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1.
Metapopulation models are frequently used for analysing species–landscape interactions and their effect on structure and dynamic
of populations in fragmented landscapes. They especially support a better understanding of the viability of metapopulations.
In such models, the processes determining metapopulation viability are often modelled in a simple way. Animals’ dispersal
between habitat fragments is mostly taken into account by using a simple dispersal function that assumes the underlying process
of dispersal to be random movement. Species-specific dispersal behaviour such as a systematic search for habitat patches is
likely to influence the viability of a metapopulation. Using a model for metapopulation viability analysis, we investigate
whether such specific dispersal behaviour affects the predictions of ranking orders among alternative landscape configurations
rated regarding their ability to carry viable metapopulations. To incorporate dispersal behaviour in the model, we use a submodel
for the colonisation rates which allows different movement patterns to be considered (uncorrelated random walk, correlated
random walk with various degrees of correlation, and loops). For each movement pattern, the landscape order is determined
by comparing the resulting mean metapopulation lifetime Tm of different landscape configurations. Results show that landscape orders can change considerably between different movement
patterns. We analyse whether and under what circumstances dispersal behaviour influences the ranking orders of landscapes.
We find that the ‘competition between patches for migrants’ – i.e. the fact that dispersers immigrating into one patch are
not longer available as colonisers for other patches – is an important factor driving the change in landscape ranks. The implications
of our results for metapopulation modelling, planning and conservation are discussed. 相似文献
2.
Roland F. Graf Stephanie Kramer-Schadt Néstor Fernández Volker Grimm 《Landscape Ecology》2007,22(6):853-866
Inter-patch connectivity can be strongly influenced by topography and matrix heterogeneity, particularly when dealing with
species with high cognitive abilities. To estimate dispersal in such systems, simulation models need to incorporate a behavioral
component of matrix effects to result in more realistic connectivity measures. Inter-patch dispersal is important for the
persistence of capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) in central Europe, where this endangered grouse species lives in patchy populations embedded in a mountainous landscape.
We simulated capercaillie movements with an individual-based, spatially explicit dispersal model (IBM) and compared the resulting
connectivity measure with distance and an expert estimation. We used a landscape comprising discrete habitat patches, temporary
habitat, non-habitat forests, and non-habitat open land. First, we assumed that dispersing individuals have perfect knowledge
of habitat cells within the perceptual range (null model). Then, we included constraints to perception and accessibility,
i.e., mountain chains, open area and valleys (three sub-models). In a full model, all sub-models were included at once. Correlations
between the different connectivity measures were high (Spearman’s ρ > 0.7) and connectivity based on the full IBM was closer
to expert estimation than distance. For selected cases, simple distance differed strongly from the full IBM measure and the
expert estimation. Connectivity based on the IBM was strongly sensitive to the size of perceptual range with higher sensitivity
for the null model compared to the full model that included context dependent perceptual ranges. Our heuristic approach is
adequate for simulating movements of species with high cognitive abilities in strongly structured landscapes that influence
perception and permeability. 相似文献
3.
Animal movements and population dynamics in heterogeneous landscapes 总被引:14,自引:1,他引:14
Organisms respond to environmental heterogeneity at different scales and in different ways. These differences are consequences
of how the movement characteristics of animals—their movement rates, directionality, turning frequencies, and turning angles—interact
with patch and boundary features in landscape mosaics. The interactions of movement patterns with landscape features in turn
produce spatial patterns in individual space-use, population dynamics and dispersion, gene flow, and the redistribution of
nutrients and other materials. We describe several theoretical approaches for modeling the diffusion, foraging behavior, and
population dynamics of animals in heterogeneous landscapes, including: (1) scaling relationships derived from percolation
theory and fractal geometry, (2) extensions of traditional patch-based metapopulation models, and (3) individual-based, spatially
explicit models governed by local rules. We conclude by emphasizing the need to couple theoretical models with empirical studies
and the usefulness of ‘microlandscape’ investigations. 相似文献
4.
Thomas Broquet Nicolas Ray Eric Petit John M. Fryxell Françoise Burel 《Landscape Ecology》2006,21(6):877-889
Empirical studies of landscape connectivity are limited by the difficulty of directly measuring animal movement. ‘Indirect’
approaches involving genetic analyses provide a complementary tool to ‘direct’ methods such as capture–recapture or radio-tracking.
Here the effect of landscape on dispersal was investigated in a forest-dwelling species, the American marten (Martes americana) using the genetic model of isolation by distance (IBD). This model assumes isotropic dispersal in a homogeneous environment
and is characterized by increasing genetic differentiation among individuals separated by increasing geographic distances.
The effect of landscape features on this genetic pattern was used to test for a departure from spatially homogeneous dispersal.
This study was conducted on two populations in homogeneous vs. heterogeneous habitat in a harvested boreal forest in Ontario
(Canada). A pattern of IBD was evidenced in the homogeneous landscape whereas no such pattern was found in the near-by harvested
forest. To test whether landscape structure may be accountable for this difference, we used effective distances that take
into account the effect of landscape features on marten movement instead of Euclidean distances in the model of isolation
by distance. Effective distances computed using least-cost modeling were better correlated to genetic distances in both landscapes,
thereby showing that the interaction between landscape features and dispersal in Martes americana may be detected through individual-based analyses of spatial genetic structure. However, the simplifying assumptions of genetic
models and the low proportions in genetic differentiation explained by these models may limit their utility in quantifying
the effect of landscape structure. 相似文献
5.
Graph-based analysis is a promising approach for analyzing the functional and structural connectivity of landscapes. In human-shaped
landscapes, species have become vulnerable to land degradation and connectivity loss between habitat patches. Movement across
the landscape is a key process for species survival that needs to be further investigated for heterogeneous human-dominated
landscapes. The common frog (Rana temporaria) was used as a case study to explore and provide a graph connectivity analysis framework that integrates habitat suitability
and dispersal responses to landscape permeability. The main habitat patches influencing habitat availability and connectivity
were highlighted by using the software Conefor Sensinode 2.2. One of the main advantages of the presented graph-theoretical
approach is its ability to provide a large choice of variables to be used based on the study’s assumptions and knowledge about
target species. Based on dispersal simulation modelling in potential suitable habitat corridors, three distinct patterns of
nodes connections of differing importance were revealed. These patterns are locally influenced by anthropogenic barriers,
landscape permeability, and habitat suitability. And they are affected by different suitability and availability gradients
to maximize the best possible settlement by the common frog within a terrestrial habitat continuum. The study determined the
key role of landscape-based approaches for identifying the “availability-suitability-connectivity” patterns from a local to
regional approach to provide an operational tool for landscape planning. 相似文献
6.
Bradley J. Cosentino Robert L. Schooley Christopher A. Phillips 《Landscape Ecology》2011,26(3):371-379
Knowledge of how habitat heterogeneity affects dispersal is critical for conserving connectivity in current and changing landscapes.
However, we generally lack an understanding of how dispersal costs and animal movements vary among crops characteristic of
agroecosystems. We hypothesized that a physiological constraint, desiccation risk, influences movement behavior among crops
and other matrix habitats (corn, soybean, forest, prairie) in Ambystoma tigrinum (tiger salamander) in Illinois, USA. In a desiccation experiment, salamanders were added to enclosures in four replicate
plots of each matrix habitat, and water loss was measured every 12 h for 48 h. Changes in water loss were examined using a
linear mixed model. Water loss varied among treatments, over time, and there was a significant treatment-time interaction.
Water loss was greater in corn and prairie than in forest and soybean. To assess whether salamanders move through matrix habitats
that minimize desiccation, we tracked movements of individuals released on edges between habitats for two treatment combinations:
soybean–corn, and soybean–prairie. As predicted based on our desiccation experiment, movements were oriented towards soybean
in both cases. Thus, variation in desiccation risk among matrix habitats likely influenced movement decisions by salamanders,
although other factors such as predation risk could have contributed to habitat choice. We argue that conceptualizing dispersal
cost as uniformly high in all crop types is too simplistic. Estimating crop-specific dispersal costs and movement patterns
may be necessary for constructing effective measures of landscape connectivity in agroecosystems. 相似文献
7.
Individual movement is a key process affecting the distribution of animals in heterogeneous landscapes. For specialist species in patchy habitat, a central issue is how dispersal distances are related to landscape structure. We compared dispersal distances for cactus bugs (Chelinidea vittiger) on two naturally fragmented landscapes (≤ 4% suitable habitat) with different matrix structures (i.e., vegetation height of nonsuitable habitat between suitable patches). Using mark-release-recapture studies, we determined that most transfers between cactus patches occurred during the mating season. Dispersal distances were reduced by > 50% on the landscape that had reduced structural connectivity due to relatively high matrix structure and low patch density. An experiment with detailed movement pathways demonstrated that greater matrix structure decreased mean step lengths, reduced directionality, and thus decreased net displacement by > 60%. However, habitat edges between two matrix elements that differed substantially in resistance to movement were completely permeable. Therefore, the difference in distributions of dispersal distances between the two landscapes mainly reflected the average resistance of matrix habitat and not the level of matrix heterogeneity per se. Our study highlights the merits of combining estimates of dispersal distances with insights on mechanisms from detailed movement pathways, and emphasizes the difficulty of treating dispersal distances of species as fixed traits independent of landscape structure. 相似文献
8.
Habitat fragmentation is expected to disrupt dispersal, and thus we explored how patch metrics of landscape structure, such as percolation thresholds used to define landscape connectivity, corresponded with dispersal success on neutral landscapes. We simulated dispersal as either a purely random process (random direction and random step lengths) or as an area-limited random walk (random direction, but movement limited to an adjacent cell at each dispersal step) and quantified dispersal success for 1000 individuals on random and fractal landscape maps across a range of habitat abundance and fragmentation. Dispersal success increased with the number of cells a disperser could search (m), but poor dispersers (m<5) searching via area-limited dispersal on fractal landscapes were more successful at locating suitable habitat than random dispersers on either random or fractal landscapes. Dispersal success was enhanced on fractal landscapes relative to random ones because of the greater spatial contagion of habitat. Dispersal success decreased proportionate to habitat loss for poor dispersers (m=1) on random landscapes, but exhibited an abrupt threshold at low levels of habitat abundance (p<0.1) for area-limited dispersers (m<10) on fractal landscapes. Conventional metrics of patch structure, including percolation, did not exhibit threshold behavior in the region of the dispersal threshold. A lacunarity analysis of the gap structure of landscape patterns, however, revealed a strong threshold in the variability of gap sizes at low levels of habitat abundance (p<0.1) in fractal landscapes, the same region in which abrupt declines in dispersal success were observed. The interpatch distances or gaps across which dispersers must move in search of suitable habitat should influence dispersal success, and our results suggest that there is a critical gap-size structure to fractal landscapes that interferes with the ability of dispersers to locate suitable habitat when habitat is rare. We suggest that the gap structure of landscapes is a more important determinant of dispersal than patch structure, although both are ultimately required to predict the ecological consequences of habitat fragmentation. 相似文献
9.
10.
Modeling patch occupancy: Relative performance of ecologically scaled landscape indices 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
In fragmented landscapes, the likelihood that a species occupies a particular habitat patch is thought to be a function of
both patch area and patch isolation. Ecologically scaled landscape indices (ESLIs) combine a species’ ecological profile,
i.e., area requirements and dispersal ability, with indices of patch area and connectivity. Since their introduction, ESLIs
for area have been modified to incorporate patch quality. ESLIs for connectivity have been modified to incorporate niche breadth,
which may influence a species’ ease in crossing the non-habitat matrix between patches. We evaluated the ability of 4 ESLIs,
the original and modified indices of area and connectivity, to explain patterns in patch occupancy of 5 forest rodents. Occupancy
of eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsconicus), fox squirrels (Sciurus niger), white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), and eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) was modeled at 471 sites in 35 landscapes sampled from the upper Wabash River basin in Indiana. Models containing ESLIs
received support for gray squirrels, red squirrels, and chipmunks. Modified ESLIs were important in models for red squirrels.
However, none of the models demonstrated high predictive ability. Incorporating habitat quality and using surrogate measures
of dispersal can have important effects on model results. Additionally, different responses of species to area, isolation,
and habitat quality suggest that generalizing patterns of metapopulation dynamics was not justified, even across closely related
species. 相似文献
11.
Landscape pattern indices are common tools of landscape ecologists, affording comparisons of different study areas, or the
same study area at different times. Since the advent of popular index-calculating software, more landscapes can be analyzed
in short amounts of time, yet the behaviour of landscape pattern indices can vary for different contexts or data characteristics,
complicating interpretation. I applied a selected set of landscape pattern indices to fine-resolution (3 m) data representing
a highly fragmented landscape – Corn Belt Iowa agriculture – to investigate the performance of landscape pattern indices.
Indices measured pattern attributes that affect the viability of small mammal populations, namely habitat proportion and connectivity
and landscape grain size and heterogeneity. Results showed that the performance of indices for fine-resolution data can be
highly variable, depending upon data and contextual issues like the presence of linear elements and the amount of habitat.
For these Corn Belt landscapes good habitat proportions and patch sizes were small (commonly less than 10% and less than 1 ha,
respectively), and connectivity was variable depending on the measure. Aggregation and mean nearest neighbour indices performed
better than other connectivity indices. Fine-resolution data representing highly fragmented landscapes can raise difficulties
for indices of landscape configuration. Landscape pattern indices require improvement to perform better for increasingly available
fine-resolution data representing common landscape types. 相似文献
12.
Reflecting on the other papers in this special issue, this synopsis characterises some essential trends in European Landscape
Ecology, including the challenges it is facing in society. It describes the various perspectives on the ‘contents’ of landscape
that are currently being practiced, and especially considers the notion of ‘environment’ as something intrinsic to human activity.
Landscape classification and typology are discussed in their potential but limited use for landscape science. The specificity
of the European approach appears to be related to the large diversity of cultural landscapes, currently losing their functional
ties with the land-use systems that had formed them. European landscape research reports show a large commitment to this decreasing
diversity, a dedication characterised by a strong sense of ‘loss and grief’. On the other hand, it is concluded that European
landscape research has a specific niche with a clear focus on applied landscape studies explicitly including people’s perceptions
and images, as well as the participation of the public and stakeholders. Since globalisation tends to reinforce the detachment
of people from their environment; an increased effort is needed to compensate for this effect, and therefore the consideration
of the various dimensions of the landscape is today more pertinent than ever. Meeting the challenges of present landscapes,
in the face of new multifunctional demands in old diverse landscapes, requires more than before the combination of various
perspectives and methods, and of various scales of application, in order to design innovative and adaptive paths for the future. 相似文献
13.
Erin L. Koen Jeff Bowman Colin J. Garroway Stephen C. Mills Paul J. Wilson 《Landscape Ecology》2012,27(1):29-43
Landscape heterogeneity can influence animal dispersal by causing a directional bias in dispersal rate, as certain landscape
configurations might promote, impede, or prevent movement and gene flow. In forested landscapes, logging operations often
contribute to heterogeneity that can reduce functional connectivity for some species. American martens (Martes americana) are one such species, as they are considered specialists of late-seral coniferous forests. We assessed marten gene flow
to test the hypothesis that habitat management has maintained landscape connectivity for martens in the managed forests of
Ontario, Canada. We genotyped 653 martens at 12 microsatellite loci, sampled from 29 sites across Ontario. We expected that
if forest management has an effect on marten gene flow, we would see a correlation between effective resistance, estimated
by circuit theory, and genetic distance, estimated by population graphs. Although we found a positive relationship between
effective resistance and genetic distance (Mantel r = 0.249, P < 0.001), marten gene flow was better described by isolation by Euclidean distance (Mantel r = 0.410, P < 0.001). Our results suggest that managed forests in Ontario are well connected for marten and neither impede nor promote
marten gene flow at the provincial scale. 相似文献
14.
Bridgette E. Hagerty Kenneth E. Nussear Todd C. Esque C. Richard Tracy 《Landscape Ecology》2011,26(2):267-280
Heterogeneity in habitat often influences how organisms traverse the landscape matrix that connects populations. Understanding
landscape connectivity is important to determine the ecological processes that influence those movements, which lead to evolutionary
change due to gene flow. Here, we used landscape genetics and statistical models to evaluate hypotheses that could explain
isolation among locations of the threatened Mojave desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii). Within a causal modeling framework, we investigated three factors that can influence landscape connectivity: geographic
distance, barriers to dispersal, and landscape friction. A statistical model of habitat suitability for the Mojave desert
tortoise, based on topography, vegetation, and climate variables, was used as a proxy for landscape friction and barriers
to dispersal. We quantified landscape friction with least-cost distances and with resistance distances among sampling locations.
A set of diagnostic partial Mantel tests statistically separated the hypotheses of potential causes of genetic isolation.
The best-supported model varied depending upon how landscape friction was quantified. Patterns of genetic structure were related
to a combination of geographic distance and barriers as defined by least-cost distances, suggesting that mountain ranges and
extremely low-elevation valleys influence connectivity at the regional scale beyond the tortoises’ ability to disperse. However,
geographic distance was the only influence detected using resistance distances, which we attributed to fundamental differences
between the two ways of quantifying friction. Landscape friction, as we measured it, did not influence the observed patterns
of genetic distances using either quantification. Barriers and distance may be more valuable predictors of observed population
structure for species like the desert tortoise, which has high dispersal capability and a long generation time. 相似文献
15.
Matthew J. Smith Matthew G. Betts Graham J. Forbes Daniel G. Kehler Maryse C. Bourgeois Stephen P. Flemming 《Landscape Ecology》2011,26(5):709-721
Landscape composition and configuration, often termed as habitat loss and fragmentation, are predicted to reduce species population
viability, partly due to the restriction of movement in the landscape. Unfortunately, measuring the effects of habitat loss
and fragmentation on functional connectivity is challenging because these variables are confounded, and often the motivation
for movement by target species is unknown. Our objective was to determine the independent effects of landscape connectivity
from the perspective of a mature forest specialist—the northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus). To standardize movement motivation, we translocated 119 squirrels, at varying distances (0.18–3.8 km) from their home range
across landscapes representing gradients in both habitat loss and fragmentation. We measured the physical connectedness of
mature forest using an index of connectivity (landscape coincidence probability). Patches were considered connected if they
were within the mean gliding distance of a flying squirrel. Homing success increased in landscapes with a higher connectivity
index. However, homing time was not strongly predicted by habitat amount, connectivity index, or mean nearest neighbour and
was best explained as a simple function of sex and distance translocated. Our study shows support for the independent effects
of landscape configuration on animal movement at a spatial scale that encompasses several home ranges. We conclude that connectivity
of mature forest should be considered for the conservation of some mature forest specialists, even in forest mosaics where
the distinction between habitat and movement corridors are less distinct. 相似文献
16.
We propose an approach to texture characterization and comparison that directly uses the information of digital images of
the earth surface without requesting a prior distinction of structural ‘patches’. Digital images are partitioned into square
‘windows’ that define the scale of the analysis and which are submitted to the two-dimensional Fourier transform for extraction
of a simplified textural characterization (in terms of coarseness) via the computation of a ‘radial’ power spectrum. Spectra computed from many images of the same size are systematically compared
by means of a principal component analysis (PCA), which provides an ordination along a limited number of coarseness vs. fineness
gradients. As an illustration, we applied this approach to digitized panchromatic air photos depicting various types of land
cover in a semiarid landscape of northern Cameroon. We performed ‘textural ordinations’ at several scales by using square
windows with sides ranging from 120 m to 1 km. At all scales, we found two coarseness gradients (PCA axes) based on the relative
importance in the spectrum of large (> 50 km−1), intermediate (30–50 km−1), small (10–25 km−1) and very small (<10 km−1) spatial frequencies. Textural ordination based on Fourier spectra provides a powerful and consistent framework to identifying
prominent scales of landscape patterns and to compare scaling properties across landscapes. 相似文献
17.
Landscape connectivity and animal behavior: functional grain as a key determinant for dispersal 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Landscape connectivity can be viewed from two perspectives that could be considered as extremes of a gradient: functional
connectivity (refers to how the behavior of a dispersing organism is affected by landscape structure and elements) and structural
connectivity (depends on the spatial configuration of habitat patches in the landscape like vicinity or presence of barriers).
Here we argue that dispersal behavior changes with landscape configuration stressing the evolutionary dimension that has often
been ignored in landscape ecology. Our working hypothesis is that the functional grain of resource patches in the landscape
is a crucial factor shaping individual movements, and therefore influencing landscape connectivity. Such changes are likely
to occur on the short-term (some generations). We review empirical studies comparing dispersal behavior in landscapes differing
in their fragmentation level, i.e., with variable resource grain. We show that behavioral variation affecting each of the
three stages of the dispersal process (emigration, displacement or transfer in the matrix, and immigration) is indeed likely
to occur according to selective pressures resulting from changes in the grain of the landscape (mortality or deferred costs).
Accordingly, landscape connectivity results from the interaction between the dispersal behavior of individuals and the grain
of each particular landscape. The existence of this interaction requires that connectivity estimates (being based on individual-based
models, least cost distance algorithms, and structural connectivity metrics or even Euclidian distance) should be carefully
evaluated for their applicability with respect to the required level of precision in species-specific and landscape information. 相似文献
18.
Adrian D. Manning David B. Lindenmayer Simon C. Barry Henry A. Nix 《Landscape Ecology》2006,21(7):1119-1133
The threatened superb parrot of south-eastern Australia exemplifies many of the challenges associated with research on wide-raging
organisms which live ‘off-reserve’. Challenges include that most land is privately owned and that landscape use by such organisms
does not always conform to traditional schematic and categorical landscape/fragmentation models. A multi-scale approach for
embedding the detection of site-level and landscape context effects into landscape sampling design and subsequent statistical
analysis is presented. The superb parrot was found scattered at varying densities throughout the agricultural landscapes of
the South-West Slopes, much of which was privately owned. It responded to site-level variables and the surrounding landscape
context. Overall, the superb parrot favoured lower elevation sites which were dominated by scattered, open woodlands, where
Blakely’s red gum was a significant component. Mean plant productivity within 2 km, levels of woody tree cover within 3 km
and (with caveats) length of roads within 3 km had a major effect on site-level response, indicating conditions in the surrounding
local landscape are important to the superb parrot. This multi-scale response requires a multi-scale conservation and restoration
strategy. The importance of open tree cover and amounts of Blakely’s red gum are a matter for concern, due to a general lack
of tree regeneration and the particular susceptibility of Blakely’s red gum to dieback. The scattered trees in the agricultural
matrix were important to the superb parrot, suggesting that it views these landscapes as a continuum of usable habitat. Strategies
for restoration of larger habitat remnants should also include regeneration of trees in scattered pattern in the wider landscape,
and Blakely’s red gum should be part of any strategy along with other key species such as yellow and white box. The landscape
sampling approach successfully addressed the challenges of whole-landscape research. This highlights the value of ‘off-reserve’
studies across whole landscapes. 相似文献
19.
Understanding how organisms respond to landscape heterogeneity is foundational to landscape ecology. We characterized seasonal
scales of movement of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus viginianus) in an agricultural–forest matrix using first-passage time analysis (FPT) for 62 GPS-collared individuals. We investigated
whether those scales were driven by demographic or landscape features. We found FPT for each individual across all seasons
was typically dominated by a peak in variance of FPT/area at scales (radii) from 425 to 1,675 m. These peaks occurred at scales
consistent with seasonal space use. We observed additional lower magnitude peaks at larger scales (3,000–6,000 m) and small
scales (25–150 m). Peaks at larger scales were associated with seasonal migrations and dispersal events. Small scale peaks
may represent resting or foraging behavior. Female movements were organized at smaller scales than males in the spring/summer
season. Models relating landscape features to movement scales suggest that deer perceive and move within the landscape differently
as the roles of dominant land-cover types shift seasonally. During winter, configuration (interspersion/juxtaposition) of
land-cover types is more important to deer than during spring/summer and fall. During spring/summer and fall, movement behavior
may be dictated by reproductive and harvest activities. 相似文献
20.
Mapping hotspots of multiple landscape functions: a case study on farmland afforestation in Scotland 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
Many conservation and restoration efforts in developed countries are increasingly based on the premise of recognising and
stimulating more ‘multi-functionality’ in agricultural landscapes. Public policy making is often a pragmatic process that
involves efforts to negotiate trade-offs between the potentially conflicting demands of various stakeholders. Conservationists’
efforts to influence policy making, can therefore benefit from any tool that will help them to identify other socio-economic
functions or values that coincide with good ecological conservation options. Various types of socio-economic objectives have
in recent years been mapped across landscapes and so there are now important opportunities to explore the spatial heterogeneity
of these diverse functions across the wider landscape in search of potential spatial synergies, i.e. ‘multiple win locations’
or multifunctional ‘hotspots’.
This paper explores the potential occurrence of such synergies within the agricultural landscape of northeast Scotland and
evaluates an existing woodland planting policy using and combining three different policy objectives. Our results show that
there are indeed broad areas of the studied landscape where multiple objectives (biodiversity, visual amenity and on-site
recreation potential) could be achieved simultaneously (hotspots), and that the case study which we evaluate (the Farm Woodland
Premium Scheme) could be much better spatially targeted with regards to each individual objective as well as with regards
to these hotspots of multifunctionality.
相似文献
Dan van der HorstEmail: |