Deoxynivalenol induces oxidative stress,inflammatory response and apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium graminearum. It is one of the most common feed contaminants that poses a serious threat to the health and performance of dairy cows. This study investigated the in vitro cytotoxicity of DON on bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC‐T). DON at different concentrations (0.25, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1 or 2 μg/ml) inhibited the growth of MAC‐T cells after 24 hr of exposure (p < .001). DON at 0.25 μg/ml increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage (p < .05); decreased glutathione (GSH) levels (p < .001), total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC; p < .01); and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration (p < .01) in MAC‐T cells after 24 hr of exposure. We also observed that DON increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in cells incubated for 9, 15 and 24 hr (p < .001). DON at 0.25 μg/ml triggered oxidative damage in MAC‐T cells. Furthermore, it induced an inflammatory response in the cells incubated for 9, 15 and 24 hr (p < .05) by increasing the mRNA expression levels of nuclear factor kappa B, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, cyclooxygenase‐2 and IL‐8. We further examined the effect of DON on apoptosis. DON prevented normal proliferation of MAC‐T cells by blocked cell cycle progression in 24 hr (p < .001). In addition, the apoptosis rate measured using annexin V‐FITC significantly increased (p < .05) with increase in the mRNA expression level of Bax (p < .01) and increase in the Bax/Bcl‐2 ratio (p < .01) in cells incubated for 24 hr. In summary, DON exerts toxic effects in MAC‐T cells by causing oxidative stress, inducing an inflammatory response, affecting cell cycle and leading to apoptosis.     

Glycine alleviates fluoride-induced oxidative stress,apoptosis and senescence in a porcine testicular Sertoli cell line

Glycine is a well-known free radical scavenger in the cellular antioxidant system that prevents oxidative damage and apoptosis. Excessive fluoride exposure is associated with multiple types of cellular damage in humans and animals. The objective of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of glycine on sodium fluoride (NaF) exposure and the possible underlying mechanisms in a porcine testicular Sertoli cell line model. Cellular viability and proliferation were examined following NaF exposure and glycine supplementation, and glycine dramatically ameliorated the decreases in NaF-induced porcine testicular Sertoli cell viability and proliferation. Further investigations revealed that glycine decreased NaF-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species production, DNA fragment accumulation and the apoptosis incidence in the porcine testicular Sertoli cell line; in addition, glycine improved mitochondrial function and ATP production. Notably, results of the SPiDER-β-Gal analysis suggested that glycine alleviated NaF-induced cellular senescence and downregulated P53, P21, HMGA2 and P16INK4a gene expression in the porcine testicular Sertoli cell line. Collectively, the beneficial effects of glycine alleviate NaF-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and senescence, and together with our previous findings, support the hypothesis that glycine plays an important role in protecting against NaF exposure-induced impairments in the porcine testicular Sertoli cell line.     

Effect of atorvastatin on oxidative stress and inflammation markers in myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs: A comparison of subclinical and clinical stages

Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common acquired cardiac disorder found in dogs. The disease process can lead to heart failure (HF) and has been found to be associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Statins exert antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects in human HF patients. However, the beneficial effects of statins in MMVD dogs are still unclear. Thirty MMVD dogs were enrolled in the study and were divided into two groups: MMVD without HF dogs (n = 15) and MMVD with HF dogs (n = 15). Atorvastatin (8 mg kg^?1 day^?1) was administered orally to all dogs for 4 weeks. All dogs underwent physical examination and cardiac examination at the beginning and end of the experiment, including baseline values for hematology, blood chemistry profile, lipid profile, N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide, oxidative stress marker (8‐isoprostane), and inflammatory marker (tumor necrosis factor alpha). The results showed that atorvastatin reduced plasma cholesterol levels in both groups. In addition, plasma concentrations of 8‐isoprostane, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide were significantly lower after atorvastatin administration, but only in MMVD dogs in the HF group. Atorvastatin found to be associated with possible antioxidant and inflammatory effects in dogs with HF secondary to MMVD. The potential benefits of statins in dogs with HF merits further investigation in larger, placebo‐controlled studies.     

植物类化学物质对家禽氧化应激和免疫反应的潜在功能

植物化学物质存在于各种植物和真菌中,是一种非营养性化合物,对动物具有多种有益的生物活性。近年来,随着抗生素的限制,植物化学物质已被认为是家禽生产过程中应对挑战的首选。快速生长型肉用鸡品种在生长环境中受到应激时表现出较强的脆弱性,降低家禽生产性能的氧化还原平衡可能与免疫系统有关,因为氧化应激和炎症损伤是一个多阶段过程。本文首先讨论了氧化应激和炎症对家禽业的影响,其次综述了近年来植物化合物的抗氧化和免疫调节作用的研究进展。     

N-acetylcysteine protects against cadmium-induced oxidative stress in rat hepatocytes

Cadmium (Cd) is a well-known hepatotoxic environmental pollutant. We used rat hepatocytes as a model to study oxidative damage induced by Cd, effects on the antioxidant systems, and the role of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in protecting cells against Cd toxicity. Hepatocytes were incubated for 12 and 24 h with Cd (2.5, 5, 10 µM). Results showed that Cd can induce cytotoxicity: 10 µM resulted in 36.2% mortality after 12 h and 47.8% after 24 h. Lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase activities increased. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation increased in Cd-treated hepatocytes along with malondialdehyde levels. Glutathione concentrations significantly decreased after treatment with Cd for 12 h but increased after 24 h of Cd exposure. In contrast, glutathione peroxidase activity significantly increased after treatment with Cd for 12 h but decreased after 24 h. superoxide dismutase and catalase activities increased at 12 h and 24 h. glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase activities decreased, but not significantly. Rat hepatocytes incubated with NAC and Cd simultaneously had significantly increased viability and decreased Cd-induced ROS generation. Our results suggested that Cd induces ROS generation that leads to oxidative stress. Moreover, NAC protects rat hepatocytes from cytotoxicity associated with Cd.     

Effects of aluminum on the reduction of neural stem cells,proliferating cells,and differentiating neuroblasts in the dentate gyrus of D-galactose-treated mice via increasing oxidative stress

Aluminum (Al) accumulation increases with aging, and long-term exposure to Al is regarded as a risk factor for Alzheimer''s disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of Al and/or D-galactose on neural stem cells, proliferating cells, differentiating neuroblasts, and mature neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. AlCl₃ (40 mg/kg/day) was intraperitoneally administered to C57BL/6J mice for 4 weeks. In addition, vehicle (physiological saline) or D-galactose (100 mg/kg) was subcutaneously injected to these mice immediately after AlCl₃ treatment. Neural stem cells, proliferating cells, differentiating neuroblasts, and mature neurons were detected using the relevant marker for each cell type, including nestin, Ki67, doublecortin, and NeuN, respectively, via immunohistochemistry. Subchronic (4 weeks) exposure to Al in mice reduced neural stem cells, proliferating cells, and differentiating neuroblasts without causing any changes to mature neurons. This Al-induced reduction effect was exacerbated in D-galactose-treated mice compared to vehicle-treated adult mice. Moreover, exposure to Al enhanced lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus and expression of antioxidants such as Cu, Zn- and Mn-superoxide dismutase in D-galactose-treated mice. These results suggest that Al accelerates the reduction of neural stem cells, proliferating cells, and differentiating neuroblasts in D-galactose-treated mice via oxidative stress, without inducing loss in mature neurons.     

Association of oxidative status and insulin sensitivity in periparturient dairy cattle: an observational study

Post‐parturient insulin resistance (IR) is a common feature in all mammalian animals. However, in dairy cows, it can be exacerbated because of high milk yield, leading to excessive negative energy balance, which is related with increased disease incidence, reduced milk production and worsened reproductive performance. IR has been extensively investigated in humans suffering from diabetes mellitus. In these subjects, it is known that oxidative stress (OS) plays a causative role in the onset of IR. Although OS occurs in transitional dairy cattle, there are yet no studies that investigated the association between IR and OS in dairy cattle. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between OS and IR in dairy cattle. Serum samples were taken repeatedly from 22 dairy cows from 2 months prior to the expected calving date to 2 months after calving and were analysed for markers of metabolic and redox balance. Surrogate indices of insulin sensitivity were also calculated. Generalised linear mixed models revealed an effect of the oxidative status on peripheral insulin concentration and on indices of insulin sensitivity. Hence, field trials should investigate the effectiveness of antioxidant therapy on insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues during the transition period of dairy cattle.     

Pharmacokinetics of thymoquinone in layer chickens following oral and intravenous administration

Thymoquinone (TQ) is the major constituent of Nigella sativa and known to possess a variety of pharmacological effects. This study was designed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of TQ following oral (PO) and intravenous (IV) administration in layer chickens. The layer chickens were equally divided into two groups (six chickens in each group, total 12 chickens), and TQ was administered via PO and IV routes. For PO route, the dose was 20 mg/kg b.w. and for IV route, 5 mg/kg b.w. was administered, respectively. A sensitive and accurate High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technique was validated for the quantification of TQ from plasma. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.02 µg/ml and 0.05 µg/ml, respectively with >80% recovery. Maximum plasma concentration (C_max) following PO and IV administration was 8.805 and 4.497 µg/ml, respectively, while time to reach at maximum concentration (T_max) was 1 and 0.1 hr, respectively. The elimination half‐lives were recorded as 1.02 and 0.978 hr, whereas the mean residence times were 1.79 and 1.036 hr following both PO and IV administration, respectively. The 85% PO bioavailability was indicative that TQ could be used for various therapeutic purposes in layer chickens.     

外源NO对NaCl胁迫下燕麦幼苗氧化损伤的缓解效应

以加燕2号为试验材料,用一氧化氮（NO）供体硝普钠（SNP）、NO清除剂牛血红蛋白（Hb）及SNP类似物亚铁氰化钠处理燕麦植株,研究NO对NaCl胁迫下燕麦幼苗生长和氧化损伤的缓解效应。结果表明,NaCl胁迫下添加外源NO提高了燕麦幼苗的株高,提高了SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性,降低自由基含量和膜脂过氧化程度,表明外源NO能缓解NaCl胁迫诱导的氧化损伤,增强植株的耐盐性。NO供体SNP的类似物亚铁氰化钠（不产生NO）对NaCl胁迫燕麦植株的株高和氧化伤害无缓解效应;施用Hb提高了自由基含量,降低了抗氧化酶活性,而添加外源NO能缓解Hb对燕麦生长的抑制,表明内源NO也可能参与燕麦幼苗耐盐性的调节。     

断奶仔猪氧化应激模型的建立及其营养调控的研究进展

随着养殖业的迅速发展和养猪规模的不断扩大,早期断奶技术在现代化养猪生产中已经普及。仔猪早期断奶会造成仔猪体内产生大量的自由基,引起氧化应激。本文以断奶仔猪氧化应激的产生及危害为切入点,着重阐明仔猪氧化应激模型的构建方式,主要介绍了氧化鱼油、Diquat、H2O2攻毒这三种造模方法,最后从营养调控角度提出添加植物提取物、复合抗氧化剂、微量元素、中草药添加剂等物质对缓解仔猪氧化应激的重要意义,以期为断奶仔猪的营养调控提供一定的理论依据。     

Quercetin supports bovine preimplantation embryo development under oxidative stress condition via activation of the Nrf2 signalling pathway

Nrf2 is a master regulator for antioxidant machinery against oxidative stress in bovine preimplantation embryos. The endogenous or exogenous modulation of Nrf2-KEAP1 system in bovine embryos may contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms behind the response of embryos to stress conditions. Therefore, here we aimed to investigate the protective effect of quercetin on bovine preimplantation embryos exposed to higher atmospheric oxygen concentration. For that, blastocysts, which were developed from zygotes cultured in media supplemented with or without quercetin under high oxygen level (20%), were subjected intracellular ROS level and mitochondrial analysis, and determining blastocyst formation rate and total cell number. Moreover, mRNA and protein expression level of Nrf2 and selected downstream antioxidant genes were investigated in the resulting blastocysts. Quercetin supplementation in vitro culture did not affect cleavage and blastocyst rate until day 7. However, quercetin supplementation resulted in higher blastocyst total cell number and reduction of intracellular ROS level accompanied by increasing mitochondrial activity compared with control group in both day 7 and day 8 blastocysts. Moreover, quercetin supplementation induced mRNA and protein of Nrf2 with subsequent increase in the expression of downstream antioxidants namely: NQO1, PRDX1, CAT and SOD1 antioxidants. In conclusion, quercetin protects preimplantation embryos against oxidative stress and improves embryo viability through modulation of the Nrf2 signalling pathway.     

猪链球菌抗氧化应激蛋白YED和AHH的鉴定

为揭示猪链球菌抗氧化应激的机制,采用比较蛋白组学方法,鉴定猪链球菌抗氧化应激相关蛋白。提取猪链球菌全菌蛋白,以THB培养基培养的细菌作为对照,经H2O2处理后,液相色谱-串联质谱共鉴定出54个差异表达蛋白,其中28个蛋白在H2O2处理组中上调表达,26个蛋白下调表达。这些差异表达的蛋白主要参与代谢、生物合成、抗应激等过程。深入分析,发现7个新的蛋白可能参与猪链球菌抗氧化应激;从中选择在H2O2处理组显著上调表达的2个蛋白YbaB/EbfC家族核苷相关蛋白(YED)和2-氨基-4-羟基-6-羟甲基二氢蝶啶二磷酸激酶(AHH)进行验证。分别构建二者缺失株ΔYED和ΔAHH;生长曲线分析表明,2个缺失株在THB培养基中生长与野生株相似;氧化应激试验表明,经H2O2作用后,野生株存活率为97.12%,而ΔYED与ΔAHH则显著降低,分别为72.69%(P<0.05)和79.49%(P<0.05);小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7吞噬与存活试验表明,RAW264.7对野生株和2个缺失株的吞噬率无显著差异,但与野生株相比,2个缺失株在RAW264.7内的存活率均显著降低。本研究鉴定的与氧化应激相关的差异表达蛋白,有助于揭示猪链球菌的抗氧化应激机制,其中YED和AHH与猪链球菌在吞噬细胞内存活相关,提示它们在猪链球菌致病过程中发挥作用。     

外源NO对NaCl胁迫下燕麦幼苗氧化损伤的保护作用

用不同浓度的外源一氧化氮(NO)供体SNP处理100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下一年生燕麦草幼苗,研究了外源NO对NaCl胁迫下燕麦幼苗氧化损伤的影响.结果表明,外源NO可缓解NaCl胁迫造成的燕麦幼苗膜质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量的升高,促进脯氨酸(Pro)积累,提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,并能缓解叶绿素含量的降解,提高可溶性糖的含量.而且NO的这种作用存在明显的剂量效应,其中以0.2 mmol/L SNP处理效果最为显著.     

Influence of shearing on oxidative stress and some physiological parameters in ewes

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of shearing on physiological and oxidative stress parameters in ewes. Twenty Comisana ewes were used and divided into two groups. Ten ewes were left unshorn as a control group (Group A) and 10 ewes were shorn (Group B). All measurements were taken before and after shearing, and repeated 8 h after shearing and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 and 15 days after shearing. Reactive oxygen species (dROMs), antioxidant barrier (oxy‐adsorbent), thiol antioxidant barrier (SHp) and packed cell volume (PCV) were assessed in blood samples collected by means of jugular venipuncture. Rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR) and heart rate (HR) were also measured. Two‐way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Bonferroni's test, was used for the assessment of significant effects due to shearing and time. The statistical analysis showed significant increases (P < 0.01) of dROMs, oxy‐adsorbent, SHp, and a significant decrease (P < 0.01) of RT and RR associated with time and shearing. Our results indicate that shearing causes a change in the ewe's homeostatic balance that leads to oxidative stress.     

Antiradical function of sulfhydryl residues and oxidative stress markers in dairy cattle plasma

The antiradical function of sulfhydryl (SH) residue in dairy cattle plasma and the relationship of SH residue concentrations to other oxidative stress markers, ascorbic acid and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in plasma were investigated. The concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.6) and SH residues in dairy cattle plasma decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in vitro by the addition of peroxyradicals at 38°C, depending on incubation periods. The decrease of GSH concentration with the peroxyradical solution was partially protected by the addition of sodium ascorbate solution. A positive and significant correlation with SH residues and albumin concentration in the fresh plasma obtained from 15 dairy cattle was observed (P < 0.05). The SH residue concentration was not correlated with the TBARS concentration in plasma. The total ascorbic acid and SH residues concentration in the plasma correlated positively but not significantly (P < 0.10). These results suggested that SH residues in dairy cattle plasma play important part in the antiradical function.     

氧化应激对奶牛的危害及其防治

氧化应激是当机体遭受到体内外各种有害刺激时,氧化系统和抗氧化系统失衡,自由基的产生量超过机体的清除能力,抗氧化系统不能及时清除过多的自由基而造成的。氧化应激与多种疾病的发生相关。奶牛的代谢水平高,更易发生氧化应激。本文就奶牛氧化应激的产生、氧化应激对奶牛的影响以及如何抑制奶牛氧化应激做一综述。     

Bacillus subtilis ANSB01G culture alleviates oxidative stress and cell apoptosis induced by dietary zearalenone in first-parity gestation sows

This study was conducted to evaluate the alleviation of Bacillus subtilis ANSB01G culture as zearalenone (ZEA) biodegradation agent on oxidative stress, cell apoptosis and fecal ZEA residue in the first parity gestation sows during the gestation. A total of 80 first-parity gilts (Yorkshire × Landrace) were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments with 20 replications per treatment and one gilt per replicate. The dietary treatments were as follows: CO (positive control); MO (negative control, ZEA level at 246 μg/kg diet); COA (CO + B. subtilis ANSB01G culture with 2 × 10⁹ CFU/kg diet); MOA (MO + ZEA level at 260 μg/kg diet + B. subtilis ANSB01G culture with 2 × 10⁹ CFU/kg diet). The experiment lasted for the whole gestation period of sows. Results showed that feeding the diet naturally contaminated with low-dose ZEA caused an increase of cell apoptosis in organ and the residual ZEA in feces as well as a decrease of antioxidant function in serum. The addition of B. subtilis ANSB01G culture in the diets can effectively alleviate the status of oxidative stress and cell apoptosis induced by ZEA in diets of gestation sows, as well as decrease the content of residual ZEA in feces.