不同灌溉制度对南疆棉田水盐分布及作物生长的影响

【目的】探究不同春灌策略下膜下滴灌棉田生育期适宜灌溉定额。【方法】通过大田小区试验,设计播前滴水春灌(春灌量90 mm)和常规春灌(春灌量180 mm)2种春灌模式,每种模式下在棉花生育期设计3种灌水定额(W1:30 mm、W2:37.5 mm、W3:45 mm)处理,研究春灌模式与灌水定额对膜下滴灌棉田土壤水盐动态变化、棉花生长、干物质积累、产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】与常规春灌相比,滴水春灌能够保证棉花苗期出苗所需的土壤水分,且能显著提高生育期0～80 cm土层的土壤含水率;与苗期相比,滴水春灌棉花生育期0～40 cm土层出现积盐区,蕾期和花铃期0～40 cm土层电导率分别增加了7.84%和8.75%,滴水春灌生育期末0～100 cm土层土壤电导率较常规春灌增加8.37%;不同灌水定额下0～100 cm土层土壤电导率均呈增加趋势,但随着灌水定额的增加土壤剖面电导率显著降低,W1、W2、W3处理积盐率分别为30.11%、12.12%和11.11%;随着灌水定额的增加,株高和茎粗显著提升,干物质积累量明显增加,产量增加,而灌溉水利用效率(WUEI)减小,水分利用效率(WUEET)...     

棉花膜下常压滴灌春播应注意的几个问题

<正>要使棉花膜下常压软管滴灌春季正常播种、滴水,应注意以下几方面的问题。 (1)整地必须达到齐、平、松、碎、净标准,否则,播种困难,质量差、速度慢。 (2)无论在哪种地块上播种,铺膜机必须配带覆盖滚筒,将膜孔封好(干播湿出地块,播种时均不     

储水灌溉及覆膜对土壤水分及小麦出苗的影响

对不同储水灌溉定额和覆膜时期的研究结果表明,储水灌溉可增加0～120cm土层土壤贮水量,适度降低储水灌溉定额,对播种期和出苗期0～10cm土层土壤含水率影响不明显,头水期0～40cm土层土壤含水率与对照之间的差异不显著,春小麦出苗率提高;及早覆膜,有利于提高播种期和出苗期0～10cm土层、头水期0～40cm土层土壤含水率,以及播种至三叶期0～25cm土层地温。春小麦全膜覆土穴播栽培的适宜储水灌溉定额为600m3/hm2,覆膜时期为储水灌溉前覆膜,与对照相比,播种期及出苗期0～10cm土层土壤含水率分别提高7.36%和8.29%,头水期0～40cm土层土壤含水率提高2.78%,基本苗及出苗率分别增加26.34万株/hm2和5.44%,节水900m3/hm2。     

南疆膜下滴灌棉田土壤温度时空变化规律研究

为了研究南疆免冬春灌“干播湿出”膜下滴灌棉花生育期土壤温度时空变化特征,测定了棉花宽行、窄行和膜间不同深度(地表下5、10、15、20、30、40、60 cm)土壤温度的变化情况。试验结果表明:浅层土壤温度受气温影响变化剧烈程度高于深层,太阳辐射变化对40 cm以下土壤温度日变化影响微弱,地膜覆盖可明显提高棉花播种-出苗阶段浅层土壤温度,具有增温效应,增温效应为宽行窄行膜间;蕾期和花铃期具有平抑土壤温度变化的作用;而在吐絮期后地膜覆盖出现保温效应。各层土壤日均地温均与气温呈线性关系。     

沙封膜孔对盐碱地土壤及向日葵幼苗生长的影响

为了提高河套灌区盐碱地向日葵的出苗率和存活率,试验采用了沙封膜孔,土封膜孔和常规种植三种种植方式。在向日葵的播种前、出苗期和幼苗期分别监测不同处理0～100cm的土壤水分、盐分及向日葵出苗率和幼苗生长状况。结果表明：在向日葵播种前,不同处理土壤含水率、土壤盐分均无差异,在出苗期和幼苗期出现差异且幼苗期差异更显著。在幼苗期沙封膜孔较常规种植在0～10 cm 土层土壤含水率降低了15.79%,土壤盐分降低了23.13%,在10～20 cm 土层土壤含水率降低了14.51%,土壤盐分降低了26.19%,沙封膜孔较土封膜孔在0～10 cm 土层土壤含水率降低了9.1%,土壤盐分降低了6.61%,在10～20 cm 土层土壤含水率降低了6.78%,土壤盐分降低了11.43%,在大于40 cm土层以下的土壤含水率和盐分基本保持一致,没有差异。沙封膜孔的出苗率和存活率较常规种植,分别提高了23.42%和20.96%。沙封膜孔促进向日葵幼苗的生长,株高、茎粗、根系深度和幅度都有不同程度的增加,地上部分和地下部分的生物量显著增加。河套灌区盐碱地地膜采用沙封膜孔种植,可降低土壤含水率,阻碍土壤盐分表聚,提高了向日葵出苗率和存活率。     

棉花膜下滴灌干播湿出土壤水盐变化与耗水规律试验研究

新疆南疆每年冬春灌需要消耗大量水资源,为了探索棉花生育期节水控盐滴灌技术,通过田间试验,对干播湿出膜下滴灌棉田在284、339、369和399mm灌溉定额下土壤水盐、棉花耗水规律和产量效应进行初步研究,研究表明：免冬春灌使棉田土壤盐分主要积累在0～30cm之间;干播湿出可满足棉花出苗要求的土壤水盐环境;棉花生育期内284mm灌溉定额土壤处于积盐状态,339、369和399mm灌溉定额土壤处于脱盐状态;棉花生育期耗水峰值出现在7月30日-8月20日（播后93～113d）之间;免冬春灌棉花滴灌定额369mm以上可获得较高籽棉产量。研究结果可为干旱区棉田少、免冬春灌棉花膜下滴灌水盐调控技术提供参考。     

干旱区不同灌溉方式下棉田土壤水盐调控研究

针对节水灌溉下的土壤次生盐渍化问题,以新疆孔雀河流域为例,开展了地面灌溉与膜下滴灌条件下水盐调控组合灌溉试验,结果表明:一管四行布置方式下,滴灌前后土壤含水率变化明显,其中40cm以上土层含水量增加较多,40cm以下则变化不大,土壤电导率在灌溉后有不同程度下降;一管两行布置方式下,灌溉后土壤盐分进行重分布,表层20cm土壤电导率明显下降,20~40cm则出现上升,表明低灌溉量下,盐分在表层运移,而深层盐分则不受影响;冬灌没有显著增加土壤含水量,仍需在次年播种前进行灌溉或者干播湿出;春灌洗盐增墒效果显著,避免了土壤的无效蒸发与返盐,但对土壤温度及作物播种有一定影响。研究结果为实现棉田土壤次生盐渍化调控以及干旱区水土资源的可持续利用提供了重要参考。     

免耕播种机在干湿土壤条件下的性能对比试验

免耕播种到干燥的土壤中(在灌溉前)的作物与免耕播种在潮湿土壤中相比,节省了大量的时间。播种到干燥的土壤中会缩短作物的收获期。在干土壤条件下,免耕播种的关键是种子播种精度,对免耕播种机的种子播种精度的研究很少。针对玉米、棉花在干湿土壤件下研究双圆盘式开沟器的免耕播种机的性能。并对大豆、小麦在两种不同残茬量的土壤进行了试验。测定平均出苗时间、出苗率、重播指数、漏播指数、播种均匀度和播深均匀度。湿土中的免耕播种推迟所有作物的出苗时间,增加玉米和大豆的出苗百分比。大豆植株出现在干土壤条件下的百分比相对较低,因此本研究中使用免耕播种机将大豆播种到干粉质粘土壤土的效果较差。湿土和残茬量较少的播深均匀性优于干土壤和全残茬量地。研究结果同时表明,将玉米和棉花播种到干湿土壤中,大豆播种到湿土中,有一个可接受的变异性范围。     

棉花双膜覆盖技术在粘土地的推广应用

<正>1双膜覆盖精量播种机引进应用双膜覆盖技术引进,对早春属干旱风多、雨少、气温多变的184团植棉风险区来说,是实现棉花早播早发出全苗重要措施之一。它的引进和推广解决了我团因粘土板结造成的出苗困难的问题。2005年我团将一台2BMJ-12气吸式精量播种机改制双膜覆盖播种机,当年进行了实验,出苗率达93%。     

干播湿出对向日葵生长发育及苗期地温的影响

为了探索河套灌区向日葵干播湿出技术,通过田间试验,研究了免冬春灌干播湿出和春灌+膜下滴灌对向日葵株高、茎粗、生物量的影响,同时在田间定位监测了不同土层土壤温度。结果表明,干播湿出可促进向日葵根系生长,提高地下部生物量;苗期,干播湿出较春灌+膜下滴灌不同土层(5、10、20和40cm)土壤日平均温度分别增加了0.74、0.66、0.46和0.44℃;而且干播湿出较春灌+滴灌节水600m~3/hm~2。可见干播湿出膜下滴灌具有节水和提高土壤温度的作用。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。