游离棉酚对海赛克斯蛋雏鸡生长性能及血液生化指标的影响

试验选用1日龄海赛克斯蛋雏鸡360只随机分为4组,每组3个重复。Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别饲喂含70、105、140 mg/kg游离棉酚(FG)的日粮,试验周期为42 d,观察游离棉酚对雏鸡生长性能、血常规及血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:日粮中70～140 mg/kg游离棉酚对雏鸡的总增重、饲料增重比、死亡率没有负面影响;但均能使红细胞数量、血细胞压积、血红蛋白含量降低,即会引起鸡的轻微贫血,且在14日龄时差异显著(P<0.05);能使血清中谷丙转氨酶/谷草转氨酶(ALT/AST)的活性升高,在42日龄时差异显著(P<0.05),组间差异不显著;且在试验后期对维持正常肝功能有不利影响。     

芪加术散对免疫雏鸡外周血清γ-干扰素和IL-2含量的影响

为了探讨芪加术散对蛋用雏鸡疫苗免疫后血清中γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)和白细胞介素-2(IL-2)含量的影响,将300只7日龄雏鸡随机分5组,分别在日粮中添加1%、0.75%、0.5%的芪加术散,饲喂至42日龄,并设中药空白对照组和免疫空白对照组。除免疫空白对照组外,其余4组均用新城疫疫苗和鸡传染性法氏囊病疫苗免疫。在雏鸡的不同日龄,用酶联免疫试剂盒检测雏鸡外周血清中IFN-γ和IL-2的含量。结果发现,日粮中添加1%、0.75%芪加术散显著升高IFN-γ和IL-2的水平(P0.01或P0.05)。证实在蛋用雏鸡基础日粮中添加芪加术散可显著增加传染性法氏囊病疫苗与新城疫疫苗免疫后雏鸡外周血清中IFN-γ和IL-2的含量,为中药免疫增强剂的使用提供理论依据。     

中药艾叶组合物对雏鸡免疫功能的影响

为了探讨中药艾叶组合物对雏鸡免疫功能的影响。将艾叶、陈皮、鱼腥草、益母草、穿心莲5味中药按一定比例制成复方散剂,选取1日龄本地土鸡200只,随机分为试验低、中、高剂量组及对照组,低、中、高剂量组的日粮中分别添加0.3%、0.6%、1%中药艾叶组合物,对照组只饲喂基础日粮。分别于14、28、42日龄测定雏鸡的新城疫抗体效价、免疫器官指数、T淋巴细胞百分率、血清免疫球蛋白含量。结果试验高剂量组的新城疫抗体效价、免疫器官指数、T淋巴细胞百分率、免疫球蛋白含量与对照组相比差异显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01),中剂量组对上述指标均有不同程度的增强作用,低剂量组的作用效果较差。表明本试验中药艾叶组合物能够通过不同途径有效增强雏鸡的免疫功能。     

转植酸酶基因玉米对肉仔鸡血液生理生化指标和免疫功能的影响

试验旨在研究转植酸酶基因玉米对肉仔鸡血液生理生化指标和免疫功能的影响。采用单因子完全随机设计,将160只1日龄AA肉仔公雏鸡分成2组,分别为对照组和试验组,每组10个重复笼,每个重复笼8只鸡。对照组饲喂非转植酸酶基因亲本玉米日粮,试验组饲喂转植酸酶基因玉米日粮,两组鸡在试验期间饲喂日粮中的可利用磷等所有养分含量均相等或相近。试验期为42 d,分为1~21和22~42日龄2个饲养阶段。结果显示,试验组与对照组相比,42日龄肉仔鸡的血液生理生化指标、免疫器官指数、血清新城疫抗体滴度和全血T淋巴细胞转化率均无显著差异(P＞0.05);21日龄肉仔鸡的血清新城疫抗体滴度也无显著差异(P＞0.05)。因此,转植酸酶基因玉米日粮对肉仔鸡未产生不良影响,可安全饲喂于肉仔鸡。     

霉变饲料中添加有机改性蒙脱石对蛋雏鸡生长性能和免疫功能的影响

【目的】 探讨在霉变饲料中添加葡甘露聚糖改性蒙脱石和壳聚糖改性蒙脱石对蛋雏鸡生长性能和免疫功能的影响。【方法】 将252只8日龄雌性蛋雏鸡随机分为7组,每组6个重复,每个重复6只鸡。第1组饲喂基础饲粮,第2组饲喂霉变饲粮,第3~7组分别饲喂添加0.15%葡甘露聚糖改性蒙脱石、0.15%壳聚糖改性蒙脱石、0.15%高纯纳米蒙脱石、0.15%葡甘露聚糖和0.15%壳聚糖的霉变饲粮,试验期42 d。试验结束后检测各组蛋鸡的生长性能、免疫器官脏器指数、血浆中免疫球蛋白和免疫因子以及脾脏中免疫因子的含量。【结果】 与饲喂基础饲粮组相比,仅饲喂霉变饲粮的蛋雏鸡的平均日增重、血浆和脾脏中白细胞介素-2（IL-2）、白细胞介素-4（IL-4）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）含量以及血浆中免疫球蛋白A （IgA）、免疫球蛋白G （IgG）、免疫球蛋白M （IgM）含量均显著降低（P<0.05）;与饲喂霉变饲粮的蛋雏鸡相比,在霉变饲粮中添加葡甘露聚糖改性蒙脱石和壳聚糖改性蒙脱石均显著提高了蛋雏鸡的平均日增重,降低了料重比（F/G）和免疫器官脏器指数（P<0.05）;显著提升了蛋雏鸡血浆和脾脏中IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IFN-γ以及血浆中IgA、IgG、IgM含量（P<0.05）。【结论】 霉变饲料能导致蛋雏鸡免疫功能下降,而在霉变饲料中添加葡甘露聚糖改性蒙脱石或壳聚糖改性蒙脱石均能缓解霉菌毒素对家禽的毒性作用,提高蛋雏鸡生长性能和增强免疫功能。     

大蒜和艾叶对蛋雏鸡生长性能和免疫功能的影响

为了研究在饲料中添加大蒜和艾叶对蛋雏鸡生长性能和免疫机能的影响,试验将120只1日龄伊莎褐蛋公雏随机分为4组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,3个试验组日粮分别为基础日粮+1.5%大蒜(大蒜组)、基础日粮+0.75%艾叶(艾叶组)和基础日粮+1.5%大蒜+0.75%艾叶(合用组)。结果表明:在基础日粮中添加大蒜和艾叶可提高雏鸡平均日增重,尤其是合用组的增重效果最明显;饲料中添加大蒜和艾叶能显著或极显著提高雏鸡体内新城疫抗体水平(P>0.05或P>0.01),提高免疫器官指数。说明在饲料中添加大蒜和艾叶可以显著提高雏鸡的免疫水平和生长性能。     

不同酵母多糖添加水平对肉鸡免疫功能的影响

为研究日粮中不同酵母多糖添加水平对肉鸡免疫功能的影响,试验将240只1日龄健康AA肉鸡随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加0.1%、0.2%、0.3%的酵母多糖。结果表明:与对照组相比,日粮中添加酵母多糖显著增加肉鸡胸腺指数、42日龄外周血淋巴细胞刺激指数、42日龄血清溶菌酶活性及28、35和42日龄血清新城疫病毒HI抗体效价(P0.05);与其他组相比,0.2%酵母多糖组显著提高肉鸡胸腺指数、法氏囊指数、42日龄血清新城疫病毒HI抗体效价及21日龄和42日龄血清溶菌酶活性(P0.05);日粮中不同酵母多糖添加水平对肉鸡脾脏指数、14日龄和21日龄血清新城疫病毒HI抗体效价、血清总蛋白和血清白蛋白含量及21日龄外周血淋巴细胞刺激指数的影响差异不显著(P0.05)。结果提示:日粮中添加酵母多糖可增强肉鸡的免疫功能,适宜添加水平为0.2%。     

不同砷制剂添加剂量对雏鸡免疫功能的影响

将210只1日龄海兰褐蛋公雏随机分为7组,每组30只,分别在各组日粮中添加0(对照组)、50、100、150、200、250、300 m g/kg的阿散酸连续饲喂70 d,通过对血清溶菌酶含量、碳粒廓清指数、免疫器官指数、新城疫抗体水平和血清球蛋白含量的测定来探讨有机砷制剂阿散酸对机体免疫功能的影响。试验结果表明日粮中添加200 m g/kg的阿散酸时能显著提高血清溶菌酶含量(P<0.01)、碳粒廓清指数(P<0.01)、免疫器官指数、新城疫抗体水平和血清球蛋白含量(P<0.01)。说明,雏鸡日粮中添加阿散酸能提高机体的免疫功能,并且添加200 m g/kg时效果最佳。     

中药复方“健脾消食散”添加剂对雏鸡免疫功能影响

研究中药复方"健脾消食散"添加剂对雏鸡免疫功能影响。将200只健康、14日龄和体质量接近的兰灰祖代蛋雏鸡随机分为空白对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组,每组50只鸡。于21日龄对4组雏鸡用新城疫Ⅳ系弱毒疫苗进行滴鼻点眼免疫,分别按照饲喂量的0.5%、1.0%和1.5%添加健脾消食散,连续7 d,试验周期为49 d。分别于21、28、35、42和49日龄时,每组随机各取10只鸡进行白细胞总数、血清抗体效价、免疫器官指数(脾和法氏囊)测定。结果表明:中药复方"健脾消食散"添加剂高、中和低剂量均能显著促进血液中白细胞总数的增加和血液HI抗体产生,显著增加肉鸡法氏囊和脾免疫器官指数,促进免疫器官的发育。在雏鸡免疫后35日龄时白细胞总数、脾指数和鸡法氏囊指数达到最高峰值,42日龄时,雏鸡血液HI抗体水平达到最高水平;42日龄后各组雏鸡白细胞数量均呈下降趋势,49日龄与42日龄相比,各组雏鸡血液HI抗体水平均呈下降趋势,且与对照组间存在显著差异;中和高剂量组雏鸡28～49日龄时脾指数和鸡法氏囊指数差异不显著。中药复方"健脾消食散"添加剂高、中和低剂量均能够提高雏鸡的免疫力,添加中剂量"健脾消食散"能达到增加雏鸡免疫力的目的。     

酵母培养物对雏鸡生长性能、免疫器官发育和血清相关激素的影响

选用7日龄海兰褐蛋用公雏鸡180只,随机分成3组(对照组,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组),每组设3个重复,每重复20只雏鸡。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组在基础日粮中分别添加2.5%和5%的酵母培养物,试验期6周,研究酵母培养物对雏鸡生长性能、免疫器官发育和血清相关激素的影响。结果表明,①在日粮中添加酵母培养物可以提高蛋雏鸡的平均日增重(P＜0.05),降低料重比(P＜0.05),并提高成活率(P＞0.05);②酵母培养物能够促进蛋雏鸡免疫器官的发育,提高其器官指数(P＜0.05)。③血清激素含量测定结果表明,添加酵母培养物组鸡血清中三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺激素(T4)水平显著提高(P＜0.05),皮质醇(COR)含量显著降低(P＜0.05),生长激素(GH)含量有所升高(P＞0.05)。     

Pathology and histopathology of gossypol toxicity in broiler chicks

Two experiments were conducted to determine the toxicity, pathology, and histopathology of purified gossypol in broiler chicks. Gossypol was added to broiler feed at 0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of feed in Experiment 1 and at 0, 800, and 1600 mg/kg of feed in Experiment 2. Day-old broiler chicks were fed these diets from 1 to 21 days in Experiment 1 and from 1 to 23 days in Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, body weight and feed intake at 21 days were not significantly affected by dietary gossypol. However, chicks fed gossypol at 400 mg/kg of feed had poor feed conversion ratio compared with the other treatment. Feed conversion ratios were 1.493, 1.564, 1.471, and 1.60 for chicks fed gossypol at 0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of feed, respectively (Experiment 1). Chicks fed 400 mg/kg gossypol also had mild perivascular lymphoid aggregate formations and bilary hyperplasia in the liver. In Experiment 2, gossypol at 1600 mg/kg resulted in 28.1% mortality. Gossypol at 800 and 1600 mg/kg feed resulted in significant decreases in body weight and feed intake of chicks. The average body weights of 23-day-old chicks in Experiment 2 were 676, 224, and 111 g for 0, 800, and 1600 mg/kg gossypol, respectively. Feed conversion ratios of chicks fed 800 and 1600 mg/kg gossypol were significantly higher than those of chicks fed control diets (1.383 vs. 1.564 vs. 1.745 for 0, 800, and 1600 mg/kg gossypol, respectively). Plasma iron and hematocrit values were significantly reduced by gossypol at 800 and 1600 mg/kg of feed. Enlarged gallbladder was the only gross pathology symptom associated with gossypol levels. Severe cases of perivascular lymphoid aggregate formation, biliary hyperplasia, and hepatic cholestasis were observed in chicks fed 800 and 1600 mg/kg of gossypol in feed. No gossypol-related changes were observed in kidney tissues of chicks. These results show that gossypol is toxic to broiler chicks at high levels. This study also shows that histopathologic changes in liver due to gossypol also occur at levels lower than the levels that affect body weight.     

不同水平纤维素酶对肉鸡屠宰性能、免疫器官指数及血清生化指标的影响

试验选用1dAA＋肉鸡1050羽作为试验动物,随机分为7个组,每组5个重复,每个重复30羽,分别饲喂不同水平的纤维素酶,试验期42d,分别于21d、42d测定肉鸡的屠宰率、半净膛率和腹脂率;同时测定胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊的器官指数及血清中血糖和尿素氮含量。试验结果表明,添加不同水平的纤维素酶对21d肉鸡的屠宰性能并未产生显著影响;对42d肉鸡的屠宰率和半净膛率效果显著,试验组G屠宰率提高了3.94%（P〈0.05）,试验组E半净膛率提高了2.46%（P〈0.05）。肉鸡胸腺、脾脏、法氏囊器官指数有不同程度的提高,差异不显著。添加不同水平的纤维素酶能够显著提高1～21d和22～42d肉鸡血液内葡萄糖含量,试验组G提高了4.25%（P〈0.05）。添加不同水平的纤维素酶能够降低1～21d肉鸡血清内尿素氮水平,试验组G降低了6.14%（P〈0.05）。     

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Effect of the level of cholecalciferol supplementation of broiler diets on the performance and tibial dyschondroplasia

A study was conducted to evaluate four different cholecalciferol levels (NRC; modified), using diets supplemented with 200 (control), 1500, 2500 or 3500 IU/kg of cholecalciferol (VIT‐D3). Each treatment was assigned to 3 pens of 17 broiler chicks of a commercial strain grown in an open‐sided house with sidewall curtains. At 21and 42 days, BW and feed conversion (FCR) were determined. At 42 days, five birds per pen were slaughtered to evaluate tibia and toe ash of the right leg, and incidence and severity of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) of the left tibia and also measured dressing percentage and breast meat yield. Serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations were also determined. Haemagglutination inhibition antibody titre against Newcastle disease virus and lymphoid organs weight/body weight ratio were also determined. At both 21 and 42 days, the BW of birds fed 1500 IU/kg to 3500 IU/kg of VIT‐D3 was significantly greater than birds fed 200 IU/kg. Similarly, better FCR was observed in birds those fed diets of high level of VIT‐D3. No significant difference was observed for mortality at any age. Better dressing percentage and breast meat yield were noted in birds fed diets containing 2500 or 3500 IU/kg VIT‐D3. Both tibia and toe ash contents were increased (p < 0.05) progressively with increased concentrations of cholecalciferol in feed. The incidence of TD (percentage of birds having TD scores greater than zero) was significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by level of 3500 IU VIT‐D3/kg at 42 days. The severity of TD in birds fed diets containing 200 IU/kg VIT‐D3 was apparently higher than birds fed diets with higher levels of VIT‐D3. Concentrations of calcium and phosphorus minerals in the serum increased progressively with the high level of VIT‐D3 supplementation to birds at both 21 and 42 days of age. Feeding levels of 1500 or 3500 IU of vitamin D3 did positively affect the immune system within the parameters measured. It may be concluded that performance, bone mineralization, blood chemistry and immunity against disease in broilers could be maintained when supplementing high level of VIT‐D3 incorporated in broiler diets.     

A study on feeding hazelnut kernel oil meal as a protein source for broiler chickens

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of substituting different levels of hazelnut kernel oil meal (HKM) for soybean meal (SBM) in diets for broiler. A total of 450 one-day-old female Ross 308 broiler chicks were allocated randomly to three treatment groups of 150 birds each in a randomized design. Each treatment group consisted of five replicates each of 30 chicks. All diets (in mash form) were formulated to meet nutrient concentrations recommended for broilers. The experiment lasted for six weeks. In the experiment, an SBM control (SBM) diet was compared to two HKM diets, replacing 50 (50HKM) and 100% (HKM) of SBM protein, respectively. Body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of broilers were adversely affected ( P  < 0.05) by the HKM diets at 42 days of age. Broilers fed 50HKM and HKM had growth performances similar ( P  > 0.05). The carcass yield and abdominal fat pads of birds fed diets with SBM were higher ( P  < 0.05) than those of chicks fed the 50HKM and HKM diets. The edible inner organ weight of chicks fed diets with HKM was the heaviest ( P  < 0.05). It is concluded that SBM cannot be replaced even up to 50% with HKM in commercial broiler diet.     

日粮维生素E水平对后备种母鸡生长发育的影响

研究日粮维生素E对后备种母鸡体形、肌肉和生殖器官生长发育的影响。发现日粮维生素E水平对20周龄后备种母鸡的体重、体重均匀度、胸骨长度、胫长度、屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率、翅重率、腹脂率、冠高度和卵巢重量没有显著影响(P>0 05 ), 但高剂量维生素E日粮显著增加输卵管的长度和重量(P<0 05)。结果表明日粮高维生素E水平(180mg/kg) 可加速20周龄后备种母鸡输卵管的生长发育。     

Effect of dietary supplementation of probiotic on the performance of F1 crossbred (Rhode Island red male × Fayoumi female) cockerels

A study was conducted to evaluate four different probiotic levels, using diets supplemented with 0 (control), 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% or 0.5% of organic-green culture-zs (probiotic). The cockerels of 6-weeks old were randomly divided into 15 separate floor pens each comprising 25 birds and three pens (replicates) per treatment group following completely randomized design. At 12 weeks of age BW and feed to gain ratio (FCR) were determined. At the end of 42 days of experiment, nine birds per treatment were sacrificed to evaluate carcass characteristics, abdominal fat contents and the internal organs. Blood haemato-biochemical parameters were also determined. Haemagglutination inhibition antibody titres against Newcastle disease virus and lymphoid organs weight/body weight ratio were also determined. The BW of birds fed 0.2-0.5% of probiotic was significantly greater than birds fed without probiotic diet. Similarly, better FCR was observed in birds those fed diets of high level of probiotic. There was no mortality recorded at higher levels of probiotics. Differences in carcass characteristics, organs weight, meat composition, haematological values and HDL and LDL concentrations among all the diets were non-significant. However, abdominal fat contents reduced significantly in supplemented groups in relation to control and cholesterol contents were reduced significantly in 0.3% or 0.5% supplemented groups in relation to control. Feeding levels of 0.2-0.5% of probiotic, did positively affect the immune system within the parameters measured. It may be concluded that performance, blood chemistry and immunity against disease in cockerels could be maintained when supplementing 0.3% or 0.5% level of probiotic incorporated in crossbred cockerel's diets.     

合生素对肉仔鸡免疫器官指数的影响

为探讨合生素对肉仔鸡免疫器官指数的影响,选取1日龄肉仔鸡280只进行试验,按体重随机分成7个组(每组5个重复,每个重复8只鸡)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂在基础日粮中分别添加合生素Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ及其添加水平0.2%和0.3%,试验期42 d。结果表明,合生素的添加显著降低了(P<0.05)肉仔鸡的脾脏和法氏囊免疫器官指数,也使胸腺免疫器官指数呈下降的趋势,但肉仔鸡的生长、健康状况均处于良好的发展状态。结果提示合生素能增强肉仔鸡免疫与抗应激能力。     

Pathology and histology of dietary tryptophan deficiency in broiler chicks

The purpose of this experiment was to characterize a lesion of the rhamphotheca associated with tryptophan (TIRP) deficiency, search for other histological abnormalities,and determine whether bird size and housing conditions are contributing factors to these lesions. Day-old broiler chicks (Ross X Ross 308) were placed in either floor pens with fresh pine shavings or Petersime battery brooders with two pens of 10 chicks each per treatment. Broiler chicks from 0 to 21 days of age were fed adequate (0.24%) and deficient (0.09%) levels of TRP in diets based on corn, corn gluten meal, and gelatin. Separate groups of control chicks were pair fed daily with the deficient chicks. Deficient chicks grew less efficiently than did the pair-fed controls. Upon gross examination, a lesion of the maxillary rhamphotheca in the vicinity of the nares was observed in 61% of TRP-deficient birds housed in the battery and 13% of the birds housed in floor pens. A similar gross lesion was only observed in one control bird. These lesions were located along the upper portion of the beak between the nares and appeared as a crusty or scab-like area on gross examination, composed of detritus, heterophils, and plasma protein. Inflammation occasionally was observed at the dermoepidermal junction. The incidence of lesions was reduced in floor pens compared to battery brooders, but similarly sized birds did not exhibit the lesion. The number of lesions seen grossly and histologically in TRP-deficient birds, as compared to control birds, supports the hypothesis that TRP deficiency is the primary cause of these lesions around the nares of broilers. Secondary environmental factors, perhaps coprophagy, also influence the incidence of the lesion.     

Effects of Excess Methionine from Meeting Needs for Total Sulfur Amino Acids on Utilization of Diets Low in Crude Protein by Broiler Chicks

Failure to obtain optimum performance by broilers fed low CP diets supplemented with amino acids may be due to a number of factors, including potential toxic effects of amino acids in excess of requirements. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of excess levels of Met on performance of broilers fed low CP diets. Corn and soybean meal of known composition were used to formulate diets with 22, 20, 18, and 16% CP with 100 and 110% of NRC recommendations. DL-Methionine was used to meet Met and TSAA requirements; the dietary levels of Met exceeded minimum needs. Within each CP level, 2 additional series were prepared. For one series, only the amount of DL-methionine needed to reach the Met requirement was added, leaving a calculated deficit of TSAA. For a second series, excess Met was replaced with sufficient Cys to meet Met and TSAA exactly. Each of the test diets and a 23% CP positive control were fed to 6 replicate pens of 5 male broiler chicks from 1 to 21 d of age. Performance of the birds fed 22% CP diets did not differ significantly from that of chicks fed the positive control. Chicks fed diets with less than 22% CP had significantly lower BW and increased FCR regardless of level of amino acid supplementation. There was no significant effect of Met status on performance, indicating that corn-soybean meal diets do not appear to be deficit in Cys and do not respond to levels of Met greater than minimum NRC recommendations for Met. Excess levels of Met in this study did not appear to contribute to the reduced performance at low CP levels.