocities were 0.23 and 0.45-0.71 m/s, respectively. We further compared the observed threshold friction velocities with simulated threshold friction velocities using Raupach's theoretical roughness correction and the measured roughness density values, and found that Raupach's roughness correction worked very well in the simulation of threshold friction velocity in the stony desert. This means that the results of our stone measurement can be applied to a numerical dust model.     

一次沙尘暴过程中的沙地面微气象要素及起沙参数分析

利用在巴丹吉林沙漠北缘拐子湖地区设立的风沙观测实验场获得的资料,分析了2010年4月7日在该地区所发生的沙尘暴过境前后气象要素的变化,计算了这次沙尘暴起沙过程中的一些参数,结果表明:在沙尘暴过境前贴地层风速风向经过了一个波动调整加速过程,在沙尘暴过境时空气处于暖干,沙地面处于高温低湿状态,同时气压和水汽压都会明显下降,所有这些都有利于地表起沙;贴地层风速最大的时段是地表起沙最为严重的时段,该地的100cm临界起沙风速大约为6.5m/s,平均粗糙度为0.0014m;地表摩阻速的平均值为0.29m/s,同200cm高度的风速呈线性相关,拟合方程为y=0.0417x+0.0175,相关系数R=0.9199。     

2002年3月20日沙尘暴天气的影响系统、起沙和输送的数值模拟

近年来,东亚地区严重沙尘暴的频发趋势,使沙尘暴成为当今社会广泛关注的重大生态和环境问题。本文利用一个以较高精度的地理信息数据为基础、具有清晰风蚀物理学概念的沙尘暴数值模式集成系统,对2002年3月19～22日主要沙尘暴事件的气象背景条件、起沙源、起沙率以及沙尘输送进行了模拟和较为细致的数值分析,并将结果与常规气象观测和卫星资料进行了对比。结果表明该模式对气象背景、沙尘源和沙尘输送的空间分布和时间演变有较好的模拟能力;起沙区域主要是蒙古国的巴彦洪戈尔省南部、南戈壁、东戈壁省,我国内蒙古阿拉善盟地区、锡林郭勒盟地区、甘肃北部和青海北部;起尘量最大的中心在内蒙古阿拉善盟地区的巴丹吉林沙漠和腾格里沙漠,平均达15mgm-2s-1;沙尘输送主要发生在对流层低层,在垂直运动较强的地方可以向上输送到500hPa。     

不同砾石盖度戈壁床面动力学特征研究

利用野外车载移动式风洞,对莫高窟顶不同砾石盖度戈壁床面的动力学特征进行了实地模拟实验。结果表明：砾石盖度直接决定戈壁床面的粗糙元数量和分布状况,进而影响近地表风速廓线、摩阻速度、床面粗糙度和剪切力;随着风洞进口指示风速的增加,摩阻速度呈线性递增,而动力学粗糙度在波动中呈下降趋势;相同高度,随着砾石盖度的增加,近地表风速逐渐降低,而摩阻速度、动力学粗糙度和剪切力呈线性增加;当床面盖度增加至35%时,动力学粗糙度达到0.30 cm,摩阻速度相应提高到0.93 cm/s,床面剪切力增加至1.11 N/cm。     

Wind tunnel experiments on dust emissions from different landform types

The measurement and assessment of dust emissions from different landforms are important to understand the atmospheric loading of PM10(particulate matter ≤10 μm aerodynamic diameter) and to assess natural sources of dust; however, the methodology and technique for determining the dust still present significant research challenges. In the past, specialized field observation and field wind tunnel studies have been used to understand the dust emission. A series of wind tunnel tests were carried out to identify natural sources of dust and measure the magnitudes of dust emissions from different landforms. The method used in this study allowed the measurement of the PM10 emission rate using a laboratory based environmental boundary layer wind tunnel. Results indicated that PM10 emissions demonstrated strong temporal variation and were primarily driven by aerodynamic entrainment. Sand dunes, playa, and alluvial fans had the largest dust emission rates(0.8–5.4 mg/(m~2·s)) while sandy gravel, Gobi desert and abandoned lands had the lowest emission rates(0.003–0.126 mg/(m~2·s)). Dust emissions were heavily dependent on the surface conditions, especially the availability of loose surface dust. High dust emissions were a result of the availability of dustparticle materials for entrainment while low dust emissions were a result of surface crusts and gravel cover. Soil surface property(surface crusts and gravel cover) plays an important role in controlling the availability of dust-sized particles for entrainment. The dust emission rate depended not only on the surface conditions but also on the friction velocity. The emission rate of PM10 varies as a power function of the friction velocity. Although dynamic abrasion processes have a strong influence on the amount of dust entrainment, aerodynamic entrainment may provide an important mechanism for dust emissions. Large volumes of dust entrained by aerodynamic entrainment cannot only occur at low shear velocity without saltation, but may dominate the entrainment process in many arid and semi-arid environments. So it may also be responsible for large magnitude dust storms. Playa and alluvial fan landforms, prior to developing a surface crust, may be the main sources of dust storms in Qinghai Province.     

1991-2000年中国北方地面起尘

利用美国EPA的起尘公式,本文计算了1991-2000年间中国北方的地面起尘(PM50,粒经小于50μm的颗粒物)分布。结果表明:1991-2000年整体上中国北方的起尘是从西到东减小,起尘的量级变化幅度达5个量级,年起尘总量为9.24×106t。春季是起尘最多的季节,占年起尘总量的一半以上。和1951-1980年的起尘相比,1991-2000的年起尘总量只有1951-1980的年起尘总量的21.5%,最大值所处的位置也由塔克拉玛干沙漠中心向东移动到青海和新疆的交界地区,为0.51 t/(a.hm2)。     

边界层参数化方案对一次西北地区沙尘天气过程影响的数值模拟研究

使用耦合化学模块的高分辨率中尺度数值模式WRF-Chem3.4,结合近地层观测资料评估YSU、MYJ、QNSE、MYNN2.5和BouLac共5种边界层参数化方案对2007年3月27日西北地区一次沙尘天气过程模拟效果的影响,结果显示5种边界层参数化方案均可模拟出此次沙尘天气的发展演变过程,其中YSU和BouLac方案模...     

Separating emitted dust from the total suspension in airflow based on the characteristics of PM10 vertical concentration profiles on a Gobi surface in northwestern China

During aeolian processes, the two most critical factors related to dust emissions are soil particle and aggregate saltation, which greatly affect the vertical profiles of near-surface dust concentrations. In this study, we measured PM10 concentrations at four different heights (0.10, 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 m) with and without continuous and simultaneous aeolian saltation processes on a Gobi surface in northwestern China from 31 March to 10 April, 2017. We found that the vertical concentration profiles of suspended PM10 matched the log-law model well when there was no aeolian saltation. For the erosion process with saltation, we divided the vertical concentration profiles of PM10 into the saltation-affected layer and the airflow-transport layer according to two different dust sources (i.e., locally emitted PM10 and upwind transported PM10). The transition height between the saltation-affected layer and the airflow-transport layer was not fixed and varied with saltation intensity. From this new perspective, we calculated the airflow-transport layer and the dust emission rate at different times during a wind erosion event occurred on 5 April 2017. We found that dust emissions during wind erosion are primarily controlled by saltation intensity, contributing little to PM10 concentrations above the ground surface compared to PM10 concentrations transported from upwind directions. As erosion progresses, the surface supply of erodible grains is the most crucial factor for saltation intensity. When there was a sufficient amount of erodible grains, there was a significant correlation among the friction velocity, saltation intensity and dust emission rate. However, when supply is limited by factors such as surface renewal or an increase in soil moisture, the friction velocity will not necessarily correlate with the other two factors. Therefore, for the Gobi surface, compared to limiting dust emissions from upwind directions, restricting the transport of suspended dust in its path is by far a more efficient and realistic option for small areas that are often exposed to dust storms. This study provides some theoretical basis for correctly estimating PM10 concentrations in the Gobi areas.