Presence of chlorogenic acid during in vitro maturation protects porcine oocytes from the negative effects of heat stress

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is known to protect oocytes from oxidative stress. Here we investigated the effects of CGA on porcine oocyte maturation under heat stress and subsequent embryonic development after parthenogenetic activation. For in vitro maturation (IVM) at 41.0°C (hyperthermic condition), supplementation of the maturation medium with 50 μM CGA significantly improved the percentage of matured oocytes and reduced the rate of apoptosis relative to oocytes matured without CGA (p < .05). CGA treatment of oocytes during IVM under hyperthermia tended to increase (p < .1) percentage of blastocyst formation after parthenogenesis and significantly increased (p < .05) the total cell number per blastocyst relative to oocytes matured without CGA. For IVM at 38.5°C (isothermic condition), CGA significantly improved the rate of blastocyst development compared with oocytes matured without CGA (p < .05), but did not affect oocyte maturation, apoptosis rate or the number of cells per embryo. Omission of all antioxidants from the IVM medium significantly reduced the rate of oocyte maturation, but the rate was restored upon addition of CGA. These results demonstrate that CGA is a potent antioxidant that protects porcine oocytes from the negative effects of heat stress, thus reducing the frequency of apoptosis and improving the quality of embryos.     

日粮中添加硫辛酸对热应激条件下母兔的影响

选择体况良好的新西兰母兔20只,随机分为4组,日粮中分别添加硫辛酸200mg/kg、400mg/kg、600mg/kg,对照组不添加。每组5个重复(每个单笼饲养的兔子为一个重复)。探索日粮中添加硫辛酸对热应激条件下母兔影响。试验结果表明,在高温应激情况下,在日粮中添加硫辛酸:①可使母兔血清中丙二醛(MDA)的含量显著降低(P0.05);②可提高母兔的血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和GSH-Px的活性(P0.05);③可增加母兔血清总抗氧化能力(P0.05)。从相关理化参数可见,以日粮中添加600mg/kg的硫辛酸抗热应激效果最好。     

不同温度热应激对肉鸡血液生化指标及肉品质的影响

研究不同温度热应激对肉鸡感官性状及血液生化指标的影响。将80只30日龄的AA肉鸡随机分为4组,每组20羽。对照组环境温度为(25±1)℃,其他3组受试鸡的环境温度迅速上升至(33±1)℃、(37±1)℃、(41±1)℃,并分别持续4h的热应激处理。宰杀后测定鸡胸肉的pH、滴水损失、肉色和剪切力,利用临床血液病理学的方法,检测宰前不同强度热应激对肉鸡血液生化指标的影响。结果显示,宰前热应激明显降低宰后肉鸡胸肉的pH30min、pH24h和a*值,明显提高宰后肉鸡滴水损失、L*值和剪切力值;随热应激温度升高,血清中肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和丙二醛(MDA)活性逐渐升高,碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性逐渐降低。     

硫辛酸对蛋鸡早期抗氧化及免疫功能的影响

为研究饲料中添加硫辛酸对蛋鸡开产阶段血液抗氧化及免疫功能的影响,本试验选用22周龄的雪山鸡288只,随机分为3组,每组设6个重复,每个重复16只鸡,分别饲喂不同浓度(0、300、500 mg/kg)的硫辛酸日粮。进行为期6周的饲养试验。结果表明:试验组血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和免疫球蛋白M含量显著提高(P<0.05),血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)和干扰素-γ(INF-γ)含量有升高趋势,但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05),试验2组白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)和γ-谷氨酰基转移酶(GGT)含量显著降低(P<0.05),肿瘤坏死因子-α(THF-α)、肌酐(CRE)和尿酸(UA)含量有降低趋势,各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。由此可见,饲料中添加硫辛酸可以提高动物机体的健康水平。     

Assessment of interactions between glutamine and glucose on meat quality,AMPK, and glutamine concentrations in pectoralis major meat of broilers under acute heat stress

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of dietary glutamine and glucose on pectoralis major meat quality in broilers under acute heat stress. Three hundred 35-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly divided into 5 groups. Broilers in the positive control group were kept in a thermoneutral environment (23 ± 1°C, RH 45%–55%) and fed a basic diet, whereas the experimental (2 × 2) group was exposed to acute heat stress (34 ± 1°C, RH 65%–75%) for 12 h and fed the basic diet that contained glutamine (0 and 10 g/kg) and glucose (0 and 10 g/kg). Compared with the positive control group, acute heat stress without glutamine and glucose supplementation increased (P < 0.05) drip loss, L* values, and AMPK concentrations, but it decreased (P < 0.05) water-holding capacity, moisture, pH, a* values, b* values, and glutamine concentrations in pectoralis major meat of chickens. However, dietary glutamine (10 g/kg) increased (P < 0.05) water-holding capacity, moisture, pH, a* values, b* values, and glutamine concentrations, while it decreased (P < 0.05) drip loss, L* values, and AMPK concentrations in heat-stressed chicken pectoralis major meat. Dietary glucose (10 g/kg) increased (P < 0.05) water-holding capacity, moisture, pH, and a* and b* values, while it decreased (P < 0.05) L* values and AMPK concentrations of pectoralis major meat in chickens exposed to acute high temperature. There were significant interactions between glutamine and glucose in the water-holding capacity, pH values, AMPK, and glutamine levels of pectoralis major meat in the heat-stressed chickens. The above results suggest that the addition of glutamine and glucose in the diet is necessary for broilers during acute heat stress condition.     

Effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) supplementation during in vitro maturation culture on the development and quality of porcine embryos with electroporation treatment after in vitro fertilization

Electroporation is the technique of choice to introduce an exogenous gene into embryos for transgenic animal production. Although this technique is practical and effective, embryonic damage caused by electroporation treatment remains a major problem. This study was conducted to evaluate the optimal culture system for electroporation‐treated porcine embryos by supplementation of chlorogenic acid (CGA), a potent antioxidant, during in vitro oocyte maturation. The oocytes were treated with various concentrations of CGA (0, 10, 50, and 100 μmol/L) through the duration of maturation for 44 hr. The treated oocytes were then fertilized, electroporated at 30 V/mm with five 1 msec unipolar pulses, and subsequently cultured in vitro until development into the blastocyst stage. Without electroporation, the treatment with 50 μmol/L CGA had useful effects on the maturation rate of oocytes, the total cell number, and the apoptotic nucleus indices of blastocysts. When the oocytes were electroporated after in vitro fertilization, the treatment with 50 μmol/L CGA supplementation significantly improved the rate of oocytes that developed into blastocysts and reduced the apoptotic nucleus indices (4.7% and 7.6, respectively) compared with those of the untreated group (1.4% and 13.0, respectively). These results suggested that supplementation with 50 μmol/L CGA during maturation improves porcine embryonic development and quality of electroporation‐treated embryos.     

Effect of probiotic supplementation on growth performance,intestinal morphology,barrier integrity,and inflammatory response in broilers subjected to cyclic heat stress

This study investigated the protective effects of probiotic on heat stress‐induced intestinal injury and inflammatory response in broilers. A total of 180 male broilers were randomly allocated to three treatments with four replicates each from 22 to 42 days of age. The broilers were either raised under thermoneutral (TN) conditions (23 ± 1°C) or subjected to cyclic heat stress (28–35–28°C for 12 hr daily). The broilers kept at TN conditions were fed a basal diet, and those exposed to heat stress were fed basal diets supplemented with or without probiotic at a dose of 1.5 × 10⁸ cfu/kg. Compared with the TN group, heat stress decreased (p < .05) the growth performance, reduced (p < .05) villus height and villus height: crypt depth ratio in intestinal mucosa, increased (p < .05) serum levels of D‐lactic acid on day 28 and endotoxin, TNF‐α and IL‐6 on day 42, and decreased (p < .05) serum IL‐10 content on day 42. Dietary supplementation of probiotic reversed (p < .05) all these changes except for the growth performance in heat‐stressed broilers. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of probiotic could improve intestinal morphology and barrier function, alleviate inflammatory response, but exert no ameliorative effect on growth performance of broilers under cyclic heat stress.     

Impact of an anti-Salmonella. Typhimurium Bacteriophage on intestinal microbiota and immunity status of laying hens

Typhoid is a distinct gastrointestinal disease that largely affects the public by consumption of inadequately or partially cooked eggs from contaminated laying hen farms. This has led the research on laying hens to focus on controlling the contamination by an effective anti-Salmonella spp. agent in the intestine. The treatments included, control, without challenge; PC, Salmonella typhimurium challenged (STC); BP5, 5 ppm bacteriophage/kg + STC; BP10, 10 ppm bacteriophage/kg + STC, on Salmonella shedding, body organs inflammatory reactions, and expression of toll-like receptor (TLR), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and heat shock protein (HSP) in the jejunum, liver,and thigh muscle in the STC laying hens. The RT-PCR method was used to enumerate the number of Salmonella typhimurium in the organs. The birds in the STC groups exhibited the increased population of Salmonella spp. in the excreta (p < .01). In the STC groups, the BP5 and BP10 laying hens exhibited a lower (p < .01) population of Salmonella spp. in the excreta at d 7 after STC. Supplementation of bacteriophage significantly decreased (p < .01) the colonization of S. Typhimurium in the spleen, oviduct, caecum and excreta. Among the STC treatments, the BP10 laying hens showed lower (p < .01) mRNA expression of interferon-γ (IFNγ) and TLR-4 in the jejunum compared with the PC treatment. After the STC, dietary supplementation with BP5 or BP10 decreased (p < .01) the mRNA expressions of IFNγ, HSP-27 and tumour necrosis factor-α in the liver compared with the PC treatment. These results suggest that bacteriophage can be used as an effective agent to decrease S. Typhimurium contamination in laying hens and possibly lower S. Typhimurium transfer to foods.     

The effects of the supplementation of multi‐strain probiotics on intestinal microbiota,metabolites and inflammation of young SPF chickens challenged with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica

This study assessed the effect of probiotics on cecal microbiota, cecal short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and the gene expression of cytokines in young specific‐pathogen‐free (SPF) chickens infected with S. enterica subsp. enterica. One‐day‐old SPF chickens (n = 105) were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups: control (Cont) group, Salmonella‐infected (Sal) group, and a Salmonella‐infected group treated with multi‐strain probiotics (ProSal group). All chickens except those in the Cont group were challenged orally with 1 × 10⁸ cfu/ml of Salmonella 4 days after hatching. Chickens in the Sal group exhibited more abundance of Proteobacteria than those in the Cont and ProSal groups. At the genus level, chickens in ProSal group exhibited increased numbers of Lactobacillus and Oscillospira compared with those in the other groups. Chickens in the ProSal group exhibited a significant increase of cecal SCFAs compared with chickens in the Sal group. Chickens in the ProSal group exhibited increased gene expression of anti‐inflammatory cytokines, IL‐10 and TGF‐β4, and decreased expression of the proinflammatory cytokine, IFN‐γ, in the cecal tonsil compared with those in the Sal group. The results of this study indicated that the administration of probiotics can modulate microbiota, SCFAs, and immunomodulatory activity in SPF chickens.     

甜菜碱日粮对热应激条件下肉鸭生长性能、血液指标及盲肠脂肪酸含量的影响

文章旨在评估甜菜碱对热应激条件下肉鸭血液指标、电解质、气体分压和盲肠短链脂肪酸含量的影响。试验选择平均体重为48.6g当天孵化的肉鸭400只,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复20只。试验日粮处理分为对照组和3个处理组,对照组饲喂基础日粮(自由采食),处理1组为热应激条件下添加1500mg/kg甜菜碱,处理2组为热应激条件下5点~10点以及17点~20点饲喂含1500mg/kg甜菜碱日粮,处理3组为热应激条件下17点~10点饲喂含1500mg/kg甜菜碱日粮,试验共进行42d。结果显示:饲喂甜菜碱日粮的肉鸭较对照组体重显著提高(P<0.05)。对照组肉鸭血液红细胞总数、红细胞压积、血红蛋白、红细胞平均体积、红细胞分布宽度、血小板计数、血小板压积、血小板平均体积均低于甜菜碱组(P<0.05)。不同饲喂时间的甜菜碱组肉鸭电解质浓度均高于对照组(P<0.05)。对照组肉鸭血液二氧化碳分压、氧气分压、细胞外液碱浓度、碳酸氢盐和总二氧化碳浓度均低于甜菜碱组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,甜菜碱组肉鸭盲肠中总短链脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸的浓度较高(P<0.05),而丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸和异戊酸含量较低(P<0.05)。因此,与自由采食相比,在上午和下午限制饲喂甜菜碱日粮或17~10点饲喂甜菜碱日粮显著提高了热应激条件下肉鸭的生长性能和生物学参数。     

Effect of mineral mixture and antioxidant supplementation on growth,reproductive performance and adaptive capability of Malpura ewes subjected to heat stress

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of mineral and antioxidant supplementation on growth, reproductive performance and physiological adaptability of heat‐stressed Malpura ewes. The study was conducted for a period of 21 days in 21 adult Malpura ewes. The ewes were randomly divided into three groups with seven animals each viz. GI (control; n = 7), GII (heat stress; n = 7) and GIII (heat stress + mineral and antioxidant supplementation; n = 7). The animals were stall fed ad libitum with the diet consisting of 70% roughage and 30% concentrate. GI ewes were maintained under normal controlled condition in the shed, while GII and GIII ewes were subjected to heat stress by exposing them to 42 °C in the climatic chamber. The parameters studied were feed intake (FI), water intake (WI), body weight, body condition score (BCS), physiological, biochemical and endocrine responses. Heat stress significantly altered FI, water intake, BCS, respiration rate and rectal temperature in the afternoon, oestrus duration, estradiol, progesterone, Hb, PCV, plasma glucose, total protein, cortisol, T₃ and T₄ levels while mineral and antioxidant supplementation ameliorated this heat stress effect on the parameters studied. Further, the adverse effect of heat stress on the productive and reproductive efficiency of Malpura ewes was reduced considerably by mineral mixture and antioxidant supplementation. This is evident from the non‐significant difference in BCS, oestrus duration and plasma estradiol between GI and GIII in this study. Hence, it is very pertinent to conclude from this study that mineral mixture and antioxidant supplementation were able to protect Malpura ewes against heat stress.     

氯化铵对肉仔鸡热应激的影响

通过离子平衡途径,在肉仔鸡日粮中添加氯化铵,观察其对家禽热应激的影响。将270只1日龄艾维茵肉雏鸡随机分为5个处理,每处理设3个重复,试验持续到5周龄。试验模拟夏季高温环境,全期人工控温28～35℃。1～28日龄进行饲养试验;29～34日龄进行代谢试验。5组试验日粮为:Ⅰ为正对照组,21%CP;Ⅱ为Ⅰ组日粮+0 62%氯化铵;Ⅲ为负对照组,19%CP;Ⅳ为Ⅲ组日粮+0 62%氯化铵;Ⅴ为Ⅲ组日粮+1 00%氯化铵。试验结果表明:Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组肉仔鸡期末体重、日增重、采食量和饲料转化率与对照组无显著差异,Ⅴ组21日龄体重显著降低(P<0 05);Ⅱ和Ⅴ组显著提高CP、Ca和P的表观代谢率(P<0 05),Ⅴ组P除外;Ⅴ组粪便含水率明显增加(P<0 01);Ⅲ、Ⅳ组与对照组代谢指标差异不显著。     

热应激对荷斯坦牛与荷-娟F1牛抗氧化能力的影响

临床健康的荷斯坦乳牛和荷斯坦牛-娟姗牛杂交F1牛(荷-娟F1)各20头,分为2组,分别于冬季12月份(牛舍日平均气温为10.35℃,THI为47.24)和次年夏季7月份(牛舍日平均气温为38.07℃,THI为82.61)条件下,研究热应激对血清中丙二醛(MDA)含量,总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力,总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)的影响。结果表明:热应激期间荷-娟F1血清中MDA含量显著低于荷斯坦牛(P<0.05);T-SOD活力显著高于荷斯坦牛(P<0.05);T-AOC有升高的趋势但差异不显著(P>0.05)。在非热应激期间,荷-娟F1与荷斯坦牛相比血清中的MDA含量、T-SOD活力和T-AOC均无显著差异(P>0.05)。荷-娟F1和荷斯坦牛在热应激期间的血清中MDA含量、T-SOD活力与非热应激期差异均极显著(P<0.01),荷斯坦牛血清中T-AOC差异显著(P<0.05),而荷-娟F1血清中T-AOC差异不显著(P>0.05)。由此表明,热应激对乳牛的抗氧化能力产生显著的影响;热应激期间荷-娟F1的抗氧化能力高于荷斯坦牛,更能适应热带和亚热带地区高温高湿的气候条件。     

Proteomic analysis of the hypothalamus of broiler‐type Taiwan country chickens in response to acute heat stress

The hypothalamus is a critical center for regulating heat retention or dissipation. This study investigated global protein changes in the hypothalamus of broiler‐type Taiwan country chickens (TCCs) after acute heat stress. Twelve TCC hens aged 30 weeks were allocated to groups subjected to acute heat stress at 38°C for 2 hr without recovery, with 2 hr of recovery, and with 6 hr of recovery; a control group was maintained at 25°C. Hypothalami were collected for protein expression analysis at the end of each time point. The results showed 114 protein spots differentially expressed after acute heat stress. Most of the differentially expressed proteins were involved in cellular processes, metabolism, transport, and cellular component organization. Functional annotation analysis suggested that these proteins were related to cellular defensive responses against heat and oxidative stress, detoxification and toxin export/delivery, cytoskeleton integrity, oxygen transport, and neural development. The results of this study suggest that acute heat stress damages the hypothalamus of broiler‐type TCCs through oxidative stress and provokes a series of responses to stabilize protein structures, degrade misfolded proteins, and remodel cytoskeletons for attenuating the detrimental effects by acute heat stress.     

热应激对山羊生理生化指标的影响

３只健康山羊置于人工热激环境中（环境温度３７．５～３８．５℃）,１小时后回到自然环境（２４．５～２６．５℃）。试验前及试验开始后第１５、６０、１８０分钟,分别测定心率、呼吸频率、体温、红细胞数（ＲＢＣ）、白细胞数（ＷＢＣ）、血糖、血清谷草转氨酶（ＧＯＴ）、谷丙转氨酶（ＧＰＴ）、肌酸激酶（ＣＫ）、总蛋白（ＴＰ）、清蛋白（Ａｌｂ）、尿素氮（ＢＵＮ）含量。结果表明,热应激时,山羊的心率、呼吸频率、血糖含量均有一定程度的上升;ＣＫ在热应激中有明显的上升;ＷＢＣ略有下降;ＲＢＣ和血清中ＧＯＴ、ＧＰＴ、ＴＰ、ＢＵＮ含量变化不显著。     

高温胁迫下苜蓿抗氧化系统及叶绿素含量对草酸的响应

在40℃高温胁迫条件下,对经5 mmol/L草酸处理后的苜蓿叶片细胞膜透性、叶绿素含量和抗氧化系统进行研究.与对照相比,处理组苜蓿Medicago sativa叶片的细胞膜透性和丙二醛(MDA)含量降低,叶绿素含量和过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)等抗氧化系统的活性增强,表明草酸提高了苜蓿的耐热性.