基于RZWQM2模型的农田排水暗管优化布置研究

【目的】研究河套灌区葵花种植区暗管排水条件下农田土壤水分变化状态,探求当地适宜的农田排水暗管布置和控制排水方案。【方法】基于2018—2020年田间试验数据,对RZWQM2模型进行率定和验证,并利用该模型对不同排水暗管布置方案(同一间距不同埋深和同一埋深不同间距)和控制排水方案(不同时期不同排水口深度)下的土壤水分运移和作物生长情况进行数值模拟。【结果】(1)模型率定和验证阶段,砂土层土壤含水率RMSE为0.049～0.065 cm3/cm3,其余土层土壤含水率RMSE为0.012～0.037 cm3/cm3,累计排水量和产量MRE分别在5.88%和3.40%以下,地下水位、1 m土层土壤储水量和叶面积指数R2分别在0.798、0.817和0.912以上;(2)以现有排水暗管埋深1.5 m、间距45 m为基础,模拟得到采用埋深1.4 m、间距45 m的布置方案其地下水位抬高5.2 cm、排水量减少40.0%、增产85.3 kg/hm2;(3)采用雨季1.5 m、非雨季1.2 m排水口深度的控制排水方案,地下水位抬高2.2 cm、排水量减少46.0%、增产66.4 kg/hm2。【结论】RZWQM2模型能较好模拟排水条件下葵花种植区农田土壤水分变化,研究区推荐采用1.4 m埋深、45 m间距的排水暗管布置方案,在现有布置下雨季1.5 m、非雨季1.2 m的控制排水方案较为合适。     

淮北平原区基于大沟蓄水技术的农田水资源调控模式

通过在安徽淮北平原的大田原型试验,分析了利用农田排水大沟进行控制蓄水的可行性及其对地表径流、地下水和土壤水的调控效果,提出了平原区依托大沟控制蓄水的农田水资源调控系统成套技术参数和模式。结果表明,单位长度大沟年调蓄水量为1.9×104m3/km左右,其影响范围内的农田地下水位较无控制大沟平均抬高约0.3~0.5 m,每年可增加作物对地下水的直接利用量50~80 mm,区域年农田水资源调控总量110 mm左右,约占当地年均降雨量的13%;只要控制合理、管理得当,不会因此而影响排水系统对农田涝渍的有效控制或降低原有排水工程的除涝降渍标准。以大沟控制蓄水进行农田水资源调控这一技术模式,是适合淮北平原区特点的解决水资源短缺和改善农田生态环境、调控区域水资源时空合理分布的有效途径。     

稻麦轮作高标准农田控制排水对排水与氮素输出削减效果模拟

稻麦轮作区高标准农田建设中,通过加深排水沟提高麦作期农田排水降渍能力的同时,加大稻作期农田排水输出,不仅降低了水资源利用效率,而且加重了接纳水体的污染。本文基于江苏省扬州市沿运灌区稻麦轮作农田排水水文水质过程的监测结果,利用田间水文模型（DRAINMOD）模拟了长序列气象条件下,灌区提高农田降渍能力对稻田排水、氮素流失及灌溉需求的负面影响以及控制排水措施的积极效果。结果表明,在节水灌溉模式下,研究区排水沟深度由现状的60cm加深至120cm,排水间距由120m加密至20m时,稻作期排水量与总氮（TN）输出负荷增加9.0%～22.2%、氨氮（NH3N）输出负荷增加4.0%～16.8%、灌溉用水量增加9.6%～23.4%。若结合田间管理要求,实施控制排水则可有效缓解提高农田降渍能力造成的负面影响;当排水沟深为120cm,间距为120～20m时,稻作期控制排水可使排水量和TN输出负荷减少19.3%～35.3%、NH3N输出负荷减少7.6%～27.2%、灌溉用水量减少22.9%～40.0%。由于控制排水降低了地下排水梯度,相较于传统排水,农沟从60cm加深至120cm时,地下排水平均占比降至50.7%,灌溉用水量相应减少。综上,稻麦轮作农田控制排水具有显著的节水减排作用,可有效降低高标准农田建设中提高降渍能力所产生的负面影响。研究成果可为稻麦轮作区高标准农田建设与水环境保护提供理论依据与技术支撑。     

基于湿地和生态沟处理的稻田排水水质模拟

由于化肥、农药的过量施用,加之传统的淹灌稻田排水量大,导致随稻田排水流失的污染物量大,加剧了农田面源污染,因此,在农田排水的设计中不仅要控制涝渍危害,也要控制排水中的水质。【目的】减轻农田排水对下游及承泄区造成的污染。【方法】以湖北省襄阳老河口市仙人渡镇的新增粮食生产能力项目区为对象,以生态排水沟和人工湿地作为稻田排水水质处理的手段,以总氮作为排水水质控制指标,建立了生态排水沟和人工湿地的水质模拟模型,选定不同的生态沟和人工湿地的组合方案进行了水质模拟。【结果】采用生态沟和人工湿地共同作用的排水系统在满足传统除涝排渍要求的条件下,可以有效地削减稻田排水中的总氮;人工湿地布置在干沟出口时的水质净化效果最好。采用"等效替代法"计算了生态沟和现有湿地、新建人工湿地对水质净化效果的等效性,结果表明,就处理水质的效果而言,当水平投影面积相同时,干沟出口的湿地效果最好,其次是与排水沟相连的现有湿地,最后是排水沟,三者的面积等效比为1∶8.4∶938.5;优选方案中生态沟、现有湿地和新建人工湿地对水质净化的贡献率分别为2.9%、30.3%和66.8%。生态排水沟的纵坡、糙率在设计范围内(坡度在1/2 000~1/5 000之间、糙率在0.025~0.04之间)变化时,对于水质处理效果几乎没有影响。【结论】考虑单一净化水质的目标时,将现有湿地改造为耕地,同时在排水系统出口处新建人工湿地更节约土地。     

系统辨识技术在农田排水系统中的应用

本文根据安徽淮北砂姜黑土区农田排水试验资料,采用系统辨识技术,建立农田排水系统的NDDMLPADS模型,模型通用性好,使用方便,为不同排水方式和工程规格条件下,进行农田地下水位动态模拟提供了一个新途径。     

基于PSO-GRA耦合决策的排水沟系统多目标规划模型

排水沟系统承担排水蓄涝、环境保护等效能,多目标排水沟系统规划具有十分重要的现实意义。综合考虑工程费用、减污与产量效应构建排水沟系统多目标规划模型,运用粒子群算法(PSO)生成规划方案非劣解集,并耦合灰色关联投影法(GRA)优选非劣解集进行方案决策,将模型应用于上海松江高标准农田稻作区规划排水沟系统。结果显示,稻作区优选规划方案推荐排水历时5 d,农沟与支沟沟深1.3、1.7 m,间距77、270 m,优化水面率7.64%。与传统单目标规划方案相比,设计降水条件下,增加滞涝水量648.5 m~3/hm~2,总氮的单位面积削减能力4.22 kg/hm~2,削减率增加28.1%,水稻相对产量96.2%。该模型能客观权衡多目标的矛盾性进行科学决策。     

提高小麦单产的田间排水暗管规格模拟

改进内蒙古河套灌区田间排水系统的规格对灌区提升作物产量和保障粮食生产有重要现实意义,因此,在河套灌区对所构建的分布式SWAP-WOFOST模型进行了参数率定和验证,然后,对2000—2010年灌区春小麦种植条件下适宜的田间排水暗管规格进行探讨,并模拟评价了该条件下作物产量和水分生产力(WP)的时空分布特征。结果表明,所构建的分布式模型在河套灌区具有较高的适应性。春小麦种植条件下,灌区大部分耕地面积推荐采用田间排水暗管的规格为间距100.0m或75.0m,埋深为2.5m。相比现有排水系统,采用推荐的排水暗管规格,春小麦多年平均作物产量提高了18.5%,多年平均WP提高5.2%。研究结果为进一步改进灌区田间排水系统的效果提供了一定的参考。     

农田暗管-明沟组合排水系统布设参数计算与设计软件编程

暗管排水是高地下水埋深地区农田排水的主要方式之一。【目的】确定农田暗管-明沟组合排水系统的布设参数。【方法】根据农田排水理论,建立了农田暗管-明沟组合排水系统布设参数计算模型及其C#语言编程。【结果】在题设条件下,考虑地下水蒸发影响时的吸水管间距比不考虑其影响可增大2.9%~17.3%;吸水管间距由15 m增大到25 m时,地下水埋深降深减小24.7%~27.5%;当吸水管埋深由1.5 m增加到2.0 m时,地下水埋深降深可增大34.8%。计算结果与相关算例的最大相对差异小于1.2%,运行速度快,在5 s内可以完成计算过程,适用于不同土壤质地、地下水埋深、地下水蒸发条件和作物种植条件。【结论】设计的软件减轻了农田水利工程基层设计人员的工作量,可以进一步推广。     

基于机械收割要求的稻麦轮作农田暗管排水布局模拟

南方稻麦轮作区现有明沟排水系统影响农业机械作业效率,不利于农业现代化发展;建设暗管排水系统可提高土地利用率和农业生产效率。以江苏省扬州市江都区昭关灌区为例,用农田排水模型-DRAINMOD分析了稻麦轮作农田暗管排水系统布置方案。模拟结果表明:作物收获期机械作业天数受暗管埋深和埋设间距的影响,随着埋深的减小和间距的增大,机械作业天数逐渐减小;在相同保证率和目标水位埋深要求下,水稻收获期的机械作业天数相对小麦收获期更易受降雨的影响。在水稻收获期,当暗管埋深为80～100 cm,满足大型机械90%、95%作业保证率的最大暗管间距分别为:26.0～32.0 m、14.0～21.0 m;满足小型机械90%、95%作业保证率的最大暗管间距分别为:26.5～33.5 m、18.0～23.0 m。研究成果可为类似地区基于机械收割要求的农田暗管排水系统设计提供理论参考。     

水田控制排水技术的环境效益初探

稻田排水是南方地区氮磷损失和面源污染的主要途径。农田氮磷通过降雨击溅侵蚀、排水沟坡面和沟底冲刷进入地表径流。控制排水可减少地面排水量和排水中氮磷浓度,尤其是降低径流中氮磷浓度,从而减少稻田氮磷损失。土壤颗粒沉淀、硝化、反硝化反应以及作物吸收是排水中氮磷浓度降低的主要原因。通过控制涝水在稻田和排水沟中的滞留时间,增加排水沟口溢流堰高度,降低径流水力坡度和抉沙能力是控制排水的主要手段。最后提出了稻田控制排水需要进一步研究的问题。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。