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规模化养牛业在提高生产效率的同时,也导致牛粪在一些地区大量集中产生,这些牛粪如不妥善处理,将会带来严重的环境污染问题。厌氧消化(沼气发酵)技术既能降解有机污染物,又能生产清洁能源和有机肥料,是有效且环保的牛场粪污治理手段。然而,由于牛粪中难降解的木质纤维素含量较高,以及操作问题和工艺不稳定等原因导致牛粪厌氧消化甲烷产量较低。因此,为了使牛粪厌氧消化技术在经济上可持续,还需要进一步的研究。本文详细介绍了工艺参数,如C/N比、温度和固体浓度等对牛粪厌氧消化性能的影响,总结了提高牛粪厌氧消化甲烷产量和工艺稳定性的策略,如预处理、共消化和添加外源添加剂等,以期为提升牛粪厌氧消化技术的研究和技术推广提供参考。 相似文献
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Kazutaka UMETSU Yoshiaki KIMURA Junichi TAKAHASHI Tadashi KISHIMOTO Takeshi KOJIMA Bruce YOUNG 《Animal Science Journal》2005,76(1):73-79
To examine the effect of storage temperature on the emission of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and on recovery of nutrients from raw dairy manure slurry (RS) and slurry digested in a methane digester (DS), both slurries were stored in closed 100 L steel tanks under psychrophilic conditions (5, 10, 15 and 20°C) for a 150 day period. As the storage temperature increased, total methane emission increased in both types of slurry. The amount of methane emitted per unit of volatile solids of the RS and DS was 0.19 L/g and 0.10 L/g, respectively. The respective carbon dioxide emissions were 0.20 L/g for RS and 0.12 L/g for DS at 20°C of storage temperature. At temperatures greater than 15°C, the methane concentration in the emitted gas remained more than 40% of the total gas. During the experimental period, in excess of 90% of the total Kjeldahl nitrogen in these slurries was recovered (91.4–93.7% for RS and 93.7–98.4% for DS) after storage, and ammonium nitrogen was recovered in excess of 100% (100.1–143.2% for RS and 106.7–143.2% for DS storage tanks) because of the mineralization of organic nitrogen in the influent. These results indicate that manure slurry characteristics and storage temperature have significant impacts on methane emission. It can be concluded that on typical farms located in northern Japan, methane emission from manure storage tanks during late fall, winter and early spring may be negligible, because of manure temperatures less than 10°C. During late spring, summer and early fall, methane emissions can be substantially reduced by using underground storage to maintain lower manure temperatures. 相似文献
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厌氧消化是实现奶牛场养殖废水资源化、无害化的常见处理方法,而传统厌氧消化的水解效率低,是影响厌氧消化推广应用的主要限制因素。结果表明,通过投加适量过二硫酸盐(Perdisulfate, PDS)能够有效提升奶牛养殖废水产甲烷效果与沼液的植物可利用性。在PDS投加量3.4 g/L时,产甲烷量提升最为明显,相较于未投加PDS的对照处理组,甲烷产量提升了130.00%。进一步对PDS提升厌氧消化产甲烷机理进行研究,结果表明,PDS投加能有效提高挥发性脂肪酸(Volatile Fatty Acids,VFAs)产量,其中乙酸产量的提高有利于乙酸型产甲烷过程。对试验样品的高通量测序证实了PDS处理提高了乙酸型产甲烷菌的相对丰度,PDS促进乙酸型产甲烷过程是提高甲烷产量的重要原因。 相似文献
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为研究磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMZ)残留对猪粪厌氧消化系统的影响,采用两种加入方式,即经体内代谢法(加入经饲SMZ后所获含SMZ的猪粪)和直接加入法(加入空白猪粪+SMZ),并比较分析了两种研究方法间的差异。试验在有效容积为1 300 mL的厌氧消化系统模型中恒温30℃进行,为期28 d,前7 d为加药期,后21 d为停药期,在加药期每天加入SMZ浓度为56.04 mg/kg和47.10 mg/kg的猪粪。结果表明:(1)两种加入方式对厌氧消化系统中SMZ及其代谢产物N4-ACE-SM2浓度影响差异不显著(P>0.05);(2)分别加入SMZ浓度为56.04 mg/kg和47.10 mg/kg的猪粪时,在加药期经体内代谢组的产甲烷量分别比同浓度的直接加入组显著降低了17.36%和23.60%(P<0.05),在停药期直接加入组比同浓度的经体内代谢组显著降低了13.79%和16.34%(P<0.05),且经体内代谢组与空白组无显著差异(P>0.05);(3)经体内代谢组产甲烷菌多样性变化趋势与空白组相似,而与直接加入组不同,试验结束时,经体内代谢组产甲烷菌群落结构与空白组相似性为1,而与直接加入组相似性为0.86。由此可知,在本试验条件下,两种加入方式下SMZ对猪粪厌氧消化系统的影响不同,采用经体内代谢法评估SMZ对厌氧消化系统的影响更具合理性。 相似文献
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Methane production from co‐digestion of dairy manure and waste milk, milk from cows treated with antibiotics for mastitis, was tested in a 2 × 4 factorial design. Four different waste milk percentages (w/w): 0% (SM), 10% (SMWM10), 20% (SMWM20) and 30% (SMWM30), were tested with two slurry percentages (w/w): 50% (A) and 25% (B) and the rest being manure at 55°C for 12 days in batch digesters. The results analyzed using a Gompertz model showed SMWM10 produced the highest methane production potential (Pm)/g volatile solids added followed by SM in both A and B. This Pm of SMWM10 in A and B was statistically non‐significant (P > 0.05). More than 96% of cefazolin‐resistant bacteria and 100% of multi‐drug‐resistant bacteria reductions were observed in all the treatments. Inclusion of waste milk at 10% in single stage digester enhances the methane production from dairy manure and could offer added benefit of waste milk treatment and disposal. 相似文献
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Guangdou Qi Zhifei Pan Fetra J. Andriamanohiarisoamanana Takaki Yamashiro Masahiro Iwasaki Ikko Ihara Kazutaka Umetsu 《Animal Science Journal》2020,91(1)
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of solid–liquid separation on anaerobic digestion of dairy manure in semi‐continuous stirred tank reactors. Reactors fed with liquid fraction of dairy manure (screened liquid manure) were kept in water baths at mesophilic (Run 1) and thermophilic (Run 3) temperatures, respectively, while reactors fed with water diluted manure and kept at mesophilic (Run 2) and thermophilic (Run 4) temperatures as control reactors. The performances of reactors were compared in terms of biogas and methane production, and digestate characteristics. The methane yields obtained from screened manure were higher than those from diluted manure at both mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures, while the highest methane yield was 185 L/kg VSadded under thermophilic temperature. Solid–liquid separation also had improved the effect on digestate fertilizer characteristics. Among four digestates from reactors, the highest contents of nutrients, N (4.12 g/kg) and P (2.36 g/kg) were found in Run 3, while the highest content of K (3.42 g/kg) was found in Run 1. These results showed the benefits of solid–liquid separation of dairy manure on process performance and digestate characteristics. 相似文献
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L. Plym-Forshell 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1995,36(1):79
In a continuous biogas plant, receiving manure from 200 dairy cows and 400 calves and young stock, survival of salmonellas and Ascaris suum eggs was studied. The bacteria and parasite eggs were kept in filter sacs in the manure that had a temperature of 55°C. No viable salmonellas or Ascaris suum eggs could be found after 24h in the digester.Survival of salmonellas and Ascaris suum eggs was also studied in the manure pit where the manure was stored after digestion. The temperature in the manure pit varied between 22–27°C. Salmonellas survived 35 but not 42 days. On day 56, when the experiments had to be stopped, 60% of the Ascaris eggs were viable. 相似文献
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Xiaohua Li Chong Liu Yongxing Chen Rongguang Shi Zhenhua Cheng Hongmin Dong 《Animal Science Journal》2017,88(8):1049-1057
We evaluated the effects of mineral salt supplement on enteric methane emissions, ruminal fermentation and methanogen community of dairy cows over a whole lactation period. Ten Holstein cows fed a total mixed ration (TMR) diet were randomly allocated into two groups, one supplied with mineral salts as the treatment group and the other as the control group. The methane measurement showed that the ingestion of mineral salts lowered enteric methane emissions significantly (P < 0.05), with an average of 10.5% reduction over the whole lactation period. Ruminal fermentation analysis showed the mineral salt intake could significantly decrease the acetate : propionate ratio (P < 0.05). Real‐time PCR assay showed that rumen methanogen abundance significantly reduced in the treatment group (P < 0.05) but was not significantly influenced by mineral salt intake over the whole lactation period. Intergroup methanogen community composition was influenced slightly by mineral salt intake; however, significantly different intragroup profiles were apparent throughout the whole lactation period, according to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis. In conclusion, these results suggested that the effective mitigation of enteric methane emissions by mineral salt intake could be attributed to decreased density of methanogenic archaea and that fluctuations in methane emission over the lactation period might be related to Methanobrevibacter diversity. 相似文献
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本试验旨在研究海南霉素对荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃发酵模式及甲烷产量的影响.试验选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管、体况相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,试验分为3期,每期15 d,试验设负对照组(不添加任何添加剂)、正对照组(添加10 mg/kg莫能菌素)和海南霉素组(添加7.2 mg/kg海南霉素).结果表明:饲粮中添加海南霉素后,除在采食后2h显著提高奶牛瘤胃内pH(P <0.05)外,其他时间均无显著影响(P>0.05);采食后0、2、8和10 h,海南霉素组氨态氮(NH3 -N)浓度均显著低于负对照组(P<0.05),而采食后6h,海南霉素有抑制NH3 -N释放的趋势(P=0.06);采食后0、2、4和6h,海南霉素组乙酸浓度及乙酸与丙酸的比值与负对照组相比均显著降低(P<0.05),丙酸浓度显著升高(P<0.05),总挥发性脂肪酸和丁酸浓度没有显著变化(P>0.05).海南霉素显著抑制了瘤胃甲烷的产生(P=0.02),海南霉素组的奶牛甲烷呼出量为216.50 L/d,比负对照组降低了14.03%.由此得出结论:饲粮中添加海南霉素可以改变奶牛瘤胃的发酵类型,使其更趋向于丙酸型发酵,并显著降低动物的甲烷呼出量. 相似文献
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规模化奶牛场的出现,在提升了养殖效率的同时,也伴随着粪污大量集中产生。大量未被处理的粪污被排放至环境中,一方面会对空气、土壤、水源产生影响;另一方面也是一种资源浪费,故对粪污进行无害化以及资源化处理既可以保护环境,也能缓解我国资源短缺的现状。本文综述了我国规模化奶牛场粪污资源化处理现状,并对存在的问题进行了分析。 相似文献
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A 2-year longitudinal survey was carried out to investigate factors affecting milk yield in crossbred cows on smallholder farms in and around an urban centre. Sixty farms were visited at approximately 2-week intervals and details of milk yield, body condition score (BCS) and heart girth measurements were collected. Fifteen farms were within the town (U), 23 farms were approximately 5 km from town (SU), and 22 farms approximately 10 km from town (PU). Sources of variation in milk yield were investigated using a general linear model by a stepwise forward selection and backward elimination approach to judge important independent variables. Factors considered for the first step of formulation of the model included location (PU, SU and U), calving season, BCS at calving, at 3 months postpartum and at 6 months postpartum, calving year, herd size category, source of labour (hired and family labour), calf rearing method (bucket and partial suckling) and parity number of the cow. Daily milk yield (including milk sucked by calves) was determined by calving year (p < 0.0001), calf rearing method (p = 0.044) and BCS at calving (p < 0.0001). Only BCS at calving contributed to variation in volume of milk sucked by the calf, lactation length and lactation milk yield. BCS at 3 months after calving was improved on farms where labour was hired (p = 0.041) and BCS change from calving to 6 months was more than twice as likely to be negative on U than SU and PU farms. It was concluded that milk production was predominantly associated with BCS at calving, lactation milk yield increasing quadratically from score 1 to 3. BCS at calving may provide a simple, single indicator of the nutritional status of a cow population. 相似文献
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绿肥种植具有提供养分、培肥地力、改善土壤结构、提供饲草、保障粮食安全、改善生态环境以及节能减耗等作用,在我国传统农业中具有重要的发展意义。我国绿肥种质资源丰富,主要有豆科(Leguminosae)、禾本科(Gramineae)、十字花科(Brassicaceae)和菊科(Compositae)等。绿肥应用模式主要包括间套作、轮作、肥饲兼用型绿肥牧草生产以及果园绿肥种植模式,而且由于我国的气候类型与农作物的种植模式不同,各种模式的区域分布不同。本文通过对我国绿肥种质资源、绿肥应用模式和绿肥效应研究进行总结阐述,指出我国绿肥未来发展方向:加强现有绿肥种质资源的引入与保存,扩大品种资源的储备与利用;大力发展绿肥的产业化研究;加强绿肥效应评价与分析方面的研究,全面发展绿肥的肥饲综合利用价值,为绿肥产业可持续发展提供依据。 相似文献
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南京地区奶牛生产的季节性特征分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
整理了南京地区C奶牛场36个月间817头次荷斯坦奶牛的产奶数据,探讨季节对奶牛泌乳量的影响。南京地区暑热期从五月开始长达5个月,五月份减产约14%,七月份比六份下降21%,暑热期产奶量的下降率为0.46kg/kg,高产奶牛的降幅增加。 相似文献
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不同粗饲料对奶牛乳产量和乳成分的影响 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
选择18头荷斯坦奶牛,设置3个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复1头奶牛,研究不同粗饲料对奶牛泌乳性能和乳成分的影响,3个处理的粗饲料分别为玉米秸(Ⅰ组)、玉米秸+青贮玉米秸(Ⅱ组)、羊草(Ⅲ组)。试验结果表明:①试验Ⅱ组与试验Ⅲ组平均产奶量差异不显著(P>0.05),试验全期分别比Ⅰ组提高了8.82%(P<0.05)和9.57%(P<0.05);②不同处理间的乳糖、乳脂含量差异不显著(P>0.05);对于乳蛋白,在试验40d时3个试验组差异不显著(P>0.05),在第15d时Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别比Ⅰ组降低了7.43%(P<0.05)和8.57%(P<0.05)。对于乳干物质,Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组差异不显著(P>0.05)。根据上述生产性能指标综合评定,玉米秸+青贮玉米秸可有效替代羊草饲喂奶牛,而不降低泌乳性能。 相似文献
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The demographic characteristics of the veterinary profession in New Zealand are examined using information supplied by registered veterinarians to the Veterinary Surgeons Board in their applications for annual practising certificates in 1985. Comparisons are made with the veterinary professions in other similar countries, and with the medical and paramedical professions in New Zealand. In 1985 1308 registered veterinarians were working in New Zealand and 304 were overseas, whereas in 1976 the equivalent figures were 748 and 182. This represents an increase of 73% in the number of registered veterinarians in the last 10 years. Eighteen percent of veterinarians were female. The mean age of veterinarians was 38 years, but females in the profession were on average much younger (32 years) than males (42 years). Clinical practice provides employment for 70% of veterinarians: of these 59% work principally with farm animals and 41% with non-farm animals. The remaining veterinarians are employed by Government (22%), University (5%) and Industry (3%). The current demographic structure of the profession has been markedly influenced by the opening of New Zealand's only veterinary school at Massey University in 1963. Differences from other medical professional populations in New Zealand and overseas principally reflect the marked change in the number and sex ratio of graduates entering the veterinary profession since that time. It will take about another twenty years before the population reaches a stable age and sex structure, assuming that current graduation patterns persist throughout that period. Because the structure of the population is changing, considerable caution is needed in predicting future employment trends from data for a single year. 相似文献