温度和盐度对花鲈胚胎及前期仔鱼发育影响的初步报告

花鲈（Ｌａｔｅｏｌａｂｒａｘ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）胚胎发育的适宜温度为１０～２２℃，１０℃组中的畸形率偏高，因此最适宜温度为１３～２２℃。短时期的７℃低温对胚胎发育没有影响；前期仔鱼的适温范围与胚胎的适温范围基本一致。胚胎发育的适宜 盐度为１９‰～２８‰，以２２‰～２５‰为最佳；仔鱼对盐度的要求与胚胎期近似。以低盐度和高盐 度相比较，４日龄以后，低盐度似有利于仔鱼存活。     

盐度对真鲷受精卵发育及仔稚鱼生长的影响

在室内水池以溢水法收集真鲷 (Pagrosomusmajor)受精卵 ,并置于不同盐度海水中静水孵化 ,孵出仔鱼以流水培育。设置盐度梯度为 17.0、2 2 .0、2 7.0及自然盐度 3 3 .0 ,水温分别为 19.5～ 2 1.5℃ (孵化 )、2 0 .5～ 2 3 .5℃(培育 )。结果表明∶①真鲷受精卵在自然盐度海水中发育很好 ,孵化率较高 ( 85 .0 %～ 97.0 % ) ,畸形率较低 ( 3 .2 %～ 2 3 .7% ) ;在低盐度条件下静水孵化 ,发育不好 ,孵化率为 4 8.0 %～ 1.0 % ,且盐度越低 ,孵化率也越低。充气孵化时 ,盐度低至 17.0 ,孵化率有时也可达 97.1% ,但畸形率高达 85 .7%～ 10 0 %。②孵化仔鱼中有 2类畸形 ,第 1类畸形表现为身体或尾部弯曲 ,油球位于卵黄囊中部或前部 ,油球数多于 1个 ,盐度越低 ,畸形率越高 ;第 2类畸形表现为仔鱼膜膨大、围心腔扩大 ,这类畸形只出现于低盐度条件下 ,盐度越低 ,畸形率越高 ,且往往与第 1类畸形症状并发。③不同盐度对真鲷仔稚鱼的生长速度没有显著影响 ,各盐度条件仔稚鱼经 3 1d的培养 ,其平均全长为 19.6～ 2 0 .7mm( P >0 .0 5 ) ,没有显著的差别。④海水盐度越低 ,仔稚鱼的存活率越高 ,各组的平均存活率为 ,盐度17.0时 ,3 6.3 % ;盐度 2 2 .0时 ,3 6.2 % ;盐度 2 7.0时 ,2 7.1% ;盐度 3 3 .0时 ,16.3 %。     

温度和盐度对菲律宾蛤仔稚贝生长及发育的影响

本文叙述了，在室内控制条件下，温度和盐度对菲律宾蛤仔稚贝生长及发育的影响。蛤仔稚贝生长的适宜水温为15—30℃，其中以25℃为最好。在此温度范围内，稚贝生长迅速，成活率高达80％以上。稚贝对10℃以下的低温有强的忍耐性，也能忍耐35℃的高温，其死亡的临界温度在40℃左右。稚贝生长的适宜盐度为14．0—33．5‰，最适盐度是20．5‰左右。在此盐度范围内，稚贝发育整齐，成活率高达85％以上。生长的盐度下限和上限分别为7．5‰和40．0‰左右。幼虫变态的适宜盐度在20．5～33．5‰之间，在此盐度范围内，幼虫成活率为65％以上。盐度在27‰时幼体的成活率最高，达到92．5％。幼虫变态的盐度下限为7．5‰左右，而上限则在于40．0—46．5‰之间。     

温,盐度对鲈鱼早期仔鱼生长及存活率的影响

本文就温度，盐度以及不同降低盐度方法对鲈于仔鱼的生长及存活进行实验，经一星期的培养，结果表明，１；钙鱼仔鱼在盐度３０－３‰的海水中都能生长，以２０‰的存活率最高达９９％。２．每经６小时逐渐降低盐度５‰的仔鱼存活率高于大幅度骤降盐度。３．温度１４．７－１４．９℃和１８．３－１９．７℃，以盐度３０‰生长快，５‰生长缓慢。     

喷点雪印小丑鱼的胚胎及仔、稚、幼鱼形态发育观察

为建立喷点雪印小丑鱼(Amphiprion sp.)人工繁育技术,在人工模拟自然条件下对其繁殖习性、胚胎发育及胚后发育进行观察。结果表明：喷点雪印小丑鱼受精卵长径为1.9～2.1 mm,短径为0.93～0.95 mm;胚胎发育主要经历受精卵期→胚盘期→卵裂期→囊胚期→原肠胚期→神经胚期→器官形成期→孵化期等;在水温为(27±0.5)℃时,受精卵约需197 h孵化出膜。初孵仔鱼全长(4.415±0.412) mm,身体透明,鳍膜明显,卵黄囊仅剩小部分残留,并已开口摄食。9日龄全长(6.813±0.835) mm,鳍膜消失,各鳍基本形成,头部开始出现纹带,进入稚鱼期。21日龄全长(10.581±2.659) mm,身体被鳞,体色、纹路开始分化。35日龄全长(15.512±4.927) mm,形成4种不同体色、纹路的幼鱼。作为人工选育的品系,喷点雪印小丑鱼胚后发育过程中最为明显的变化是幼鱼期体色、纹路等形态特征的形成与分化。     

温度和盐度对鞍带石斑鱼受精卵发育及仔鱼成活率的影响

研究了在8个盐度梯度(18.3‰、19.7‰、21.2‰、23.5‰、25.6‰、27.1‰、29.5‰和31.7‰)下鞍带石斑鱼Epinephelus lanceol受精卵和仔鱼在水中的分布状态、出膜率和仔鱼存活率;在9个温度梯度(18℃、20℃、22℃、24℃、26℃、28℃、30℃、33℃和35℃)下,其受精卵孵化率、畸形率和仔鱼成活率。结果表明:(1)在水温为25~26℃,当盐度≤25.6‰时,受精卵表现为沉性;当盐度≥27.1‰时,受精卵表现为浮性。仔鱼的分布与受精卵有相似的特点,当盐度≤21.2‰时仔鱼分布在底层水体;当盐度≥27.1‰时,仔鱼集中分布在上层水体。(2)以孵化率和成活率为指标,鞍带石斑鱼孵化的适宜盐度范围为21.2‰~31.7‰,最适盐度范围为25.6‰~31.7‰。在盐度为31.7‰时仔鱼成活率最高达到75.9%。(3)鞍带石斑鱼胚胎发育的适温范围是26~30℃。28℃时受精卵孵化率、仔鱼成活率均最高,畸形率最低。     

温度和盐度对褐菖鲉仔鱼心率和成活率的影响

为了研究温度和盐度对褐菖鲉初产仔鱼生长发育的影响,探索了海水比重1.010、1.020、1.030、1.040,以及水温15℃、18℃、21℃、24℃下仔鱼心率和成活率的变化。结果表明,在18℃时,比重1.010和1.030两组的仔鱼心率最高,比重1.040组36h全部死亡,比重1.030组96h死亡过半;在比重1.020下,15℃组和18℃组心率正常,15℃、18℃、21℃、24℃组96h的存活率分别为(31.11±4.16)%、(38.89±1.57)%、0%、0%。综合分析认为,褐菖鲉仔鱼适宜生存的海水比重为1.010~1.020,温度21℃以上已不适合其生存。     

干露、盐度、温度变化对中华虎头蟹仔蟹的影响

采用单因子分析方法,在生化培养箱中设置5个干露梯度,15个盐度梯度及12个温度梯度,研究干露、盐度、温度变化对中华虎头蟹仔蟹存活及其活力的影响。试验结果表明,不同干露温度梯度下,随着温度的升高,时间的延长,仔蟹爬行、游动、钻沙能力不断减弱;在0、1、2、45、50盐度梯度下,24h后仔蟹成活率、活力下降明显;10～35℃温度梯度下,24h后成活率超过90%,能正常摄食、活动,其他温度试验组,随温度变化,仔蟹活力不断减弱至无法摄食活动。     

温度对四川华鳊仔、稚鱼生长发育及存活率的影响

为探索温度对四川华鳊(Sinibrama taeniatus)仔、稚鱼早期发育的影响,本研究以刚出膜且发育正常的四川华鳊仔鱼为研究对象,共设置16℃、19℃、22℃、25℃、28℃和31℃6个温度梯度,并定期观察仔、稚鱼的生长发育进程.整个发育过程分为开口摄食、卵黄囊消失、鳞片出现、鳞被完整4个阶段,统计各阶段的发育天...     

Survival and development of Atlantic salmon eggs and fry at three different temperatures

Groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) eggs were incubated at 12, 10 and 8° C. At 12° C mortality was high and fry averaged little more than half the weight of those hatched at 10 or 8° C. Development of alevins to the ‘swim-up’ stage was also abnormal at 12° C. The results suggest that 10° C is optimal for incubating Atlantic salmon eggs. For the period between hatching and swim-up, the most favourable temperature varies according to the temperature used during incubation. Mortality rate during the first 6 weeks of feeding was correlated with mortality during earlier development. Total numbers of day-degrees required by the eggs and fry to reach the eyed, hatching, and swim-up stages of development were significantly less at 12° C than at 10 or 8° C. However, total day-degrees required to reach an average weight of 0.5 or 0.6 g were almost the same regardless of temperature during hatching.     

不同饵料对3种西藏鱼类仔鱼生长及存活的影响

研究了卤虫无节幼体、专用仔鱼料、鳗鱼仔鱼料等3种不同饵料对西藏尖裸鲤(Oxygymnocypris stewartii)、异齿裂腹鱼(Schizothorax o'connori Lloyd)、拉萨裂腹鱼(Schizothorax waltoni Regan)等3种鱼类仔鱼生长和存活的影响。实验尖裸鲤、异齿裂腹鱼、拉萨裂腹鱼仔鱼的初始全长分别为(13.29±0.52)mm、(12.29±0.44)mm、(15.81±0.50)mm,实验周期分别为25 d、25 d、15 d。结果表明:与其他饵料组相比,投喂专用仔鱼料组,异齿裂腹鱼仔鱼和拉萨裂腹鱼仔鱼的平均全长、全长增加倍数以及存活率均高于其他各组,并有显著差异;尖裸鲤仔鱼的平均全长和全长增长倍数也高于其他各组,但存活率较投喂卤虫无节幼体低,并有显著差异。     

Effects of different salinities on amino acid profile in Artemia franciscana

The effects of different salinity levels, including 10–15, 30–35, 70–75, 110–115 and 150–155 ppt, were evaluated on survival and the body amino acids (BAA) of Artemia franciscana. The results were expressed as total essential (TE), non‐essential (NE) and total amino acids (TAA); also, the ratio of the TE to NE (ENAA) on days 3 and 13 of the culture is reported. The study of changes in Artemia BAA showed that with the increase in the water salinity, the TE, NE and TAA increased significantly on days 3 and 13 of the culture. However, the highest ratio of ENAA was observed in the 110 gL^?1 salinity treatment on day 3 (1.067 ± 1.25). Regarding the effects of different salinity treatments on the survival rate of Artemia, it was observed that, generally, an increase in the water salinity would reduce the survival rate of this species. This reduction was observed on day 3 of culture in the salinity treatments above 120 (66.66 ± 1.68%) and below 30 gL^?1 (89.66 ± 0.34%) and on day 13 of culture in the salinity treatments below 30 (11.86 ± 0.13%) and above 70 gL^?1. Basically, it can be concluded that A. franciscana culture at a salinity of 110 gL^?1 can lead to the biological enrichment of Artemia in terms of amino acid profile.     

不同温度和光周期对三疣子蟹幼体成活度的影响

利用容积为500ml的微流水装置,放入50个同一批三庞梭子蟹(Portunus,trituburculatus)蚤状幼体(Z1～Z1)和大眼幼体(M),温度控制在室温(18.0℃～27.5℃)、20℃、23℃、26℃、29℃和32℃,光周期控制在室温0h、6h、10h、14h、18h和24h,常规管理观察幼体成活率.结果表明,Z1、Z2、Z3、Z4和M在温度和光周期分别为20℃、18h～24h;21℃～23℃、18h ～22h;23℃～26℃、14h～24h和23℃～26℃、18h时,变态率较高.     

Modelling temperatures and salinities of mixed seawater fish ponds

Modelling of fish pond temperatures and salinities requires application of fundamental energy and mass balance equations. Temperatures and salinities can then be simulated, given the hydrological characteristics and simple weather data. Results of several temperature estimation experiments of 1 and 5 days duration are discussed. The results indicate that pond temperatures can be accurately estimated if the transfer coefficients are known. While salinity estimation is discussed, experiments were not performed, since the temperature experiment indirectly used the salinity data.     

不同脂肪源饲料培育的大型蚤对中华绒螯蟹仔蟹发育和变态的影响

2003年5月20日至6月22日,研究了不同脂肪源饲料培育的大型潘对中华绒螯蟹发育和变态的影响。采用纯酵母（酵母组）、酵母添加10％豆油（豆油组）和酵母添加10％鱼油（鱼油组）三组饲料培养的大型潘作为大眼幼体发育到仔蟹Ⅳ期的生长和蜕壳的饵料。实验期间水温为室温,温度为20～24℃。结果表明,鱼油组培养的大型潘能显著地加速仔蟹发育阶段变态时间（缩短蜕皮周期）,促进生长。其次为豆油组。酵母组最差。其加速变态的效果在仔蟹I期发育变态到Ⅱ期就显著表现出来。此外,鱼油组,豆油组与酵母组相比,相应仔蟹期的规格较大。脂肪酸组成分析显示,仔蟹脂肪酸的组成在一定程度上,反映了其摄食不同脂肪源饲料培育的大型滔的脂肪酸组成。鱼油组的仔蟹具有相对高的EPA,DHA和HUFA的百分组成,而豆油组培育的仔蟹由于大型潘中含有较高含量的C18：2,而致使仔蟹的C18：2具有最高含量。实验证实,饵料中高HUFA的含量,能显著促进仔蟹的生长和变态。PUFA,特别是C18：2对仔蟹变态和成活也有一定的促进作用。     

Effects of LED light quality on the growth,survival and metamorphosis of Haliotis discus hannai Ino larvae

Light is a key environmental factor influencing the growth, development and survival of aquatic organisms. We examined the effects of different light qualities (red, orange, white, blue, green or no light) and developmental stage at initial lighting [fertilized egg (FE), trochophore larva (TL), or eye‐spot larva (EL)] on the growth, development, and survival of larvae of the Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Larva‐hatching success was significantly higher under blue, green, or no light compared with red, orange or white light (P < 0.05). Larval abnormalities were significantly increased under red, orange or white light compared with all other light qualities (P < 0.05). The incidence of metamorphosis in larvae illuminated from the TL stage was significantly higher under blue compared with other light qualities. Irrespective of the stage at initial illumination, the incidence of metamorphosis was lower in larvae cultured under red, orange or no light compared with other light qualities, but the differences were not significant (P > 0.05). Juvenile survival was significantly higher under blue or green compared with other light qualities (P < 0.05), with no significant effect of stage at initial illumination (P > 0.05). Larval size at completion of the shell was unaffected by stage at initial illumination, but was greater under blue or green light, while size at metamorphosis was greatest following illumination with blue or green light since the TL or EL stage (P < 0.05). Metamorphosis time was shortest with blue or green light and in cultures illuminated from the FE or TL stage (P < 0.05). Larval development from the FE to formation of the fourth tubule on the cephalic tentacles was fastest in larvae exposed since the FE or TL stage to blue or green light, compared with other light qualities (P < 0.05). However, there was no difference in terms of the rate of development from the FE to the TL stage between cultures lit or unlit since the FE egg stage (P > 0.05). These results suggest that a blue or green light source applied from the TL stage can increase the hatching and yield of H. discus hannai Ino, with important implications for the development of the aquaculture industry.     

不同生物饵料组合对脊尾白虾幼体变态发育的影响

本研究以脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)幼体为研究对象,研究了牟氏角毛藻(Chaeroeeros moelleri)、褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)和卤虫(Artemia salina)无节幼体搭配投喂对脊尾白虾幼体的存活率(SR)、变态发育和消化酶的影响。结果显示,单一卤虫组的幼体变态发育速度最快,14 d内全部变态为仔虾,其他3组则需要15 d;单一卤虫组、牟氏角毛藻+卤虫组和轮虫+卤虫组的幼体变态为仔虾时的SR分别为84.33%、84.67%和83.00%,各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);投喂牟氏角毛藻+轮虫+卤虫混合饵料组的幼体在Z5~P阶段大量死亡,变态为仔虾时的SR为35.67%。单一卤虫组投喂的脊尾白虾幼体的胃蛋白酶(1.94 U/mg prot)、脂肪酶(2.35 U/mg prot)和α-淀粉酶(0.13 U/mg prot)活力在4个组中最高,牟氏角毛藻+轮虫+卤虫组的胃蛋白酶(0.08 U/mg prot)、脂肪酶(0.91 U/mg prot)和α-淀粉酶(0.08 U/mg prot)活力在4个组中最低;牟氏角毛藻+卤虫组和轮虫+卤虫组的α-淀粉酶活力均为0.12 U/mg prot,而轮虫+卤虫组幼体的脂肪酶(1.78 U/mg prot)和胃蛋白酶(0.39 U/mg prot)比牟氏角毛藻+卤虫组分别高0.35和0.04 U/mg prot。研究表明,在脊尾白虾育苗过程中,投喂卤虫无节幼体(3~5 ind./mL),能提高幼体SR和加快变态发育速度,同时,在养殖过程中加入一定的牟氏角毛藻可减缓养殖水体恶化的速度。     

Effects of light quality and intensity on the growth,survival and metamorphosis of Haliotis discus hannai Ino larvae

Light is a key environmental factor that influences the growth, culture and survival of aquatic organisms. This study examined the effects of different light qualities (red, orange, white, blue and green light) and intensities (5 μmol m^?2 s^?1, 15 μmol m^?2 s^?1 and 40 μmol m^?2 s^?1) on the hatching and metamorphosis of larva of Haliotis discus hannai Ino and the growth and survival of juveniles. It was found that under blue and green light, the hatching success rate and metamorphosis of larva were significantly higher than those for any other light quality (P < 0.05), and there was a decreasing trend with an increase in light intensity. Under red and orange light, the abnormality rate of trochophores in each light intensity treatment and the time required for the metamorphosis of larva were significantly higher than those for any other light group (P < 0.05). Both the abnormality and metamorphosis rates significantly increased with light intensity. Under white light, at an intensity of 40 μmol m^?2 s^?1, the settlement and size of larva at metamorphosis were significantly smaller than those for any other light intensity (P < 0.05). Under red and orange light, the SGR of juvenile abalone in each light intensity treatment was significantly lower than that in any other light group (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was identified (P > 0.05). Therefore, selecting blue and green light and controlling the light intensity to 5–15 μmol m^?2 s^?1 during fingerling reproduction of abalone should increase the hatching success rate of larva and the yield per water body.