水稻异株克生抗杂草的数量性状及其基因定位研究

水稻异株克生抗杂草的特性是受数量性状控制的。异株克生抗靶杂草水稻材料与非异株克生抗靶杂草的杂种二代 (F₂)经生物检测 ,靶杂草的根或芽长的表型呈现正态分布。通过常规育种很难获得更强的异株克生作用亲本的杂种 ,因与水稻异株克生相关的效应基因数不多。目前唯一的有关水稻异株克生基因定位的研究报道表明 ,有 4个数量性状位点 (QTLs)分别位于第 2、3、3、8条染色体上。异株克生主效应的QTLs与根形态的主效应不在同一个位点。对产生异株克生物质的酶作定位标记 ,可对QTLs作进一步精细定位 ,最终实现异株克生作用的基因克隆     

浅谈异株克生在防除杂草中的应用

本文讨论了异株克生的概念、异株克生化合物的毒性机制和异株克生在杂草防除中的应用。此外,还概述了利用异株克生化合物作为先导物研发新颖除草剂的前景,以及通过基因工程培育抗杂草转基因作物和提高生物除草剂活性的进展。     

小麦幼苗及其次生代谢产物丁布对杂草的异株克生活性

研究了小麦活体、小麦水提液及小麦次生代谢产物丁布对几种杂草的异株克生活性。小麦与马唐、反枝苋、野燕麦、早熟禾、稗草等杂草混播的盆栽试验呈现出小麦播种密度越大,杂草种子萌发率越低的趋势。小麦水提液对马唐、反枝苋、早熟禾、稗草、野燕麦根和茎的生长均有明显的异株克生作用,IC₅₀(根)<1.5 mg/mL,IC₅₀(茎)<3.0 mg/mL,而对黑麦草、圆叶牵牛无明显的抑制活性。除马唐外,小麦水提液对供试杂草种子萌发抑制效果不明显。小麦次生代谢产物丁布对3种不同杂草的根、茎总体抑制效果为反枝苋>马唐>野燕麦,IC₅₀(根、茎)<1.5mg/mL,IC₅₀(种子萌发)<3.5 mg/mL。比较IC₅₀可知,生物活性:丁布>小麦水提液。丁布是小麦中具有异株克生活性的次生代谢物。     

异株克生现象在杂草防治中的应用及展望

异株克生（Allelopathy）是植物（供体）向农业生态环境中释放的化学物质对其他植物（受体）产生的毒害作用,即一种植物对另一种植物萌芽、生长及发育所产生的有害影响。供体释放的化学物质称作异株克生化合物（Allelopathins,Allelo—chemicals）,化合物直接毒害受体时称作真克生;     

水稻和三种稗的幼苗形态与分类学研究

作者通过对水稻以及稗、西来稗、无芒稗幼苗发育过程中形态变化的观察认为，稻与三种稗在幼苗形态上的差异是明显的。且从幼功地各器官发育的特点显示，三种稗在幼苗竞争发育上明显地比稻占优势。水稻栽培中对稗的防除越早所蒙受的损失越小。     

三株病原真菌对稗草生防潜力的研究

从稻田中采集自然感病的稗草标样,分离获得10余种病原真菌,经生测,链格孢菌、尖角突脐孢菌和内脐孢菌是3株很有希望的稗草生防潜力菌。对它们的生长及产孢特性、寄主范围及孢子悬浮液喷雾接种对水稻和稗草的致病性等进行了研究。结果表明,3个菌各有优缺点。链格孢菌对稗草致病力稍差,对水稻有轻度感染,但其产孢速度快,产孢量大;尖角突脐孢菌对稗致病力强,对稻无影响,但产生孢子慢,产生菌丝多;内脐孢菌对稗致病力强,对稻安全,菌落生长较慢,但产孢速度快,产孢量多,气生菌丝少。黑暗、空气充足有利于3菌株的生长及产孢。     

0.136％赤·吲乙·芸薹可湿性粉剂与3％氯氟吡啶酯乳油混用对无芒稗防治效果及生理生化的影响

为探究0.136％赤·吲乙·芸薹可湿性粉剂(WP)与除草剂氯氟吡啶酯混用对稗草防除效果及生理生化的影响,以无芒稗为研究对象,设置清水对照、0.136％赤·吲乙·芸薹可湿性粉剂45 g/hm2、3％氯氟吡啶酯乳油(EC)1200 mL/hm2和0.136％赤·吲乙·芸薹WP 45 g/hm2+3％氯氟吡啶酯EC 1200...     

0.136%赤·吲乙·芸苔可湿性粉剂与五氟磺草胺混用对无芒稗和水稻生长的影响

为探究0.136%赤·吲乙·芸苔可湿性粉剂(WP)与除草剂五氟磺草胺分散油悬浮剂(OD)混用对稗草防除效果及对水稻生长的影响,以无芒稗和水稻为研究对象,设置清水对照、0.136%赤·吲乙·芸苔WP、25 g/L五氟磺草胺OD、0.136%赤·吲乙·芸苔WP+25 g/L五氟磺草胺OD混用4个处理,观察药后无芒稗和水稻的生长情况,测定乙酰乳酸合酶(ALS)活性、叶绿素荧光参数及糖代谢和氮代谢等生理指标。结果表明,与25 g/L五氟磺草胺OD单用相比,0.136%赤·吲乙·芸苔WP+25 g/L五氟磺草胺OD混用处理药后第7天,无芒稗的中毒综合指数显著提高13.2%,ALS活性显著降低27.61%;无芒稗的叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm、ETR、qP)、糖代谢和氮代谢指标均显著下降;水稻的ALS活性、糖、氮代谢水平均显著提高。0.136%赤·吲乙·芸苔WP+25 g/L五氟磺草胺OD混用提高了五氟磺草胺对无芒稗光合作用及糖代谢和氮代谢水平的抑制作用,提高了五氟磺草胺对无芒稗的防除效果;并能缓解五氟磺草胺对水稻的胁迫作用,促进水稻生长。     

三叶鬼针草化感作用的初步研究

运用生物测定法,对三叶鬼针草的化感作用进行研究。比较了用不同部位及其不同浓度水浸提液对不同作物化感作用的差异,并初步探讨了三叶鬼针草对小麦和莴苣幼苗生长的化感机制。结果表明,三叶鬼针草不同部位水浸提液对2种受体植物影响均表现出抑制效应,其强弱为叶>茎>根。其水浸提液对2种受体植物的种子萌发、幼苗生长和光合色素均有显著的抑制作用。Peason相关性分析表明,叶绿素A和叶绿素b含量与水浸提液浓度存在显著的负相关性,类胡萝卜素无明显变化。丙二醛随浓度增加而有上升趋势,但差异不显著,说明三叶鬼针草对受体植物膜的透性影响不大。     

Differential susceptibility of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli) ecotypes to Exserohilum longirostratum

Ten barnyard grass ( Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli ) ecotypes collected from several locations in Malaysian and Indonesian granaries were tested for variation in their susceptibility to the leaf blight pathogen ( Exserohilum longirostratum ). Four phenological growth stages of the ecotypes were sprayed with E. longirostratum at the rate of 1 × 10⁷ conidia mL⁻¹ under glasshouse conditions. The results of the study showed that plants inoculated with 1 × 10⁷ conidia mL⁻¹ and exposed for 24 h dew periods were severely infected and the percentage dry weight reduction of all ecotypes significantly increased. The 1–2 and 2–3-leaf stage plants were completely killed within 6 days after inoculation. However, susceptibility reactions among the ecotypes were observed at the 4–5-leaf stage, while the 6–7-leaf stage was resistant. The ecotypes, K-02, PK-04, KN-02, CJ-01, and L-01, were the most susceptible ecotypes as indicated by a higher area under disease progress curve value. The apparent disease progress rates for these ecotypes were significantly faster compared to the other ecotypes. The dry weight reduction among the four growth stages was variable. These findings show that the 1–2 and 2–3-leaf stages are the most susceptible, while the 6–7-leaf stage was resistant. This study has confirmed that a variable response to the fungal pathogen occurred within an intraspecific barnyard grass collection.     

薇甘菊化感作用的初步研究

薇甘菊(M ikania m icrantha)提取物乙醇部分对水稻、萝卜、黄瓜、菜心具有不同程度的化感作用,总体上呈现出低促高抑的现象,且随着溶液浓度增大而抑制作用增强。其中干物质为0.1 g/m l的乙醇部分溶液对菜心的种子萌发、幼苗生长、根长生长抑制作用最为明显;干物质为0.01 g/m l溶液对水稻的根长生长有明显的促进作用;干物质为0.002 g/m l溶液对水稻、菜心的种子萌发、幼苗生长、根长生长也有一定的促进作用。     

稻田除草剂对水稻生长生理影响的初步研究

在水稻移栽后10d用稻田常用的10种除草剂进行土表处理，测定了水稻茎蘖数，株高的变化和叶鞘部位的蔗糖含量，结果表明，处理后10d，金秋，乙草胺，果尔处理的茎蘖数增加率较对照多，稻无草，稻乐思，农思它，神锄处理的则与对照相近，艾割处理的则比对照的枯少；株高增加以金秋，稻乐思处理的最多，其他处理的则与对照相当；根系活力在各处理间无显著差异，药后15d测定，各种除草处理后水稻叶鞘中蔗糖含量均有比照下降的趋势。     

Physiochemical factors affecting the salt tolerance of Echinochloa crus-galli Beauv. var. formosensis Ohwi

The effects of NaCl-induced stress on physiochemical factors such as inorganic cations, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA) and polyamines were investigated in the gramineous weed, Echinochloa crus-galli Beauv. var. formosensis Ohwi ( E. crus-galli ) and rice ( Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare). Growth inhibition at the 2nd leaf stage under salt stress was more severe in rice than in E. crus-galli . Water content in the 2nd leaves was also more severely decreased in rice, indicating that E. crus-galli was more salt-tolerant. After NaCl treatment, Na⁺ accumulated in the 2nd leaves of both plant species but not in their roots. Proline accumulation in the 2nd leaves was significantly higher in salt stressed E. crus-galli than in rice, suggesting the significance of proline production in the salt tolerance of this weed. Content of MDA of the rice increased more greatly with NaCl treatment than that in E. crus-galli . NaCl treatment affected polyamine metabolism of both plant species, but the response of each plant to salt stress was somewhat different, especially in the leaves. Leaf putrescine and spermidine contents were high in non-stressed plants in salt-sensitive rice, although rather lower in E. crus-galli in response to NaCl concentrations. These results indicate that an increase in proline and changes in polyamines relates to the salt tolerance of E. crus-galli .     

紫茎泽兰化感作用的研究进展

为能更有效地防治和利用紫茎泽兰.国内进行了广泛、深入的研究.其中对紫茎泽兰化感作用的研究较多,针对紫茎泽兰的化学成分及其提取物对植物、动物和菌类化感作用的研究进展,笔者进行了论述,并探讨了研究中存在的问题.     

旱稻田杂草化学防治除草技术初探

用10％千金EC、50％神锄WP、24％克阔乐EC3种药剂9个处理对早稻田进行化学除草．得出旱稻田化学除草以50％神迹WP667m2用50～75g或10％千金EC667m250～70ml为宜。     

Breeding of commercially acceptable allelopathic rice cultivars in China

BACKGROUND: One promising area of paddy weed control is the potential for exploiting the weed‐suppressing ability of rice. This study was conducted to develop commercially acceptable allelopathic rice cultivars using crosses between allelopathic rice variety PI312777 and commercial Chinese cultivars (N2S, N9S, Huahui354, Peiai64S and Tehuazhan35), and to assess their weed suppression and grain yield in paddy fields in relation to their parents. RESULTS: There was a positive dominance in the crosses Huahui354 × PI312777 and N2S × PI312777 but recessive or negative dominance in N9S × PI312777, Peiai64S × PI312777 and Tehuazhan35 × PI312777. Huahui354 × PI312777 and N2S × PI312777 showed stronger weed suppression than their parents and other crosses. Finally, an F₈ line with an appearance close to Huahui354 and a magnitude of weed suppression close to PI312777 was obtained from Huahui354 × PI312777. This line, named Huagan‐3, was released as a first commercially acceptable allelopathic rice cultivar in China. The grain yield and quality of Huagan‐3 met the commercial standard of the local rice industry. Huagan‐3 greatly suppressed paddy weeds, although suppression was influenced by year‐to‐year variation and plant density. There was no certain yield reduction in Huagan‐3 even under a slight infestation of barnyard grass in paddy fields. CONCLUSION: The successful breeding of Huagan‐3 with high yield and strong weed suppression may be incorporated into present rice production systems to minimise the amount of herbicide used. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of oxadiargyl on direct-seeded rice and Echinochloa crus-galli under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Dose–response experiments were conducted in glasshouse pot experiments to investigate the selectivity of oxadiargyl, a recently introduced herbicide, in direct‐seeded rice under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Crop sensitivity to oxadiargyl was comparatively greater for wet‐seeded (anaerobic) than for dry‐seeded rice (aerobic). Likewise, greater efficacy against Echinochloa crus‐galli (L.) was also observed under anaerobic conditions. These results indicate greater activity of oxadiargyl under anaerobic conditions, but that application pre‐sowing with subsequent flooding would reduce selectivity in wet‐seeded rice. The results are discussed in relation to rice production in Mediterranean agriculture.