青海云杉种实害虫生物防治技术研究

运用苏云金杆菌可湿性粉剂水释液含孢量 4× 10 8/ml、3× 10 8/ml、2× 10 8/ml喷雾防治危害青海云杉种实的云杉梢斑螟和云杉球果小卷蛾 ,虫口减退率分别为 92 %、90 %、 80 %和 86 .3%、 84 4%、79 .6 % ,虫果率减退分别为 59.2 %、54.3%、4 6 .2 %。使用 10 0× 10 8孢子 / g原粉喷粉防治以上 2种害虫的虫口减退率分别为 55%、6 0 .4 % ,虫果率减退 2 9.3%。含孢量 3～ 4×10 8/ml菌液防治危害嫩梢期的云杉梢斑螟 ,虫口减退率达 73.7% ,10 0× 10 8/ g粉剂喷粉防治 ,虫口下降32 .5%。苏云金杆菌防治对害虫寄生性天敌杀伤较小。采取摘果收集天敌释放林间的方法可使下一个结实年虫害果率下降 55.1% ,虫口减退率达 85.6 % ,天敌寄生率提高36 .5% ,能保护并利用天敌     

Bt-DCPV复合微生物杀虫剂防治文山松毛虫试验

经Bt 2× 10 7、 4× 10 7、 6× 10 7、 8× 10 7、 1× 10 8孢子 /mL5种浓度对 4龄文山松毛虫的室内生测 ,筛选出松毛虫死亡率达 70 %的最佳浓度为 2 0× 10 7孢子 /mL ;以此浓度的Bt与DCPV复配试验 ,选择残存虫DCPV感染率 5 0 %的DCPV最低浓度为 6 0× 10 5PIB/mL。林间应用最适的Bt +DCPV复配浓度是 6 0× 10 7孢子 /mL +4 0× 10 5PIB/mL ,其防治效果为 82 0 8%。     

复合生物杀虫剂防治思茅松毛虫的初步研究

应用白僵菌、苏云金杆菌、马尾松毛虫质型多角体病毒 (DCPV)和 15 %保丰等 4种杀虫剂对 2～ 3龄思茅松毛虫幼虫进行了毒力测定。并通过林间正交试验设计筛选出了复合生物杀虫剂最佳组合A3 B1C3 D1,即白僵菌 1 4× 10 6孢子·ml-1+苏云金杆菌 1 6× 10 8孢子·ml-1+DCPV 5× 10 6PIB·ml-1+15 %保丰 4 0 0 0倍液。研究表明在复合杀虫剂中保丰、苏云金杆菌对防治效果有显著影响。林间大面积防治试验表明 ,复合杀虫剂的防治效果优于单一生物杀虫剂     

马尾松飞播林地土壤微生物的研究

为了探讨湘南丘陵低山区马尾松飞播林地土壤微生物的分布规律和土壤肥力综合评价方法 ,于 2 0 0 0年 12月 2 0日采集到湖南醴陵市大林乡 5个马尾松飞播林标准林地土壤样品和 1个阔叶林地土壤样品 ,分析其土壤微生物的数量及其类群分布规律 .结果表明 :马尾松飞播林地土壤微生物数量 (以干土计 )主要集中在 0～ 2 0 cm的表土层中 ,随土层加深 ,其数量迅速减少 ;在深度为 0～ 60 cm的土层中 ,同一类群的微生物数量变动范围较大 ,其中好气性细菌为 2 .46× 10 5～ 6.48× 10 5个 /g,厌气性细菌为 1.14× 10 3～ 8.8× 10 3个 /g,自生固氮菌为 1.3× 10 2～ 3 .0 1× 10 4个 /g,放线菌为 8.6× 10 3～ 2 .99× 10 4个 /g,真菌为 6.6× 10 3～ 2 .43 5× 10 5个 /g.其中 1号样地微生物数量最多 ,达 2 .45× 10 6个 /g,说明混交林中微生物数量很丰富     

20%灭·阿可湿性粉剂防治落叶松毛虫试验

试验于 2 0 0 1年 8～ 9月 ,在内蒙古赤峰市克什克腾旗桦木沟林场华北落叶松人工林内进行。结果表明 ,使用 2 0 %灭·阿可湿性粉剂进行地面常规喷雾和喷粉防治落叶松毛虫的效果显著 ,采用用药量 4 5 0～ 75 0g/hm2 进行常规喷雾防治 ,落叶松毛虫虫口减退率达 97%以上 ;采用药量 6 0 0～ 90 0g/hm2 进行常规喷粉 ,虫口减退率达 90 %以上 ,而且常规喷雾的防效好于常规喷粉     

沉水樟高龄植株扦插繁殖的初步研究

对沉水樟高龄植株 (16年生 )的插穗基部处理方式、生根促进剂、ABT生根粉处理效果、扦插基质等方面作初步探讨。结果表明 :沉水樟的插穗基部以双削处理的成活率高 ;1%H2 O2 、0 0 5 %KMnO4 、5 0× 10 -6IAA、5 0× 10 -6NAA处理插穗 ,均有利于促进沉水樟的生根成活 ,其中 1%H2 O2 处理效果最好 ;4种ABT的 8种处理沉水樟插穗 ,以 15 0× 10 -6ABT1#效果最好 ;利用河沙和蛭石两种插壤 ,河沙的扦插成活率明显高于蛭石     

侧柏种子用硝酸稀土浸种盆栽试验初报

为探讨稀土微肥对侧柏种子萌芽及幼苗鲜重的影响 ,并筛选促进苗期生长的适宜剂量 ,特在温室内进行试验测定。结果报告如下 :1　材料与方法1.1　材料河南省商丘冶炼化工厂生产的粉状硝酸稀土[ＲＥ(ＮＯ3) 3·4Ｈ2 Ｏ];侧柏种子采自枣庄 ,千粒重 2 1.37ｇ ,净度为 96 .7%。盆栽试验在温室内进行。1.2　方法试验设计硝酸稀土为 7个水平 ,3次重复。各水平浓度如下 :ＣＫ ,Ａ(1× 10 - 6 ) ,Ｂ(10× 10 - 6 ) ,Ｃ(5 0× 10 - 6 ) ,Ｄ (10 0× 10 - 6 ) ,Ｅ(5 0 0× 10 - 6 ) ,Ｆ(10 0 0×10 - 6 )。每水平浸种 3× 5 0粒 ,浸种时间为 2 4ｈ。从种…     

从桔蚜上分离的一种致病镰刀菌

从福建省南平市桔蚜虫尸上分离的一株镰刀菌 ,病原鉴定为镰刀菌属 (FusariumLinkexFn)的砖红镰孢 (FusariumlateritiumNees .)。病原菌在PDA培养基上生长旺盛 ,10～ 3 5℃均可生长 ,生长适宜温度为 2 0～2 6℃ ,2 5℃下培养 3d后可产孢。分生孢子萌发最适宜温度为 2 0～ 2 5℃ ,最适宜的相对湿度为 96%～ 10 0 %。对桔蚜若虫的毒力测定表明 ,砖红镰孢对桔蚜具有较强的致病力 ,其LC50 为 2 71× 10 7个孢子·L- 1 ,LT50 为2 2 1～ 6 3 4d(在 1 0× 10 1 1 ～ 1 0× 10 7个孢子·L- 1 浓度下 )。用砖红镰孢菌液田间防治桔蚜 ,死亡率达91 80 %。     

ABT生根粉在巨尾桉和花卉果树扦插育苗上的应用

ABT生根粉在巨尾桉和花卉果树扦插育苗上的应用结果表明 ,ABT生根粉能有效促进巨尾桉和其他花卉果树扦插生根。应用ABT 1号生根粉 5 0 0× 10 -6～ 10 0 0× 10 -6处理插条 ,可提早生根 ,生根率达 95 %以上。应用ABT 2号生根粉10 0× 10 -6～ 2 0 0× 10 -6处理橡皮树等插条 0 5h ,生根率达 90 %～ 98%。应用ABT 3号生根粉处理九里香、天竺桂小苗 ,可提高成活率 10 %～ 15 %。     

北京金宏宇塑料制品有限公司

庄严的承诺,信用第一,质量为本,为用户生产一流的产品为已任。直径4 0cm花球,直径6 0cm花球,各种造型花柱、街边柱。各种育苗盘规格/cm单价/元各种注塑产品规格/cm单价/元64穴精品移苗盘高质量、芽菜盘普通芽菜盘塔式育苗盘40×405 0×5 02 6×2 5×52 6×2 5×540×2 5×5带4柱13 .0 05 .0 05 .0 02 .0 03 .5 0食用菌圈大棚温室立体养殖容器组培容器遮阳网养鸡养鸽专用容器副只直径( 5～10 )0 .8/m20 .2 05 .0 00 .5～1.0育苗钵上×高规格/cm3 0×3 02 3×1815×1512×12单价/元0 .5 50 .2 20 .0 70 .0 45育苗钵上×高规格/cm3 0×2 52 1×…     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.