四川花萼山不同海拔巴山榧树居群的遗传多样性

为揭示不同海拔巴山榧树居群的遗传多样性水平,实验利用ISSR分子标记对四川花萼山4个不同海拔(1 000 m, 1 200 m, 1 450 m, 1 700 m)巴山榧树居群的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行分析。结果表明,巴山榧树在物种水平上多态性位点百分率为77.84%,Nei's基因多样性指数(H)和Shannon's信息指数(I)分别为0.249 3和0.375 2,反映出巴山榧树保持有较高的遗传变异。巴山榧树在居群水平上仍具有较高的遗传多样性,平均多态性位点百分率为54.04%,H和I均值分别为0.176 2和0.266 1。4个居群的遗传多样性总体上随着海拔的升高而增加,遗传多样性与海拔高度呈不显著的正相关(p0.05)。4个居群间的基因分化系数(Gst)为0.293 2,表明该地区巴山榧树居群的遗传分化程度较高,有29.32%的遗传变异位于居群间,70.68%的变异位于居群内。4个居群间的基因流(Nm)为1.205 1,较低的基因流可能是导致巴山榧树居群间遗传分化程度较高的重要因素。4个居群间的遗传距离介于0.073 2～0.197 9之间,遗传距离随着海拔高度差的增加总体呈现逐渐增大的趋势。上述结果有助于研究巴山榧树遗传资源的保护与利用。     

中间锦鸡儿干旱转录组SSR标记的开发及遗传多样性研究

利用中间锦鸡儿干旱转录组数据自主开发、筛选具有多态性的SSR标记;在此基础上,选取了内蒙古地区10个居群的中间锦鸡儿种质资源为试验材料,对其遗传多样性展开了系统研究。研究如下:中间锦鸡儿干旱转录组共搜索到404个SSR标记,分布于349条Unigenes序列上,出现频率为14.78%。其中二核苷酸重复是主要的类型,占总SSRs的64.90%;其次是三核苷酸重复,占总SSRs的33.70%;二核苷酸重复基元中以AG/CT和GA/TC为优势重复基元,占总SSRs的29.45%,三核苷酸重复基元以AAG/CTT为主,占总SSRs的5.69%。成功设计了76对引物并筛选出条带清晰、多态性好、重复性好的7对引物进行遗传多样性分析。共检测到29个等位基因(Na),有效等位基因数为1.101~2.007,Nei’s多样性指数为0.254;Shannon多样性指数(I)为0.193~0.709,平均每位点I值为0.482;种群间遗传距离(GD)的范围是0.002 7~0.068 8,遗传一致度(GI)的范围是0.933 5~0.997 3,采用Nei's遗传关系用UPGMA进行聚类,10个居群分为2个亚群,包头市百灵庙镇和乌兰察布市凉城县聚为一个亚群,其余种群聚为另一个亚群。中间锦鸡儿种群间平均近交系数(Fis)大于0且基因流为3.726,遗传距离与地理距离相关系数R~2=0.023。分析表明供试材料的遗传多样性较低,可能是中间锦鸡儿居群受到自然和人为干预较多,遗传交流大所导致的。     

基于SSR标记的山西高粱地方品种遗传多样性和遗传结构分析

为了从分子水平分析山西省高粱地方品种的遗传多样性和遗传结构,本研究从140对SSR引物中筛选到22对条带清晰且多态性稳定的引物,对来自于山西省11个地区66个县市的158份高粱材料进行了遗传多样性分析,结果共检测到147个等位基因的位点变异,平均等位基因数为6.68。每个SSR位点的多态性信息含量(PIC)平均为0.635,变异范围为0.168～0.870,表明山西高粱的地方品种具有较丰富的多态性。针对11个不同地理居群的遗传多样性分析表明,不同的地理居群间遗传分化水平差异较大,地理居群间存在不同程度的基因交流。无论从等位基因数、有效等位基因数还是Shannon's信息指数上,都可以看出忻州居群的遗传多样性最高,而阳泉居群的最低。针对不同地理居群间遗传距离的分析结果表明,忻州居群和晋中居群的遗传距离最小,两个群体的亲缘关系较近,基因交流比较频繁。而阳泉居群和其他居群间的遗传距离都较大,显示阳泉居群与其他居群之间的基因交流阻隔,进一步显示了阳泉居群的独特性。基于模型的遗传结构分析和基于遗传距离的N-J聚类分析都将种质材料划分为2个类群,不同地区高粱资源居群间的遗传关系远近与其地理信息并没有明显的相关性。本研究旨在为高粱种质资源的收集、鉴定与创新提供理论依据。     

3个小流域红豆树天然居群的遗传多样性和遗传分化

红豆树(Ormosia hosiei Hemsl.et Wils)是中国特有的珍稀濒危植物,但其遗传信息了解较少。为进一步完善红豆树遗传背景研究,采用SSR分子标记技术对江西省资溪县泸溪河、福建省柘荣县茜洋溪和浙江省龙泉市瓯江上游等3个小流域的9个红豆树天然居群的遗传多样性及遗传分化进行分析。本研究利用12对SSR引物在193个个体中共检测到171个等位基因,每个位点平均14.3个。不同小流域间和同一小流域内(西溪支流)不同居群的遗传多样性皆维持较高水平(HE0.720),但也均存在一定程度的近交(Fis0);不同流域的遗传多样性由高到低顺序:OJ(HE=0.835)、XYX(HE=0.829)、LXH(HE=0.796);西溪支流内不同居群间遗传多样性也存在一定的差异,如处在柘荣茜洋溪-西溪中游的富溪居群其遗传多样性水平最高(HE=0.771),而其上游的东源和下游的宅中居群的遗传多样性则相对较低。不同水平(流域和居群水平)的AMOVA分析表明,遗传变异主要存在于流域内和居群内,流域间或流域内居群间的遗传分化皆属于中等程度。基于遗传距离的聚类分析和Structure分组分析均表明,3个小流域的9个天然居群可归为2大群组,其中江西泸溪河小流域(LXH)和福建茜洋溪小流域(XYX)的6个居群(JXMTS,JXBHQ,FJDY,FJFX,FJCP和FJZZ)归为一群组,而浙江瓯江小流域的3个居群(ZJFX-1,ZJFX-2和ZJBD)则单独归为另一群组,且第一群组内居群间还存在较明显的遗传分化。因此,研究认为,研究的3个小流域红豆树天然居群维持较高的遗传多样性,这可能是其生境片段化前的反映。第一群组内(LXH和XYX)的遗传分化可能与居群大小、分布及生境有关,而第二群组内(瓯江上游流域)的居群则起源于一个较大的居群。     

濒危植物望天树的遗传多样性和居群遗传结构

龙脑香科(Dipterocarpaceae)濒危植物望天树(Parashorea chinensis)目前仅局限分布于热带亚洲北部边缘，目前已受到特别的保护，但有关其遗传特性的研究很少。在本研究中，使用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术对望天树7个天然居群进行了遗传多样性和群体遗传结构的研究。望天树7个天然居群(194个个体)用20个随机引物进行了扩增，48．22％的RAPD位点为多态位点，平均每个居群的多态位点百分比为20．84％。居群内的平均基因多样度为0．7870(用Shannon表型多样性指数来测量)，整个物种的基因多样度为1．4100，居群内的基因多样度为55．82％，居群间的基因多样度为44．18％。GsT平均值为0．4448。AMOVA分析表明37．67％的遗传变异存在于地区间，11．40％存在于地区内的居群间，而50．93％则存在于居群内。结果揭示了望天树低水平的遗传多样性和很强的地区居群分化，这可能是由于望天树在其进化历史上，居群不断的减小及再扩张所引起的居群瓶颈所造成的。相关分析没有检测到居群大小和遗传多样性大小的正相关，而居群间的遗传距离和地理空间距离检测到了显著的正相关。所得结果对该物种保护策略的制定有指导作用。     

4种锦鸡儿属(Caragana)植物抗旱性研究

为了给乌兰布和地区造林植物种的选择、植物配置以及植被建设方面提供更充足的理论依据,本试验在田间持续干旱条件下,研究4种锦鸡儿属植物柠条锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿、狭叶锦鸡儿和荒漠锦鸡儿对干旱胁迫的生理响应,并用隶属函数法进行抗旱性综合评价。结果表明,4种锦鸡儿属植物幼苗叶片含水量和束缚水/自由水含量比值随着土壤含水量的减少而增加,方差分析表明,中间锦鸡儿和狭叶锦鸡儿差异不显著,与柠条锦鸡儿、荒漠锦鸡儿比有显著性差异,且柠条锦鸡儿的叶片含水量和束缚水/自由水含量比值最高;随着土壤干旱程度加剧,4种植物叶片水分亏缺、细胞膜透性都呈增加趋势,而离体叶片失水速率变化趋势基本相似,均表现为前期(0~9 h)失水快,后期(9~24 h)失水慢。根据抗旱隶属值,4种锦鸡儿属植物的抗旱性由大到小的顺序为：柠条锦鸡儿>中间锦鸡儿>狭叶锦鸡儿>荒漠锦鸡儿。     

东北地区水稻种质资源遗传多样性分析

以能够代表东北地区水稻当前育种动态的区域试验品种(系)为试材,利用SSR标记分析了东北稻区水稻种质资源地区问和品种间的遗传多样性差异以及亲缘关系.结果表明,东北稻区整体的遗传多样性狭窄,明显低于国内其他稻区水平.在103个多态性位点上共检测到303个等位基因,平均每个位点只有2.94个,并且等位基因分布也极不均匀.不同染色体问的遗传多样性分析结果表明,Chr.6、Chr.9、Chr.11三条染色体的多态性位点分布较均匀且多态性信息含量也较多,整体遗传多样性丰富程度高于其他染色体.结果还发现,三个省份中黑龙江地区的品种整体纯合程度最高的,吉林次之,辽宁最低.东北三省水稻遗传多样丰富程度排序是:黑龙江>吉林>辽宁.通过遗传聚类分析显示,吉林与黑龙江的整体亲缘关系较近,相对地与辽宁较远.     

濒危植物望天树的遗传多样性和居群遗传结构

龙脑香科(Dipterocarpaceae)濒危植物望天树(Parashorea chinensis)目前仅局限分布于热带亚洲北部边缘,目前已受到特别的保护,但有关其遗传特性的研究很少.在本研究中,使用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术对望天树7个天然居群进行了遗传多样性和群体遗传结构的研究.望天树7个天然居群(194个个体)用20个随机引物进行了扩增,48.22%的RAPD位点为多态位点,平均每个居群的多态位点百分比为20.84%.居群内的平均基因多样度为0.7870(用Shannon表型多样性指数来测量),整个物种的基因多样度为1.4100,居群内的基因多样度为55.82%,居群间的基因多样度为44.18%.GST平均值为0.4448.AMOVA 分析表明37.67%的遗传变异存在于地区间,11.40% 存在于地区内的居群间,而50.93% 则存在于居群内.结果揭示了望天树低水平的遗传多样性和很强的地区居群分化,这可能是由于望天树在其进化历史上,居群不断的减小及再扩张所引起的居群瓶颈所造成的.相关分析没有检测到居群大小和遗传多样性大小的正相关,而居群间的遗传距离和地理空间距离检测到了显著的正相关.所得结果对该物种保护策略的制定有指导作用.     

基于ISSR技术的白木香奇楠种质遗传多样性分析

本研究采用ISSR分子标记技术分析白木香奇楠种质的遗传多样性和亲缘关系。以4种常见的奇楠种质的16个居群为试验材料,普通白木香为对照,利用筛选出的10条ISSR引物进行PCR扩增,利用PopGene 32软件对不同居群的ISSR标记结果进行多态性分析,通过NTsys 2.1软件的UPGMA方法聚类并构建亲缘关系树。研究结果显示:(1) 10条ISSR引物共扩增出93条DNA条带,其中多态性条带77条,多态性程度达82.8%;(2)奇楠种质居群内的多态性位点百分率(PPB)、有效等位基因数(Ne)和Shannon's指数(I)等均显著低于普通白木香;奇楠居群间遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.815 4,居群间每代个体的基因流系数(Nm)为0.113 2;(3)除种质T41外,其他奇楠种质不同居群间的遗传一致性高、遗传距离小,在聚类图上各自聚为一支。白木香奇楠种质在物种水平上具有较高的遗传多样性,而在居群水平上的遗传多样性水平偏低,遗传变异较少。居群间(种质间)存在较大的遗传变异,且居群间基因流动性水平低。从特异性、一致性和稳定性来看,A11、R21和B31更符合林木新品种审定的要求。本研究的开展为白木香奇楠品种的引种栽培及良种选育提供了一定的分子生物学依据。     

新疆银叶真藓居群nrDNA ITS序列的遗传分化

银叶真藓是世界广布种。对于分布在中国新疆维吾尔自治区不同地理居群的银叶真藓的遗传结构及遗传多样性的研究还未见报道。本研究以采集的新疆地区18个居群的银叶真藓共47株植物样品,采用改良的快速提取法提取随机单株植物总DNA,运用分子生物学技术分析银叶真藓居群的遗传多样性。研究结果表明:新疆不同地理居群银叶真藓nrDNA ITS序列可分为35种单倍型,存在537个变异位点;分子变异分析(AMOVA)显示有88.76%的遗传变异发生在居群间水平,居群内部的遗传变异为11.24%,银叶真藓居群间的遗传分化程度大于居群内的遗传分化。居群遗传变异的分化系数(Fst)为0.887 59,基因流值(Nm)为0.063 3,由于Nm值小于1,可以说明各居群间的基因流低。单倍型多态性水平(Hd)为0.982±0.010,核苷酸多态性水平(Pi)为0.170 87±0.028 67。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.