Collection of ear corn residue and its utilization as a bulking agent for cow manure composting

This study examined the collection, storage, and utilization of ear corn residue as a bulking agent for composting. Ear corn residue left in fields was collected by a sequence of windrowing and round baling operations, which showed a collection efficiency of 53%?56%. More than 70% of the corn stalks had lengths shorter than 15 cm. The moisture content of corn residue collected in late October was approximately 58%; it decreased to 23% during storage. Dried corn residue was mixed with raw manure in two different ways, namely using complete mixing (CM) treatment or creating a bottom layer of residue, and a total of 3.4 t of the manure and ear corn residue mixture were composted using a pilot‐scale composting apparatus. The results showed that the CM treatment resulted in higher temperature generation and produced less odorous and well‐degraded compost after 2 months of composting, while the odorous compounds in the compost with corn residue as the bottom layer remained similar to those of the initial compost. To sufficiently utilize the advantages of the ear corn residue, thorough mixing of the corn residue with raw manure is preferable; this procedure produced well‐degraded and safety compost in a shorter time period.     

Comparison of the composting process using ear corn residue and three other conventional bulking agents during cow manure composting under high‐moisture conditions

To elucidate the characteristics of ear corn residue as a bulking agent, the composting process using this residue was compared with processes using three other conventional materials such as sawdust, wheat straw and rice husk, employing a bench‐scale composting reactor. As evaluated via biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), ear corn residue contains 3.3 and 2.0 times more easily digestible materials than sawdust and rice husk, respectively. In addition, mixing ear corn residue with manure resulted in reduced bulk density, which was the same as that of wheat straw and was 0.58 and 0.67 times lower than that of sawdust and a rice husk mixture, respectively. To evaluate temperature generation during the composting process, the maximum temperature and area under the temperature curve (AUC_TEMP) were compared among the mixed composts of four bulking agents. Maximum temperature (54.3°C) as well as AUC_TEMP (7310°C●h) of ear corn residue were significantly higher than those of sawdust and rice husk (P < 0.05), and they are similar to that of wheat straw mixed compost. Along with the value of AUC_TEMP, the highest organic matter losses of 31.1% were observed in ear corn residue mixed compost, followed by wheat straw, saw dust and rice husk.     

Composting characteristics of three bedding materials

Horse manure management is becoming a major concern in suburban areas of the United States. An average horse can produce eight to ten tons of manure per year, accumulating at a rate of two cubic feet per day, including bedding. If properly composted, the manure and bedding can be transformed into a very useful, odorless, pathogenfree product. The objective of this trial was to compare the characteristics of recycled chopped phone book paper, sawdust and wheat straw bedding during composting. Six horses were stalled on three bedding types: recycled phone book paper, sawdust and straw. Each day manure and soiled bedding types were separately collected and transported to compost sites over an eight-day period. Three compositing bins were each hand constructed from wooden pallets with 10 cm slats. The front of the bin was left open for manipulation of materials during the composting process. Initial volumes of the soiled bedding materials were 1m³, 1m³, and 1.5m³ for paper, sawdust and straw, respectively. Temperatures were taken for each bedding materials using a 51 cm REOTEMP compost thermometer. Temperatures were taken on Day 0 and every four days over the 65-day trial (n=52). Temperature was used to determine the need for moisture addition and aerating by turning to keep the piles microbially active. On Day 37 the C:N ratio was adjusted by the addition of ammonium sulfate, 0.1 kg, 0.1 kg and 0.14 kg for sawdust, phone book paper and straw piles, respectively. Mean standard error and range for compost temperatures (C) were: phone book paper, 33.17±10.33 (13–52); sawdust, 45.6±9.35 (27–58); straw, 30.42±6.57 (16–39). The sawdust composted more readily as compared to the phone book paper or straw. The paper and straw had poorer structure, which caused compaction of the material when moistened; thus, porosity, oxygen supply and microbial activity were reduced.     

不同复合微生物菌剂对牛粪堆肥效果的影响

为了探讨不同复合微生物菌剂对牛粪堆肥的影响,该试验以70％牛粪+30％玉米秸秆为堆肥材料(C/N=(25～35)/1),设计4个堆肥处理,前3个处理组分别加入0.1％的复合微生物菌剂1(枯草芽孢杆菌+细黄链霉菌(1∶1))、复合微生物菌剂2(里氏木霉+细黄链霉菌(1∶1))和复合微生物菌剂3(枯草芽孢杆菌+里氏木霉+细...     

接种复合嗜热菌剂对牛粪堆肥的影响

本研究采用自主筛选的12株嗜热细菌制成复合菌剂添加至牛粪堆肥中,考察接种复合菌剂对牛粪堆肥的影响。堆肥结果表明,经过28d堆肥处理,堆肥初期试验组升温比对照组提前1d到达高温期(≥55℃),试验组最高温度可达64.7℃,高于对照组(60.5℃),且高温期持续时间延长4d;试验组温度高,水分蒸发快,堆肥初期试验组含水率比对照组变化明显,后期变化缓慢,最终都稳定在45%;接种复合菌剂对堆肥的pH值影响不大;试验组种子发芽指数(GI)最终为91%,对照组为86%,试验组比对照组提前6d达到腐熟标准(GI≥85%)。     

ZZMZ菌剂在牛粪堆肥过程中对微生物群落的影响

[目的]为了提高牛粪堆肥中分解纤维素的微生物含量.[方法]以人工接种灭活ZZMZ堆肥微生态调节剂堆肥处理(JSM 堆肥)和未接种ZZMZ堆肥微生态制剂处理作为对照,按40 L/40 t(1‰)添加灭活ZZMZ堆肥微生态调节剂.[结果]表明:接种ZZMZ菌剂可以使牛粪便堆肥细菌数量提高4.53%,放线菌数量提高6.37%...     

钝化材料对猪粪堆肥过程中重金属（Cu、Zn）形态转化的影响及其植物毒性分析

采用三级四步连续提取法（BCR）研究生物质炭、VT-1000菌剂2种钝化材料对猪粪堆肥过程中重金属Cu、Zn含量和形态的影响,并探讨其对植物种子的毒性。结果表明：堆肥处理后,猪粪中的重金属Cu、Zn总量会出现“相对浓缩效应”,致使其浓度升高;堆肥处理能促使重金属Zn的形态向活性降低的方向转化,从而降低其生物有效性;生物质炭对猪粪堆肥处理后重金属Cu、Zn的钝化效果较好,对弱酸提取态Cu、Zn的钝化效果分别为27.23%、73.46%;经2种钝化材料处理后的猪粪堆肥对种子的发芽率、根长、发芽指数均无显著影响（P>0.05）,说明经过堆肥处理的猪粪已充分腐熟且对种子的萌发无抑制作用。研究结果提示,生物质炭是理想的降低猪粪中Cu、Zn生物有效性的钝化材料,且有利于降低猪粪堆肥土地利用中重金属污染风险。     

In-House Composting of Layer Manure in a High-Rise,Tunnel-Ventilated Commercial Layer House During an Egg Production Cycle

In-house composting has the potential to improve the viability of the high-rise house for commercial egg production by producing a value-added product from the manure without requiring a separate composting facility. The feasibility of in-house composting depends in part on having the ability to handle the manure mass that accumulates over an extended period. This field study showed that in-house composting is possible for the length of an egg production cycle. Beginning with windrows of a carbon source, fresh pine sawdust or shredded yard waste, upon which manure fell from the cage rows above, compost volume grew rapidly in the first few weeks, but slowed after composting activity peaked, as indicated by compost temperatures. In cold weather, when ventilation rates were low, compost remixing temporarily produced high ammonia levels in the house, but ammonia levels at other times were comparable to or lower than those in an undisturbed house. The final compost was friable and nutrient-rich, although the handling quality of the yard waste compost was reduced by persistence of elongated woody pieces of the original carbon source. The ability to access the manure storage area of a high-rise house over a cycle of production gives potential to deliver manure amendments to improve nitrogen retention in the compost, which would have the effect of improving its fertilizer value and reducing ammonia emission from the house.     

Influence of in-house composting of reused litter on litter quality,ammonia volatilisation and incidence of broiler foot pad dermatitis

1. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the residual effects of two windrow composting methods for reused litter on its quality (pH, moisture, ammonia), ammonia (NH₃) volatilisation and the prevalence (scores 0–4) of foot pad dermatitis (FPD) and hock burn (HB) on d 1, 7, 14 and 21 of age in broilers. Litter was allowed to compost for 8 d within a 14-d interval between flocks.

2. The composting methods studied were with or without a PVC plastic sheet. The same procedures were applied for three consecutive flocks, with litter initially having been used for 12 flocks. Data were analysed with a mixed model of repeated measures of day, with main effects and interactions of day, composting method, litter age (block) and house nested within method.

3. At d 1, litter NH₃ and NH₃ volatilisation were higher in the covered litter method. Litter moisture increased to 45.3% as broilers aged. The incidence of FPD also increased with age. No signs of HB were found in any bird throughout the trials.

4. There was no effect of litter composting methods on the prevalence of FPD or body weight at any age.

5. Litter moisture should be controlled to avoid NH₃ volatilisation reaching critical levels. Windrow composting of litter with a PVC plastic sheet may not be required when considering the broiler housing environment.     

兔粪堆肥技术初步研究

试验旨在研究兔粪堆肥过程中的参数变化,为规模化兔场兔粪堆肥处理提供技术储备。以兔粪和稻草为原料进行室内堆肥,设置兔粪-稻草组、兔粪-稻草翻堆组和兔粪组,在为期55d的堆肥过程中,测定了各堆体温度、水分、酸碱度(pH)、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、总钾(TK)、大肠杆菌和种子发芽指数(GI)随时间的变化,并用SAS软件处理数据,用EXCEL作出各种参数变化的趋势图。结果表明:在堆肥过程中,各组高温期温度均能维持5d以上,达到了粪便无害化卫生标准的要求,兔粪-稻草翻堆组高温阶段持续时间最长;各组有机质相对含量总体呈上升趋势,堆肥结束时,有机质均稳定在35%以上;TP和TK总体呈上升趋势;高温期时大肠杆菌数均为0,但随着温度的降低,又出现了少量的大肠杆菌;种子发芽指数总体呈上升趋势,堆肥37d后均能达到腐熟标准。由此可见,生产中对兔粪进行处理,既可以单独利用兔粪进行堆肥,也可以采用兔粪和稻草按7.4:1的比例进行混合堆肥。     

高效微生物除臭剂在畜禽粪便堆制中的应用效果及其除臭机理研究

为探索治理畜禽粪便所产生恶臭气体对环境污染的新途径,本研究将筛选的数株高效除臭菌和纤维素分解菌群优化组合后制备成复合微生物除臭剂,研究其对畜禽粪便堆肥过程中的除臭效果和对堆肥物料特性的影响,定量分析不同阶段氮元素和硫元素的动态转化和损失途径,初步探讨其除臭机理。结果表明,复合微生物除臭剂具有高效除臭功能,在堆肥的前20 d对氨气和硫化氢的去除率高达70%和60%以上,同时使堆肥的pH、含水率和C/N降低,堆体的温度上升时间加快,高温持续时间延长;猪粪和鸡粪在堆肥第25和20天堆体温度达到最高,高于50 ℃持续15和20 d。堆肥结束时,与自然堆肥相比,微生物除臭剂减少了猪粪和鸡粪堆肥中25.84%和28.65%的氮元素损失,全氮(TN)和硝态氮(NO₃^--N)含量显著高于自然堆肥(P<0.05);同时促进硫元素向无机硫(SO₄^2-)形式转化, SO₄^2- 含量显著高于自然堆肥(P<0.05)。表明该微生物除臭剂具有高效稳定的除臭作用,并能减少堆肥肥效损失,促进堆肥腐熟,在资源化、无害化处理畜牧业废弃物和治理环境污染方面具有较大的应用潜力。     

添加不同比例油菜秸秆对猪粪堆肥腐熟效果的影响

试验以猪粪和油菜秸秆为原料进行高温好氧堆肥,通过油菜秸秆的不同添加量调节堆肥中的C/N,利用不同C/N在堆肥过程中的温度、发芽指数、全氮、有机质和pH等参数,探讨了不同C/N对猪粪堆肥腐熟度的影响。结果表明：在添加生物菌剂、翻堆间隔天数和其他条件相同的情况下当C/N为22.72即猪鲜粪：油菜秸秆为6.5∶1（质量比）时的各项参数均达到较好的水平,取得较好的堆肥效果。     

粪便发酵环境参数和最佳C/N比组合的确定

本课题在吉林省西部的气候条件下,对白城市畜牧科学研究院与台湾联合开发的固体生物菌剂(MICROBE-LIFTTM)在发酵过程中的不同pH值、含水量、堆肥高度和C/N比进行了处理猪粪生产有机肥对比试验,研究总结出在吉林西部气候条件下畜禽粪便在发酵过程中的pH值、含水量、堆肥高度和C/N比的最佳组合,通过对堆肥处理系统的优化设计,缩短腐熟时间,最终形成有机肥生产技术规程。     

高尔夫球场草屑循环再利用研究

本研究旨在探讨高尔夫球场草屑的循环再利用问题。试验以高尔夫球场修剪下的草屑为主要原料,将草屑与鸡粪有机肥分别按100%∶0%、90%∶10%、80%∶20%、70%∶30%的不同比例混合后加入菌剂进行发酵,发酵过程中测定温度、pH值、植物毒性等腐熟度指标,以判断草屑发酵的腐熟程度,最后对发酵产物进行养分分析;将4种发酵产物分别与细沙按照1∶1比例混合后作为基质,用兰引Ⅲ号结缕草进行栽培试验,通过测定草坪草密度、盖度、叶绿素含量、地上部分生物量、地下部分生物量等指标,对混合基质进行评价。研究结果表明,草屑与有机肥混合发酵,加入有机肥的量以20%为宜,21 d后发酵成熟,发酵产物pH适中,养分含量丰富,使用安全,与沙构成的混合基质可显著提高草坪质量,可作为草坪栽培基质进行资源化有效利用。     

The effects of windrow composting on the viability of Parascaris equorum eggs

Parascaris equorum generally infects horses less than 18 months old and its pathological effects can be severe. Infection occurs when larvated eggs, present in pastures, paddocks, stalls, and on feeding and watering equipment are ingested. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of windrow composting on the viability of P. equorum eggs at a cooperating central Kentucky horse farm. Three grams of feces containing 2216 P. equorum eggs per gram were sealed in filter bag sentinel chambers. Chambers were exposed to 1 of 3 treatments: constant exposure or intermittent exposure to the interior of the windrow; controls were stored at 4 °C. At day 0, all chambers in the experimental treatments were placed in the center of 10 locations of the windrow. On subsequent days when the windrow was turned, chambers in the constant exposure treatment were returned to the interior of the windrow and chambers in the intermittent exposure treatment were alternated between resting on top of, or inside, the windrow. Chambers from each treatment and control chambers were removed at days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 18; and incubated for 21 days at room temperature (24 °C). After incubation, eggs were recovered from the chambers using double centrifugation flotation. Eggs were evaluated microscopically, staged according to development and classified as viable or nonviable based on whether embryonation to the larval stage had occurred. Results were reported as the mean percent viable eggs for each treatment and time point. A mixed linear model with repeated measures was used to evaluate the influence of experimental day and treatment on the percent viability of P. equorum eggs. Chambers treated with constant exposure contained 10.73% (SD = 0.29) viable eggs on day 2 and declined to an average of 0.00% by day 8. Chambers exposed to the intermittent treatment contained 16.08% (SD = 0.26) viable eggs on day 2 and decreased to 0.00% by day 6. Control chambers for days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 18 all had viabilities above 79.00%. A significant fixed effect of experimental day (p < 0.0001) and compost treatment (p < 0.0001) was observed. There was no significant interaction between experimental day and compost treatment (p > 0.7459). The results of this study demonstrate that windrow composting was effective at rendering P. equorum eggs nonviable when it was tested under the conditions at a working horse farm.     

添加高温期堆料对青藏高原羊粪堆肥有机成分降解及酶活性的影响

【目的】探讨堆肥时添加高温期堆料对青藏高原羊粪堆肥有机成分降解及酶活性的影响。【方法】在青藏高原地区将高温期羊粪堆料添加于羊粪和油菜秸秆混合物中，以不添加高温期堆料作为对照，进行了28 d条垛式堆肥试验，通过测定堆肥过程中堆肥温度、pH、总有机碳、总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、种子发芽指数、有机质、木质纤维素等指标以及各种酶活性来判断高温期堆料对青藏高原羊粪堆肥发酵品质的影响。【结果】添加高温期堆料可促进堆体升温，提升堆体最高温度，并延长堆体高温期6 d；堆肥结束时，与对照组相比，添加高温期堆料可显著降低堆肥中铵态氮与硝态氮比值、E₄/E₆以及碳氮比（P＜0.05）；可显著提高堆肥种子发芽指数（P＜0.05）；可显著提高有机质、半纤维素、纤维素和木质素降解率（P＜0.05）；并可显著提升堆肥过程中蛋白质酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、过氧化物酶及多酚氧化酶活性（P＜0.05）。【结论】高温期堆料可促进青藏高原羊粪堆肥有机成分降解，提升堆肥产品腐熟度及提升堆肥过程中多种酶的活性。     

兔粪堆肥技术初步研究

试验旨在研究兔粪堆肥过程中的参数变化,为规模化兔场兔粪堆肥处理提供技术储备。以兔粪和稻草为原料进行室内堆肥,设置兔粪-稻草组、兔粪-稻草翻堆组和兔粪组,在为期55d的堆肥过程中,测定了各堆体温度、水分、酸碱度(pH)、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、总钾(TK)、大肠杆菌和种子发芽指数(GI)随时间的变化。结果表明:在堆肥过程中,各组高温期温度均能维持5 d以上,能达到了粪便无害化卫生标准的要求,兔粪-稻草翻堆组高温阶段持续时间最长;各组有机质相对含量总体呈上升趋势,堆肥结束时,有机质均稳定在35%以上;TP和TK总体呈上升趋势;高温期时大肠杆菌数均为0,但随着温度的降低,又出现了少量的大肠杆菌;种子发芽指数总体呈上升趋势,堆肥37d后均能达到腐熟标准。由此可见,生产中对兔粪进行处理,既可以单独利用兔粪进行堆肥,也可以采用兔粪和稻草按7.4∶1的比例进行混合堆肥。     

Effects of In-House Composting of Litter on Bacterial Levels

Placing 1-d-old chicks on used litter may lead to unexpected health problems due to high bacteriological counts. Composting litter between flocks is one possible method of decreasing bacteriological counts. At the end of two 7-wk broiler growouts, in-house composting of pine shaving litter was performed, and bacterial counts were taken. In the first trial, composted pine shavings attained an internal temperature of 55°C that lasted for 40 h. After the initial temperature gain, the composted litter maintained a steady temperature of 35°C. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts were lower in composted vs. uncomposted litter. Moisture content was lower in the uncomposted pile than the compost pile. Water activity was higher in the composted pile than in the uncomposted litter. Among the 8 treatments in the second trial, litter that was composted, wetted, and covered achieved the highest internal temperatures of >50°C, which was sustained until trial termination (7 d). The other treatments did not achieve a temperature increase of this magnitude and, if not wetted, the observed temperature increase lasted <24 h. In litter that had been composted for 1 wk, moisture content was lower regardless of treatment. Water activity was highest in treatments that had water added and that were not covered. Composted, covered, not wetted pine shavings produced the lowest aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts. The results of these 2 trials show that in-house composting of pine shaving litter can reduce bacterial counts, especially when the compost pile is covered.     

Risks to farm animals from pathogens in composted catering waste containing meat

Uncooked meat may contain animal pathogens, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy, foot-and-mouth disease virus, African swine fever virus and classical swine fever virus, and to prevent outbreaks of these diseases in farm animals, the disposal of meat from catering waste is controlled under the Animal By-Products Regulations. This paper estimates the risks to farm animals of grazing land on to which compost, produced by the composting of catering waste containing meat, has been applied. The factors controlling the level of risk are the separation of the meat at source, the efficiency of the composting process, and the decay and dilution of the pathogens in soil. The net pathogen destruction by the composting process is determined largely by the degree of bypass, and to accommodate the possibility of large joints or even whole carcases being discarded uncooked to catering waste, a time/temperature condition of 60 degrees C for two days is recommended. Where data are lacking, worst-case assumptions have been applied. According to the model, classical swine fever virus constitutes the highest risk, but the assessment shows that a two-barrier composting approach, together with a two-month grazing ban, reduces the risk to one infection in pigs every 190 years in England and Wales. This work defined the operational conditions for the composting of catering waste as set out in the Animal By-Products Regulations 2003 (SI 1482).     

Effects of bedding type on compost quality of equine stall waste: implications for small horse farms

Our objective in this study is to compare 4 of the most common bedding materials used by equine operations on the chemical and physical characteristics of composted equine stall waste. Twelve Standardbred horses were adapted to the barn and surrounding environment for 2 wk before the start of the study. Groups of 3 horses were bedded on 1 of 4 different bedding types (wood shavings, pelletized wood materials, long straw, and pelletized straw) for 16 h per day for 18 d. Stalls were cleaned by trained staff daily, and all contents removed were weighed and stored separately by bedding material on a level covered concrete pad for the duration of the study. Compost piles were constructed using 3 replicate piles of each bedding type in a randomized complete block design. Each pile was equipped with a temperature sensor and data logger. Water was added and piles were turned weekly throughout the 100-d compost process. Initial and final samples were taken, dried, and analyzed for DM mass, OM, inorganic nitrogen (nitrate-N and ammonium-N), electrical conductivity, and soluble (plant-available) nutrients. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure, and means were separated using Fischer's protected LSD test (P < 0.05). No significant temperature differences were observed among the bedding materials. The composting process resulted in significant reductions (P < 0.05) in DM mass for each of the 4 bedding materials. The composting process resulted in significant reductions (P < 0.05) in OM and C:N ratio for all 4 bedding materials. The composted long straw material had greater concentrations of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (P < 0.05), nitrate-N (P < 0.05), and ammonium-N (P < 0.05) than the composted wood shavings. This study demonstrated that incorporating a simple aerobic composting system may greatly reduce the overall volume of manure and yield a material that is beneficial for land application in pasture-based systems. The straw-based materials may be better suited for composting and subsequent land application; however, factors such as suitability of the bedding material for equine use, material cost, labor, and availability must be considered when selecting a bedding material.