草原黄鼠染色体研究

我们采用骨髓细胞直接制备染色体的方法，对草原黄鼠（Ｃｉｔｅｌｌｕｓｄａｕｒｉｃｕｓｐａｌｌａｓ）的染色体进行研究发现，草原黄鼠二倍体体细胞的染色体数除有国内外报道的２ｎ＝３６的个体外；还有２ｎ＝３７的个体；２ｎ＝３８的个体，２ｎ＝３７的个体１条不能配对染色体单体，其形态特殊，按其大小位于在第１３对和第１４对之间；２ｎ＝３８的个体，依据染色体的形态和大小确认为第１０对和第１３对为三体。另外还发现在草原黄鼠１７对染色体的短臂上有髓体清晰可见，而两条染色体上面体大小略有差异，我们的分析研究初步认为草原黄鼠染色体数目和形态的异常是环境诱变所致。     

The t(14;18) chromosome translocations involved in B-cell neoplasms result from mistakes in VDJ joining

In this study, the joining sequences between chromosomes 14 and 18 on the 14q+ chromosomes of a patient with pre-B-cell leukemia and four patients with follicular lymphoma carrying a t(14;18) chromosome translocation were analyzed. In each case, the involved segment of chromosome 18 has recombined with the immunoglobulin heavy-chain joining segment (JH) on chromosome 14. The sites of the recombination on chromosome 14 are located close to the 5' end of the involved JH segment, where the diversity (D) regions are rearranged with the JH segments in the production of active heavy-chain genes. As extraneous nucleotides (N regions) were observed at joining sites and specific signal-like sequences were detected on chromosome 18 in close proximity to the breakpoints, it is concluded that the t(14;18) chromosome translocation is the result of a mistake during the process of VDJ joining at the pre-B-cell stage of differentiation. The putative recombinase joins separated DNA segments on two different chromosomes instead of joining separated segments on the same chromosome, causing a t(14;18) chromosome translocation in the involved B cells.     

杀配子染色体及其在创制小麦族染色体易位系中的应用

山羊草属植物中的某些染色体,当其单体附加到小麦基因组时.能使带有该染色体的配子正常存活;而使无该染色体的配子发生染色体断裂,产生易位等染色体结构畸变.利用杀配子染色体创制易住系是将小麦近缘种属野生资源的优良性状转移给小麦的一个有效途径.介绍了杀配子染色体的类型、作用时期,并重点综述了利用杀配子染色体创制小麦族染色体易位系方面的研究进展.     

Chromosome number variation in a stick insect Didymuria violescens (Leach)

Seven major races, with diploid numbers ranging from 26 to 40, and three types of sex-chromosome mechanism were found in the Australian phasmatid Didymuria violescens (Leach). The differences between chromosome complements are mainly due to translocations between autosomes, and to translocations between autosomes and sex chromosomes. The geographic pattern of chromosome variation and the characteristics of hybrids implicate chromosomal rearrangements in mechanisms of speciation.     

Chromosome mapping in the mouse, fluorescence banding techniques permit assignment of most genetic linkage groups

Chromosome banding techniques have permitted the identification of every normal chromosome in the mouse, Mus musculus, and the demonstration of strain differences. By identifying the chromosomes involved in a series of translocations, it has been possible to assign 14 of the 19 known linkage groups to 14 different chromosomes. These powerful cytological methods promise to revolutionize cytogenetic studies in higher organisms.     

Development and Identification of Triticum aestivum L.-Thinopyrum bessarabicum L(o)ve Chromosome Translocations

With ass7istance of chromosome C-banding and genomic in situ hybridization(GISH)combined with meiotic analysis,five germplasms with homozygous wheat-Th. Bessarabicum chromosome translocations were developed and identified among BC1F5 progenies of the cross between T. Aestivum cv. Chinese Spring and Chinese Spring-Th. Bessarabicum amphiploid. These lines included Tj01 and Tj02(2n=44)containing a pair of wheat-Th. Bessarabicum translocation chromosomes besides a pair of added Th. Bessarabicum chromosomes,Tj03(2n=44)with a pair of added interspecific translocation chromosomes,Tj04(2n=44)containing a pair of interspecific translocation chromosomes besides an added pair of Th. Bessarabicum chromosome arms and Tj05(2n=46)containing a pair of interspecific translocation chromosomes besides two pairs of added intact alien chromosomes. The breakpoints of all the translocations were found to be not around centromere. Meanwhile,all the lines showed normal plant growth,development and fertility,while the translocation chromosomes transmitted regularly. The obtained translocations might be of use for transferring elite genes from Th. Bessarabicum into wheat.     

利用SLAF-seq技术开发十倍体长穗偃麦草专化分子标记

为开发长穗偃麦草(Thinopyrum ponticum)分子标记,以小偃68(西农)为试验材料,利用SLAF-seq技术获得9 667个小偃68外源染色体特异标签,筛选出823个长穗偃麦草专化分子标记。选取其中100个标记扩增20份小偃麦易位系,发现染色体构成相似的易位系具有相同的扩增结果,并得到小偃麦易位系的特异分子标记。应用这些标记可以快速检测长穗偃麦草遗传物质。     

普通小麦-百萨偃麦草染色体易位的选育与鉴定

 利用染色体C 分带、基因组原位杂交和花粉母细胞减数分裂分析的方法 ,从普通小麦中国春与中国春 百萨偃麦草双倍体回交BC1F5 代中选育出 5份纯合易位新种质 ,分别为 :含 1对易位染色体并添加 1对百萨偃麦草完整染色体的Tj0 1和Tj0 2 ;添加 1对易位染色体的Tj0 3 ;含 1对易位染色体并添加 1对百萨偃麦草某一染色体臂端着丝粒染色体的Tj0 4和含 1对易位染色体并添加 2对百萨偃麦草完整染色体的Tj0 5。这些易位染色体的易位断点均不在着丝粒处 ,能稳定传递 ,且所涉及的植株生长和结实均正常。推测在该回交后代中小麦与百萨偃麦草染色体之间发生了自发的部分同源重组 ,这将有利于百萨偃麦草优异基因向普通小麦的转移与利用     

Hu-ets-1 and Hu-ets-2 genes are transposed in acute leukemias with (4;11) and (8;21) translocations

Human probes identifying the cellular homologs of the v-ets gene, Hu-ets-1 and Hu-ets-2, and two panels of rodent-human cell hybrids were used to study specific translocations occurring in acute leukemias. The human ets-1 gene was found to translocate from chromosome 11 to 4 in the t(4;11)(q21;23), a translocation characteristic of a subtype of leukemia that represents the expansion of a myeloid/lymphoid precursor cell. Similarly, the human ets-2 gene was found to translocate from chromosome 21 to chromosome 8 in the t(8;21)(q22;q22), a nonrandom translocation commonly found in patients with acute myeloid leukemia with morphology M2 (AML-M2). Both translocations are associated with expression different from the expression in normal lymphoid cells of ets genes, raising the possibility that these genes play a role in the pathogenesis of these leukemias.     

Characterization of the supernumerary chromosome in cat eye syndrome

Most individuals with cat eye syndrome (CES) have a supernumerary bisatellited chromosome which, on the basis of cytogenetic evidence, has been reported to originate from either chromosome 13 or 22. To resolve this question, a single-copy DNA probe, D22S9, was isolated and localized to 22q11 by in situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes. The number of copies of this sequence was determined in CES patients by means of Southern blots and densitometry analysis of autoradiographs. In patients with the supernumerary chromosome, four copies were found, whereas in one patient with a duplication of part of chromosome 22, there were three copies. Therefore, the syndrome results from the presence of either three or four copies of DNA sequences from 22q11; there is no evidence that sequences from other chromosomes are involved. This work demonstrates how DNA sequence dosage analysis can be used to study genetic disorders that are not readily amenable to standard cytogenetic analysis.     

A common mechanism of chromosomal translocation in T- and B-cell neoplasia

The chromosomal breakpoint involved in the t(8;14)(q24;q11) chromosome translocation in the SKW-3 cell line, which directly involves the 3' flanking region of the c-myc gene, was cloned and sequenced. The breakpoint on chromosome 8 mapped to a position 3 kb 3' of c-myc while the chromosome 14 breakpoint occurred 36 kb 5' of the gene for the constant region of the alpha chain of the T-cell receptor (TCR). The translocation resulted in a precise rearrangement of sequences on chromosome 8 and what appears to be a functional J alpha segment on chromosome 14. Signal sequences for V-J joining occurred at the breakpoint positions on both chromosomes 14 and 8, suggesting that the translocation occurs during TCR gene rearrangement and that it is catalyzed by the enzymatic systems involved in V-J joining reactions. The involvement of c-myc in the translocation and the association of joining signals at the breakpoints provides a parallel to the situation observed in the translocations involving c-myc and the immunoglobulin loci in B-cell neoplasms and suggests that common mechanisms of translocation and oncogene deregulation are involved in B- and T-cell malignancies.     

Two NF1 translocations map within a 600-kilobase segment of 17q11.2

Balanced translocations, each involving chromosome 17q11.2, have been described in two patients with von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF1). To better localize the end points of these translocation events, and the NF1 gene (NF1) itself, human cosmids were isolated and mapped in the immediate vicinity of NF1. One cosmid probe, c11-1F10, demonstrated that both translocation breakpoints, and presumably NF1, are contained within a 600-kilobase Nru I fragment.     

绿豆根尖染色体的G显带

用风油精法在绿豆根尖细胞染色体上显示出了Ｇ带,其带纹数目随染色体浓缩程度而变化,以早中期和早后期的Ｇ带较为清晰,同源染色体带纹的数目、大小和分布基本一致,本文还讨论了风油精在Ｇ带诱导中的作用机制。     

青花菜染色体制片技术及核型分析

以青花菜为材料,筛选染色体制片流程,采用常规压片法制片,并进行核型分析.结果表明:根尖长度为13～15 mm时,中期分裂相最多;在4种预处理中,0002 mol·L-1 8-羟基喹啉预处理25 h效果最好;青花菜染色体数为2n=18,核型公式为:2n=2x=18=8m+10sm(2SAT),其中第1、2、5、6、9对为近中着丝粒染色体(sm),第6对染色体具有随体,第3、4、7、8对为中着丝粒染色体(m).青花菜染色体的相对长度变化范围为(905%±056%)～(1363%±006%),相对长度组成为2n=18=8M2+10M1.着丝粒指数变化范围为(3213%±337%)～(4223%±157%),臂指数为18.核型分类标准为2A型,属于基本对称核型.     

三种百合科植物的染色体核型分析

本文报道了产于浙江和安徽的三种百合科(Liliaceae)植物的染色体数目和核型:天门冬Asparagus Cochinchinensis,2n=20(2X)=8m 12sm;萱草Hemerocallis fulva,2n=33(3x)=21m 6sm 3st十3t和多叶韭Allium plurifoliatum,2n=32(4X)=24 m 8 sm。并讨论了它们的核型特点及与近缘种的关系,其中天门冬和多叶韭的核型为节一次报道。     

3个黄牛品种染色体的G带模式图研究

对秦川牛、岭南牛、西镇牛的染色体进行了 G带研究 ,结果表明 ,这 3个黄牛品种除 Y染色体以外的所有染色体对 ,其 G带带型基本一致。每对染色体都有其独有的带纹特征 ,可用于识别牛的每条染色体。Y染色体有中部 (或亚中部 )和近端着丝粒染色体。根据 3个黄牛品种 G带带型的共同特点 ,对其染色体带型进行了描述、分区和命名 ,并绘制了牛 86个区 354条带的 G带模式图     

金丝小枣组培试管苗核型的研究

对整段休眠芽及愈伤组织分化的丛芽不同来源的两类试管苗进行了核型分析。结果表明，它们的染色体数目以及染色体的绝对长度、相对长度、臂比和类型基本相同，未发生细胞遗传上的差异。因此，在组培快速繁殖中可作同一类材料利用。     

基于RNA-seq的百萨偃麦草染色体特异分子标记开发与应用

【目的】百萨偃麦草（Thinopyrum bessarabicum Löve, 2n = 2x = 14, JJ或E^bE^b）是小麦改良的重要亲缘物种,开发染色体特异分子标记对于加快其有利基因向小麦中的转移和应用有重要意义。【方法】利用百萨偃麦草分蘖期叶片RNA-seq获得的EST序列与节节麦D基因组序列进行比对,鉴定出4 957条没有相似性的序列作为筛选百萨偃麦草特异序列的基础序列。从这些基础序列中随机选择部分序列设计EST-PCR引物507对,通过在普通小麦中国春、百萨偃麦草和中国春-百萨偃麦草双二倍体中的扩增分析,筛选出百萨偃麦草基因组特异标记,然后在已经选育出的8个小麦-百萨偃麦草异染色体系中进行染色体定位,并探讨这些标记在小麦染色体工程中的应用潜力;根据谷类作物的共线性,以百萨偃麦草EST序列设计共线性引物100对,并比较这些引物的扩增和定位结果。【结果】在开发的507对引物中,204对（40.2%）在百萨偃麦草和中国春-百萨偃麦草双二倍体中具有特异扩增,多态率远高于利用小麦（12%）和百萨偃麦草（14%）EST设计的234对共线性引物产生的多态率,建立了高效开发小麦亲缘物种特异标记的新方法;利用8个中国春-百萨偃麦草异染色体系,共定位了198个百萨偃麦草特异标记,分别位于染色体1J（31）、2JS（15）、2JL（26）、3JS（20）、4JS（12）、4JL（12）、5J（27）、6JS（13）、6JL（22）和7JS（20）,其中189个是根据百萨偃麦草转录组序列设计;利用定位于1J和6J的特异标记确定了4个易位系的染色体身份,其中1个涉及1J的大片段易位,2个涉及6JS的不同区段易位,1个为小片段中间插入易位;利用这些易位系,将30个1J和12个6J特异标记分别定位于2个物理区段。【结论】通过RNA-seq结合与小麦基因组序列比对可以获得小麦亲缘物种相对特异的EST序列并据此开发引物,建立了开发外源染色体特异标记的新方法,开发的标记可应用于小麦异易位系鉴定和缺失物理图谱的绘制。     

Physical mapping of a translocation breakpoint in neurofibromatosis

The gene for von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF1), one of the most common autosomal-dominant disorders of humans, was recently mapped to chromosome 17 by linkage analysis. The identification of two NF1 patients with balanced translocations that involved chromosome 17q11.2 suggests that the disease can arise by gross rearrangement of the NF1 locus, and that the NF1 gene might be identified by cloning the region around these translocation breakpoints. To further define the region of these translocations, a series of chromosome 17 Not I-linking clones has been mapped to proximal 17q and studied by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. One clone, 17L1 (D17S133), clearly identifies the breakpoint in an NF1 patient with a t(1;17) translocation. A 2.3-megabase pulsed-field map of this region was constructed and indicates that the NF1 breakpoint is only 10 to 240 kilobases away from 17L1. This finding prepares the way for the cloning of NF1.