蔗糖、钙和硼对榆叶梅花粉离体萌发及花粉管生长的影响

研究了不同浓度蔗糖、钙(CaCl2)和硼(H3BO3)对单瓣榆叶梅(Prunus triloba var. simplex)和重瓣榆叶梅(Prunus triloba var. plena Dipp.)离体条件下花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响.结果表明:5%～10%的蔗糖不利于花粉的萌发和花粉管生长,15%～30%的蔗糖能够提高花粉的萌发率和花粉管生长长度,其中25%的蔗糖为最适浓度,单瓣和重瓣榆叶梅相差不大,二者平均花粉萌发率和花粉管长度为38.72%和489.6 μm.0.01%～0.07%的外源钙可以显著促进榆叶梅花粉的离体萌发和花粉管的生长,0.03%作用最大.0.01%的硼对单瓣榆叶梅,0.01%～0.03%的硼对重瓣榆叶梅花粉萌发和花粉管生长有显著的促进作用,重瓣榆叶梅比单瓣榆叶梅更需要外源硼的补充.     

钙和钙调素对花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响

介绍了钙在植物细胞中的分布及其体内平衡，综述了钙和钙调素对花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响及钙离子参与的受精不亲和性调控的研究进展。     

不同浓度糖、硼、钙对苹果花粉萌发的影响

苹果花粉有自交不亲和且花粉萌发率低现象。为了提高人工授粉率,探寻最适宜苹果花粉萌发的培养基组分及浓度,以福岛、黄香蕉、美国八号、王林四个苹果品种花粉为试材,通过花粉离体培养法,分析了不同浓度的糖、硼、钙对花粉萌发率的影响。结果表明:蔗糖浓度在5%～15%之间,可以有效的提高四种苹果花粉萌发率,其中蔗糖浓度为10%时,萌发率极显著高于其他浓度处理及对照。硼酸浓度为0.03%时,可以有效的提高花粉萌发率。CaCl2浓度在0.01%～0.05%之间,对四种苹果花粉萌发率有不同程度的抑制作用;且外源钙不是苹果花粉萌发的必需物质。对于这四种苹果花粉萌发,培养基最佳组分及浓度是:10%蔗糖+0.03%硼酸。美国八号和王林在最佳培养基上的发芽率高达79.3%、78.8%。     

核桃雌花状态和不同授粉方式对花粉萌发及花粉管生长的影响

【目的】从核桃生殖生物学角度出发,研究雌花状态和不同授粉方式对新疆早实核桃花粉萌发及花粉管生长的影响,旨在了解核桃授粉受精过程的基本规律,以期为提高核桃坐果率及果实品质提供科学依据,对于核桃品种选育、品种改良以及生殖隔离研究等均具有重要意义。【方法】以乌什县主栽核桃品种‘新新2号’(Juglans regia‘Xinxin 2’)为试材,运用荧光显微技术研究核桃雌花状态附着花粉的能力和不同授粉方式(自然授粉、人工辅助自花授粉、人工辅助异花授粉)下花粉粒在柱头上的萌发及花柱中花粉管的生长状况。【结果】(1)各时期雌花柱头附着花粉数量之间存在极显著差异(P<0.01),显花期和始花期柱头不具备附着花粉的能力,V字期柱头附着花粉的数量明显低于小八字期、大八期字和翻卷期。小八字期和翻卷期的花粉附着力之间差异不显著(P>0.05),但花粉萌发率之间存在较大差异。(2)核桃不同授粉方式下,花粉在柱头上的萌发时间格局、花粉管生长延伸完成受精的时间格局存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。花粉在柱头上8~36 h完成萌发,其中人工辅助异花授粉所需时间最短(8 h),自然授粉所需时间最长(36h)。授粉后36 h,各授粉方式之间花粉萌发率差异不显著(P>0.05)。核桃花粉从萌发到完成受精至少需要10 d,其中人工辅助异花授粉所需时间最短。在授粉受精过程中,花粉管从柱头穿过引导组织所需时间最长,为76~108 h。授粉后240 h,人工辅助异花授粉花粉管长度占花柱长度的比例极显著高于人工辅助自花授粉(P<0.01),与自然授粉之间差异显著(P<0.05)。【结论】核桃大八字期柱头的花粉附着力最强,且可授性最强,为核桃最佳授粉期。人工辅助异花授粉比自然授粉、人工辅助自花授粉先形成受精核。     

花龄对‘灿烂’兔眼蓝莓花粉原位萌发和花粉管生长的影响

以‘灿烂'兔眼蓝莓为试材,分别进行异花授粉和自花授粉后,于去雄后第0、1、2、3、4、5、6天对去雄的花进行授粉,于授粉后2、6、12、24、48、72、96 h进行取样观察花粉原位萌发和花粉管生长情况,以期阐明花龄对蓝莓花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响,为杂交育种和花期人工辅助授粉提供科学依据。结果表明:‘灿烂'兔眼蓝莓开花第1~4天,异花授粉后花粉管生长至花柱基部的花柱比率显著高于其它时期,花龄对其异花和自花授粉后花粉原位萌发和花粉管生长有着显著的影响,且‘灿烂'兔眼蓝莓存在自交不亲和的现象,花柱基部为其自交不亲和的关键位置,大蕾期和延迟授粉可以一定程度地克服自交不亲和现象,人工辅助授粉和杂交育种的最佳授粉时间为花后第1~4天。     

钙离子浓度对桃花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响

采用花粉液体培养法研究钙离子浓度对桃花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响.结果表明,培养基内钙离子浓度在一定范围内对花粉萌发和花粉管生长起促进作用,但超过一定浓度时有抑制作用;培养基中添加的钙离子浓度为1.0mmol/L时有利于花粉萌发,而添加0.1mmol/L时,适于花粉管生长.     

肌醇磷脂信息传递系统在苹果花粉萌发和花粉管生长中的作用

以‘富士’、‘国光’苹果的花粉为试材,研究肌醇磷脂信息传递系统在苹果花 萌发和化粉管生长中的作用。结果显示,肌醇磷酸脂酶抑制剂Ｌｉ＾＋、蛋白质激酶抑制剂Ｈ７能显著抑制花粉萌发和花粉管生长,且随其浓度提高,抑制效应增强;Ｌｉ＾＋的效应可被外加肌醇逆转。磷脂醇（ＰＬＣ）抑制剂纱仅在高浓度时显著的抑制花粉萌发和花粉管生长。此外,上述抑制剂在高浓度时对花粉萌发的初始阶段具显著的抑制效果。加速磷脂肌醇分离的     

Ca~(2+)与苹果花粉萌发和花粉管生长的关系

以苹果的花药、花粉为试材,观测Ca(2+)与花粉萌发和花粉管生长的关系。结果表明,不同品种和花芽萌动期的花药中Ca(2+)含量与花粉萌发率和花粉管长度无明显的相关关系。花粉培养过程中花粉壁渗出的Ca(2+)量与萌发率和花粉管长度呈极显著正相关。10(－4)mol·1(－1)的游离Ca(2+)最有利于花粉萌发,1mmol．1(－1)EGTA对花粉萌发和花粉管生长的抑制作用强于0．1mmol．1(-1)．外源CaCl2、Ca（NO3）2、SrCl2在低浓度时对花粉萌发与花粉管生长的作用不大;高浓度时具抑制效应,并且在同等浓度时,SrCl2的抑制作用最大。     

海仙花花粉离体萌发和花粉管生长的研究

以海仙花(Weigela coraeensis)新鲜花粉作为试材,采用花粉液体培养法,研究了硼酸、温度及培养时间对花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响,明确海仙花花粉萌发的适宜条件,为海仙花的杂交育种提供参考数据。结果表明:在花粉萌发和花粉管生长过程中,最适硼酸浓度分别为0.01%和0.02%,萌发率达75.28%,花粉管长度为594.66μm;离体培养最佳温度为20℃;最佳培养时间均为6 h。     

精胺对梨花粉原位萌发及花粉管生长的影响

为进一步研究活体条件下精胺对梨花粉萌发及花粉管生长的影响,以幸水、新雪、长-二十世纪为材料,采用荧光显微镜观测了不同浓度精胺处理的花粉萌发及花粉管生长情况。试验结果表明:较低浓度的精胺能促进花粉萌发,而超过一定浓度时则表现抑制作用,适宜于花粉萌发的精胺浓度是0-0.025mmol/L。精胺对花粉管生长的促进作用因品种而异,0-0.05mmol/L,精胺促进幸水、新雪花粉管生长的作用主要表现在花柱中上部;而到达基部的花粉管仍较少,与对照间差异不显著。在0-0.025mmol/L的适宜浓度下,精胺可促进长-二十世纪花粉管生长并到达花柱基部。不同浓度的精胺对幸水、新雪坐果影响不大;而适宜浓度的精胺可促进长-二十世纪坐果。     

果梅花不同发育阶段花粉原位萌发及花粉管生长特性

为探明自花、异花花粉在果梅花的不同发育阶段原位萌发及生长的特性,以细叶青果梅为材料,取开花前6、4、2d、开花当天和花后2d的花(花蕾),分别于自花、异花授粉(莺宿)后12、24、48、72、96h切取花柱,用FAA固定液处理,荧光染色后压片观察。结果表明,自花花粉在柱头上的萌发率略低于异花(开花前4d存在显著差异),开花前6、4d极显著低于其他各阶段,花蕾越幼小花粉萌发越差,开花当天花粉萌发率超过80%;开花前4d之前的花柱内异花花粉管数量显著低于开花前2d及之后各期的,果梅开花前4d以前的花发育不充分;开花后2d生长到花柱基部的异花花粉管数量较多,属于有效授粉期。果梅在开花前4d开始具备抑制自花花粉管生长的能力,并且随着花的发育逐渐增强,开花当天最强,开花后开始减弱。果梅自交授粉期以开花前2～3d为宜。     

钙、镁、钾浓度及光照、温度对西番莲花粉离体萌发的影响

【目的】探讨培养基中的钙、镁、钾浓度及光照、温度对西番莲花粉体外萌发及花粉管生长的影响。【方法】设置钙、镁、钾及光照、温度梯度,测量在该梯度下的花粉萌发率及花粉管延伸长度。【结果】钙、镁、钾非西番莲花粉离体萌发的必需培养基成分,钙对西番莲花粉离体萌发及花粉管生长具有显著影响,在质量浓度为0～300 mg·L^-1时,萌发率及花粉管长度均随浓度的增加而显著增加,在300～1200 mg·L^-1时最佳,大于1200 mg·L^-1时,萌发率及花粉管长度均显著降低。镁、钾对花粉萌发及花粉管生长均无显著影响。光照、温度对花粉萌发及花粉管生长均具有显著影响,黑暗条件下最佳,随着光照度的增加,萌发率及花粉管长度均显著降低;二次方程能较好地拟合温度对花粉萌发及花粉管生长的影响。【结论】培养基中钙浓度及光照、温度对西番莲花粉体外萌发及花粉管生长具有显著影响,镁、钾无显著影响,最适的C(aNO₃)₂·4H₂O质量浓度为300～1200 mg·L^-1,西番莲...     

The effects of temperature on in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube growth of Pistacia spp.

The pollen germination and pollen tube growth among nine Pistacia genotypes was quantified in order to identify differences in the tolerance of pollen to temperature variations. The effect of temperature on in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube growth was investigated in Pistacia vera (Uygur, Atli, Kaska, Sengel, Kavak), P. atlantica, P. khinjuk, P. terebinthus and P. palaestina. When pollen was incubated in a germination medium for 24 h in darkness, distinct differences were observed in pollen germination and pollen tube growth at different temperatures.     

Pre-harvest foliar application of calcium and boron influences physiological disorders,fruit yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)

Studies were conducted in ‘Chandler’ strawberry to determine if pre-harvest foliar application of Ca, B or their combination influences physiological disorders, fruit yield and quality or not. For this, treatments consisted of (i) five sprays of calcium as CaCl₂ (first spray was performed at the petal fall stage and later at 7 days interval), (ii) three sprays of boron as boric acid (first spray at the beginning of flowering and later at 15 day interval), (iii) combination of (i) and (ii), and (iv) plants sprayed with water served as the control. Results indicated that fruit harvested from plants, which were sprayed either with Ca or Ca + B had significantly lesser incidence of albinism (6.7 and 6.5%), and grey mould (1.3 and 1.2%) than those harvested from plants sprayed either with B alone or in control. Although, B alone could not influence the incidence of albinism and grey mould, but it reduced fruit malformation (3.4 and 3.1%) significantly. Further, Ca, B or their combination had not influenced the individual berry weight, but marketable fruit yield differed significantly. The lowest marketable fruit yield (149.3 g/plant) was recorded in plants under control, and the highest (179.2 g/plant) in plants sprayed with Ca + B. Similarly, such fruit were firmer; had lower TSS, higher acidity and ascorbic acid content at harvest than those in control. Similarly, such fruit after 5 days storage were firmer and brighter, and have significantly lower TSS (7.9 and 7.8%); higher ascorbic acid content (43.7 and 45.0 mg/100 g pulp) and acidity (1.08 and 1.07%) than those in control or those receiving B alone. Incidence of grey mould was significantly lesser in fruit, which received Ca (2.2%) or Ca + B (1.9%) than those, which received either B (8.1%) alone or those in control (8.4%). Our studies indicated that pre-harvest foliar application of Ca + B is quite useful for reducing the incidence of disorders and getting higher marketable yield in ‘Chandler’ strawberry.     

提高草莓种子离体培养发芽率的研究

该文以EMC、‘哈尼’‘丰香’‘北辉’等10份草莓为试材,研究了培养基质和种子处理对发芽的影响．以提高草莓种子的发芽率。结果表明：草莓种子处理、培养基质、品种等对发芽率、发芽速度有很大影响。种子整粒培养,栽培品种发芽困难,而野生品种发芽较容易,种子切开处理的,在不同的培养基质上,供试各品种的种子发芽率超过60％．最高达100％。培养基质以1,2MS＋3％蔗糖＋0．6％琼脂的为好,发芽率达90％以上。     

Effects of post-harvest foliar boron and calcium applications on subsequent season's pollen germination and pollen tube growth of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of foliar boron and calcium application after harvest on the quantity and activity of pollen in the ‘Housui’ and ‘Wonwhang’ pears on a subsequent year. Pollen grains of the ‘Housui’ pear were cultured on germination medium, to which had been added boric acid (0, 25, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg L⁻¹) and calcium nitrate (0, 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, and 500 mg L⁻¹). Boric acid, which was added to the germination media, exerted a significant stimulatory effect on both pollen germination and pollen tube growth, although pollen tube growth was inhibited at higher concentrations than 300 mg L⁻¹. Calcium nitrate addition stimulated pollen germination, except at concentration of 500 mg L⁻¹. However, pollen tube growth was significantly inhibited with increasing concentrations of calcium nitrate. In the orchard experiment, boron and calcium were sprayed at concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 500 or 1000 mg L⁻¹ onto leaves after harvest, respectively. Boron and calcium content in the tissues as well as pollen production and growth were determined after these treatments. The foliar application of boron mainly resulted in an increase of boron concentration in buds. It also induced an increase in the weight of the anther and pollen in the following year. On the other hand, the foliar application of calcium resulted in an increase of calcium concentration mainly in the leaves, but pollen weight was decreased at high concentration treatment in the following year. The germination rate and tube growth of collected pollen were highest in the trees which had received boron treatment at a concentration of 200 mg L⁻¹. In contrast, the germination rate and tube growth of collected pollen were decreased by calcium application at concentrations of 500 and 1000 mg L⁻¹ without significant increase at lower concentrations. Consequently, the accumulation of boron in the developed buds of pear trees subjected to post-harvest foliar boron application generated positive effects on both the quantity and quality of pollen in the following year.     

日光温室条件下甜樱桃授粉受精期间环境因子对花粉行为的影响

以甜樱桃(Prunus avium L.)红灯为试材,采用荧光显微技术研究了日光温室和露地条件下甜樱桃花粉行为的差异,并观察记载了授粉受精期间日光温室和露地环境因子的变化情况。结果表明,环境因子影响了甜樱桃的花粉行为,日光温室内花粉萌发和花粉管伸长速率明显落后于露地。日光温室条件下,授粉后6h花粉萌发,120h花粉管进入子房;而露地条件下,授粉后3h花粉萌发,72h花粉管进入子房。其中,气温是影响日光温室甜樱桃授粉受精进程延缓的主要环境因子。     

部分柿属雄性种质巨大花粉、花粉离体及其在罗田甜柿柱头上的萌发率

甜柿品种一般仅着生雌花,少数雌雄同株,具有雄花的优良甜柿亲本很少,限制了完全甜柿杂交育种进程。2n花粉在植物多倍体育种中具有重要价值。本研究以12份柿属雄性种质为试材,进行花粉离体和活体萌发率以及巨大花粉比例检测。结果表明:供试雄性种质花粉萌芽率为20.1%-38.5%;除台湾正柿及油柿外,其余试材的花粉均能在罗田甜柿的柱头上萌发;雄株2号、雄株3号、雄株8号不含巨大花粉,其余试材均有不同比例的巨大花粉存在。