玫烟色拟青霉分离株的生物学特性及其对烟粉虱的致病力

对广州地区玫烟色拟青霉16个分离株的菌落生长速率、产孢量、分生孢子萌发率,及其对烟粉虱2龄若虫的致病性进行了比较研究。结果表明:不同分离株的菌落生长速率差异不显著,但产孢量、孢子萌发率和对烟粉虱2龄的致病力差异显著。经过综合比较,筛选出PF01 N4和PF01 N8两个优良分离株,它们具有产孢量大(2 8×109和2 95×109个孢子/ml)、孢子萌发率高(89 06%和87 7%)、致病力强(7d后对烟粉虱2龄若虫的致病力分别为99 22%和97 79%)等特点。     

寄主植物对烟粉虱实验种群的影响

本文探讨了不同寄主植物对烟粉虱种群暴发的影响,在28℃恒温下,组建了烟粉虱在甘蓝、番茄、茄子、烟草、黄瓜、辣椒、西葫芦、青菜等8种不同寄主植物上的实验种群生命表.结果表明:烟粉虱对寄主有较强的选择性.烟粉虱在黄瓜、番茄上的产卵量最大，平均每头雌虫分别达382头和246头。各寄主植物上烟粉虱种群内禀增长率在0.2433～0.3790之间，取食番茄的内禀增长率rm最大，达0.3790，不同寄主植物上烟粉虱内禀增长率大小依次为番茄＞甘蓝＞黄瓜＞西葫芦＞茄子＞烟草＞辣椒＞青菜。保护地蔬菜面积扩大是烟粉虱种群暴发的重要原因之一.     

寄主植物单种及组合混种对丽蚜小蜂寄生和存活的影响

日光温室条件下,将番茄、甘蓝、棉花、茄子、黄瓜5种寄主植物两两组合,研究丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa对组合后寄主植物上烟粉虱若虫的寄生率。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂对番茄与黄瓜、甘蓝与黄瓜组合后的黄瓜上烟粉虱若虫寄生率分别是37.60%、34.60%,显著高于单种黄瓜上的寄生率28.00%;对两种组合中番茄上烟粉虱的寄生率为45.34%(单种)和46.20%(组合),甘蓝上的寄生率为35.38%(单种)和36.40%(组合),差异不显著。其他8组组合中寄主植物上的寄生率间均差异不显著,即寄主植物组合对丽蚜小蜂的寄生影响不大。但无论是寄主植物单种还是寄主植物组合混种对丽蚜小蜂的羽化率都没有显著影响。     

应用虫生真菌防治烟粉虱的现状

发虱Bemisia tabaci属世界性分布的大害虫。在一定条件下虫生真菌是控制烟粉虱种群的最有效天。本文就几种常见虫生真菌：蜡蚧轮枝菌Vericillium lecanii、座壳孢Aschersonia spp.、玫烟色拟青霉Paecilomyces fumosoroseus、球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana等防治烟粉虱的应用现状以及它们与其它敌的关系进行了综述，以期对烟粉虱虫生真菌的合理利用提供参考。     

8种不同类型杀虫剂对MED烟粉虱隐种的防治效果及其残留检测

为筛选对设施蔬菜烟粉虱具有高效、低毒、低残留的化学农药,选用8种分属于不同类型的杀虫剂对设施黄瓜和茄子上的MED烟粉虱隐种进行了药效试验和农药残留检测。结果表明,药后10d,8种杀虫剂对黄瓜田MED烟粉虱的防效为78.98%~96.66%,而对茄子田MED烟粉虱仅为39.59%~81.11%。新型杀虫剂10%溴氰虫酰胺OD和50%氟啶虫胺腈WG对MED烟粉虱防效高,药后10d对黄瓜田MED烟粉虱的防效分别达94.90%和94.18%,对茄子田MED烟粉虱的防效分别达75.24%和81.11%;3种新烟碱类杀虫剂药后10d对黄瓜田MED烟粉虱防效为78.98%~89.22%,对茄子田MED烟粉虱的防效60.58%~79.09%。酰肼类拟脱皮激素类240g/L甲氧虫酰肼SC药后10d对黄瓜田和茄子田MED烟粉虱的防效分别为80.79%和80.41%。10%溴氰虫酰胺OD中添加增效剂乙氧基改性聚三硅氧烷可使药后3~14d防治效果显著提高1.86%~67.40%。残留检测结果表明,在推荐使用剂量下,药后15d黄瓜茎叶中噻虫嗪和啶虫脒的平均残留量分别为0.52mg/kg和2.06mg/kg,茄子茎叶中阿维菌素、吡蚜酮、甲氧虫酰肼的平均残留量为0.031mg/kg、2.36mg/kg和4.75mg/kg,均高于我国对果实的最大残留限量标准,而黄瓜果实样品中7种杀虫剂均未检出(0.01mg/kg)。研究表明,10%溴氰虫酰胺OD和50%氟啶虫胺腈WG是防治设施蔬菜MED烟粉虱较为理想的新型杀虫剂。     

主植物单种及组合混种对丽蚜小蜂寄生和存活的影响

日光温室条件下,将番茄、甘蓝、棉花、茄子、黄瓜5种寄主植物两两组合,研究丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa对组合后寄主植物上烟粉虱若虫的寄生率。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂对番茄与黄瓜、甘蓝与黄瓜组合后的黄瓜上烟粉虱若虫寄生率分别是37.60%、34.60%,显著高于单种黄瓜上的寄生率28.00%;对两种组合中番茄上烟粉虱的寄生率为45.34%（单种）和46.20%（组合）,甘蓝上的寄生率为35.38%（单种）和36.40%（组合）,差异不显著。其他8组组合中寄主植物上的寄生率间均差异不显著,即寄主植物组合对丽蚜小蜂的寄生影响不大。但无论是寄主植物单种还是寄主植物组合混种对丽蚜小蜂的羽化率都没有显著影响。     

B型烟粉虱成虫对五种寄主植物的取食和产卵行为

为明确烟粉虱的寄主选择机制,利用刺吸电波技术(EPG)记录了B型烟粉虱在苘麻、棉花、黄瓜、甘蓝和烟草上的刺吸取食波型,并比较了烟粉虱在寄主植物上的产卵行为.研究结果表明,烟粉虱在5种寄主植物上的刺吸过程由A、B、C、E、G和np波组成,但取食不同植物的波型比例、频次及平均持续周期等指标有显著性差异.烟粉虱取食苘麻时,反映被动取食行为的E波比例和平均周期分别达83.8%和20.2min,明显高于其它寄主植物.总体上,B型烟粉虱取食5种寄主植物的适宜度为苘麻>黄瓜>棉花>烟草>甘蓝.烟粉虱在不同寄主植物上的产卵量随产卵时间延长而增加,但增加量明显低于接虫24 h的产卵量.烟粉虱对苘麻的产卵选择性显著高于棉花,但与黄瓜、甘蓝、烟草没有显著的差别.在本试验烟粉虱雌虫密度的范围内,各种寄主植物的产卵量与烟粉虱成虫密度成正相关,高密度下烟粉虱成虫在甘蓝和苘麻上的产卵量显著高于黄瓜、烟草和棉花.     

丽蚜小蜂对不同寄主植物上“Q型”烟粉虱的寄生特性

为了明确丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa(Gahan)对不同寄主植物上"Q型"烟粉虱的寄生特性,本研究采用微虫笼法在(26±1)℃、相对湿度60%~80%、光周期16L:8D的条件下测定了丽蚜小蜂对5种寄主植物上"Q型"烟粉虱的寄生及生长发育特性。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂对辣椒和茄子上烟粉虱3龄若虫的寄生率分别为28.49%和26.85%,显著高于番茄(17.62%)和一品红(16.36%),棉花上居中(21.25%);对寄主烟粉虱的致死率与寄生率趋势一致,从高到低的顺序为:茄子(40.41%)辣椒(37.63%)棉花(33.82%)番茄(26.52%)一品红(18.49%)。丽蚜小蜂寄生5种植物上烟粉虱的发育历期分别为14.16 d(辣椒)、14.53 d(番茄)、16.54 d(棉花)、16.34 d(茄子)和16.89 d(一品红),其中,在辣椒和番茄上其发育历期显著短于其余3种寄主植物。丽蚜小蜂寄生烟粉虱后,其寿命在不同寄主植物间差异显著,棉花(17.00 d)、一品红(9.60 d)上显著高于其他3种寄主。但丽蚜小蜂的羽化率在供试5种寄主植物间差异不显著。上述结果表明寄主植物影响了丽蚜小蜂对"Q型"烟粉虱的寄生特性,以辣椒和茄子上的寄生致死率更高。     

玫烟色棒束孢FZ-01鉴定及对烟粉虱的防治潜力评估

为了明确从罹病烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci上分离的虫生真菌（菌株FZ-01）的分类归属及其生物防治的潜力,采用形态学特征观察和rDNA-ITS序列分析方法对该菌株进行鉴定,并对其生物防治潜力进行评估。结果发现：菌株FZ-01为玫烟色棒束孢Isaria fumosorosea;该菌株在马铃薯PDA培养基上生长良好;适应温度和酸碱度范围较广,可耐高温（35℃）和酸碱（pH4～10）;孢子萌发速率快（5 h）且萌发率高（>90%）;菌株致病力测定表明分生孢子浓度为1.0×10⁷ cfu/mL时,对烟粉虱（MEAM1）成虫致死中时间（LT₅₀）仅为2.75 d,接菌4 d时致死中浓度（LC₅₀）仅为2.69×10⁴ cfu/mL。综上结果表明,玫烟色棒束孢FZ-01对烟粉虱具有十分优良的生防潜力。     

昆虫病原真菌的研究利用——Ⅰ:玫烟色拟青霉不同菌株对菜青虫的致病效果和固体培养

玫烟色拟青霉(Paecilomyces fumosoroseus(Wize)Brown ＆ Smith)是一种世界性分布的重要昆虫病原真菌和土壤真菌。Sekiguchi,A(1959)已培养生产此菌进行了害虫的生物防治试验。曾省等人(1965)在国内也首次从榨蚕饰腹寄生蝇蛹体上分离报道了本菌。我们于1976—1977年在进行害虫病原微生物调查时发现,玫烟色拟青霉对茶树害虫的寄生范围十分广泛。 Angus(1965)、Bugers(1971)和Ignoffo(1976)都曾报道,分离自不同寄主昆虫,或同一寄主而地区不同的菌株,它们对同种试虫的致病力有明显差异。但对来自同一种昆虫而虫期不同的菌株其致病力有无差异则未见报道。 曾省等人(1965)和Madelin(1966)报道,玫烟色拟青霉在马铃薯块、畜类和黄豆饼粉上都能很好生长,抱子量可达60×10~8/     

四株虫生真菌的鉴定及其对小菜蛾的室内毒力

为了明确4株虫生真菌在小菜蛾防治中的应用潜力,采用生物测定法测定其室内毒力,并通过多相分类法研究其分类地位。结果表明:菌株GZU-BCECWC113对小菜蛾的毒力最强,在1.6×108孢子/mL浓度下对小菜蛾的校正死亡率最高,达到89.47%;半致死时间LT50值最小,为3.33天;感染8天时的LC50值最小,为0.45×105孢子/mL。根据形态特征、培养性状及ITS序列分析结果明确4株菌的分类地位,即GZU-BCECWC113为环链拟青霉Paecilomyces catenianulatus,GZU-BCECWQ16为玫烟色拟青霉P.fumosorosenus,GZU-BCECW122为蝉拟青霉P.cicadae,GZU-BCEC-WKKS2为细脚拟青霉P.tenuipes。     

Interaction Between Entomopathogenic Fungi and Some Aphid Species in Thailand

Seven aphid species were screened with twelve entomopathogenic fungi for the selection of the most effective fungus. Beauveria bassiana CKB-048 caused the highest mortalities for all aphid species tested in their nymphal stage. The cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) was chosen for further studies in its adult stage using B. bassiana CKB-048 as a biocontrol agent, and carbosulfan was used for a comparison in greenhouse testing. The mode of action of the fungal killing was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The endophytic colonization of the cowpea plant by B. bassiana CKB-048 was studied and confirmed using both stereo microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The chitinase enzyme activity of cowpea plants after they were sprayed with the fungus or carbosulfan was found to fluctuate throughout five days. The lethal concentrations of B. bassiana CKB-048 suspensions that killed 50 % (LC₅₀) of A. craccivora was 6.69 × 10⁷ conidia/ml for the nymphs and 8.25 × 10⁷ conidia/ml for the adults. The time for lethality (LT₅₀) with a concentration of 2 × 10⁸ conidia/ml was 3.25 days for nymphs and 4 days for adults.     

Virulence of the entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium longisporum against the greenhouse whitefly,Trialeurodes vaporariorum and its parasitoid Encarsia formosa

Understanding the interactions among biological control agents, such as competition for the same host in intraguild predation, is a key component for successful biological control strategies. The pathogenic ability of Lecanicillium longisporum (Petch) Zare and Gams (Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae) against the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and its parasitoid, Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was assessed. Treatment with six serial deposition rates of fungal conidia on cucumber leaf surface indicated that whitefly mean mortalities for isolates LRC190, LRC216 and LRC229 reached 61, 79 and 54% at 2.6 × 10⁷ conidia/mm², respectively. Median lethal time (LT₅₀) values for isolates LRC190, LRC216 and LRC229 were 6.2, 4.9 and 6.9 days, and median lethal dose (LD₅₀) values were 1.2 × 10⁶, 2.9 × 10⁵ and 6.9 × 10⁶ conidia/mm², respectively. The number of surviving parasitoid larvae, pupae and adults decreased with increasing concentrations of fungus, and earlier developmental stages of parasitoid were affected negatively by fungal treatment. Reproductive capacity and longevity of female parasitoid emerging from fungus-treated hosts were not affected by fungus treatment. These results indicate that correct timing of fungal and parasitoid application may mitigate the negative effects due to direct competition for the same host. In this regard, treatment with fungi in later immature stages of the parasitoid was generally positive with minimum risks of deleterious effects.     

Evaluation of the biocontrol potential of various Metarhizium isolates against green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae)

BACKGROUND: Twenty‐three isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikof) Sorokin and M. acridum (Driver & Milner) JF Bischoff, Rehner & Humber from non‐aphid host insects around the globe were evaluated for their aphid biocontrol potential, which is not well known. RESULTS: The apterous adults of green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) were exposed to the fungal sprays of 11.5, 99 and 1179 conidia mm^?2 and blank control in three leaf‐dish bioassays. All the tested isolates except one were proven to be infective to the aphid species at 21 ± 1 °C and 14:10 h light:dark photoperiod, causing corrected mortalities of 10.1–95.3% at the high spore concentration. The data from ten isolates causing > 50% mortality at the high concentration were found to fit a time–concentration–mortality model well, yielding parameters for the estimates of their LC₅₀ and LT₅₀ that vary with post‐spray time and spore concentration respectively. Four isolates of M. anisopliae (ARSEF 759, 4132, 2080 and 576) had LC₅₀ values of 44–80 conidia mm^?2 on day 8 and LT₅₀ values of 4.9–6.8 days at 100 conidia mm^?2, with 91–98% of the killed aphids being well mycotised after death. CONCLUSION: The Metarhizium infectivity to M. persicae differs greatly among the tested isolates. The four mentioned isolates with desired virulence and sporulation potential are excellent candidates for microbial control of aphids. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Induction effects of host plants on insecticide susceptibility and detoxification enzymes of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

BACKGROUND: The polyphagous B‐biotype Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) has developed a high resistance to commonly used insecticides in China. To illustrate the induced changes by host plant, bioassay and biochemical research on five different host populations were investigated. RESULTS: Except for bifenthrin, all tested insecticides showed lower toxicity to the B. tabaci poinsettia population compared with other host populations. Moreover, four insecticides, the exceptions being abamectin and fipronil, showed highest toxicity towards the tomato population. The LC₅₀ values of the poinsettia population, particularly towards acetamiprid, were 14.8‐, 10.3‐ and 7.29‐fold higher than those of tomato, cucumber and cabbage respectively. The CarE activities of B. tabaci cabbage and cucumber populations were all significantly higher than those of poinsettia, cotton and tomato populations. The ratio of the cabbage population was 1.97‐, 1.79‐ and 1.30‐fold higher than that of poinsettia, cotton and tomato respectively. The frequency profiles for this activity also have obvious differences. The GST and P450 activities of the cucumber population were the lowest in the five host populations. CONCLUSION: Long‐term induction of host plants for B‐biotype B. tabaci could influence their susceptibilities to several insecticides. Rational selection and usage of insecticides for particular hosts will be helpful for resistance management and control of this species. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

玫烟色棒束孢与球孢白僵菌对桃蚜致病力对比

为选取具有杀蚜潜力的虫生真菌,采用喷雾法比较研究了玫烟色棒束孢IF-1106和球孢白僵菌BB-1339对桃蚜成蚜的致病力,并利用时间-剂量-死亡率模型估计了2菌株对桃蚜的致死剂量与致死时间。结果表明,菌株IF-1106侵染桃蚜后菌丝如棉絮状,形成淡玫瑰色分生孢子,且菌丝侵染速度快于菌株BB-1339;菌株BB-1339侵染桃蚜后菌丝短而致密,形成白色分生孢子。菌株IF-1106在浓度为1×10⁸ CFU/mL时,累计死亡率达到91.7%,而菌株BB-1339最高仅为55.0%。时间-剂量-死亡率模型中Hosmer-Lemeshow方法拟合异质性检验表明模型拟合良好,在接种后7 d,菌株IF-1106和BB-1339对桃蚜的半致死浓度分别为1.20×10⁵ CFU/mL和8.15×10⁷ CFU/mL;当浓度为1×10⁸ CFU/mL时,2菌株对桃蚜的半致死时间分别为4.2 d和6.8 d。表明菌株IF-1106对桃蚜的致病力高于菌株BB-1339,更具开发潜力。     

球孢白僵菌孢子萌发促进剂的筛选及其对杀蚜效果的增强作用

以生物学相容性较好的聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚为乳化剂,从五大类生化营养基质中筛选出海藻糖、葡萄糖、蛋白胨、酪氨酸和菜籽油作为孢子萌发促进剂的基本成份,采用5因子正交旋转组合设计并实施了36个组配试验以优化配方。将所获孢子萌发促进剂加入球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)孢子乳悬液中喷雾接种桃蚜(Myzus persicae)无翅成蚜,在20℃和12L:12D的条件下饲养并逐日观察发病死亡数。所获数据经时间-剂量-死亡率模型模拟分析,桃蚜接种后第4～6天为死亡高峰,在10~6～10~8个孢子/ml的浓度下喷雾处理6天后的累计死亡率为62.9％～88.7％,LT_(50)估计值为3.8～4.8天,接种后第4、5和6天的LD_(50)估计值分别为3.75×10~7、3.73×10~5和2.08×10~5个孢子/ml。在连续6天的观察中,接种成蚜日均产若蚜数比对照分别下降了40.7％～85.0％,下降幅度随孢子乳悬液浓度提高而增大。这些结果表明,以上孢子萌发促进剂具有作为球孢白僵菌孢子制剂添加剂的应用潜力。     

白僵菌对盲蝽的致病性

我国棉花盲蝽的发生危害日益严重,而化学防治是当前控制这类害虫的唯一有效途径.为了探索盲蝽的微生物防治技术,在室内条件下利用浸虫法评价了7个白僵菌菌株对我国3个盲蝽优势种类--绿盲蝽、中黑盲蝽和苜蓿盲蝽的致病能力.结果显示,不同菌株对不同种类盲蝽的致病效果存在较大差异,菌株C-1对绿盲蝽的致病力优于对中黑盲蝽和苜蓿盲蝽,菌株07-2-3、07-10-10、07-10-11、07-10-12和07-10-14对中黑盲蝽和苜蓿盲蝽的致病力优于对绿盲蝽.在7个菌株中,C-1对绿盲蝽2龄若虫的致病力最强,其LC50为5.34×106个孢子/mL.菌株C-1的致病力随着绿盲蝽若虫龄期的增加而减弱.在浓度为1×107个孢子/mL时,菌株C-1对绿盲蝽2～4龄若虫的致死中时间分别为7.11、8.37和12.44天;在浓度为1×108个孢子/mL时,分别为3.14、3.87和4.95天.研究表明,白僵菌在防治我国棉花盲蝽方面具有较大的应用潜力.     

朱红毛斑蛾虫生真菌球孢白僵菌PfBb菌株的分离鉴定及其毒力测定

为评价从朱红毛斑蛾Phauda flammans幼虫僵虫中分离的虫生真菌在害虫生物防治中的应用潜力,通过形态学鉴定及ITS基因序列分析对分离菌株进行鉴定,并运用时间-剂量-死亡率模型分析该分离菌株对朱红毛斑蛾1~6龄幼虫的毒力。结果显示,结合形态学特征和ITS基因序列分析将该虫生真菌鉴定为球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana,并将该菌株命名为PfBb。球孢白僵菌PfBb菌株可侵染朱红毛斑蛾1~6龄幼虫,随着该菌株孢子液浓度的增加,其对朱红毛斑蛾幼虫的毒力逐渐增强。PfBb菌株孢子液处理朱红毛斑蛾1~5龄幼虫6 d时的LC₅₀分别为2.61×10⁴、1.04×10⁵、1.11×10⁶、1.54×10⁶和1.44×10⁷ 个/mL,处理6龄幼虫8 d时的LC₅₀为1.02×10⁷ 个/mL。随着处理时间的增加,PfBb菌株对朱红毛斑蛾1~6龄幼虫的LC₅₀和LC₉₀随之降低,表明存在剂量效应。当处理浓度相同时,朱红毛斑蛾1~6龄幼虫的僵虫率随着虫龄的增加而降低,但在较高浓度1.0×10⁷~1.0×10⁹ 个/mL处理时,1~5龄幼虫的僵虫率无显著差异,说明1.0×10⁷个/mL球孢白僵菌PfBb菌株孢子液防治朱红毛斑蛾幼虫即可达到理想的防治效果。表明球孢白僵菌PfBb菌株对朱红毛斑蛾有较大的生防应用潜力。     

菌株NDBJJ-BFG的鉴定及其对马铃薯甲虫不同虫态的毒力测定

为筛选出对马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Say)具有防治潜力的菌株,本研究从马铃薯甲虫僵虫虫体上分离菌株NDBJJ-BFG,通过形态学特征和分子生物学方法明确其分类地位,采用喷雾法和覆土法测定了不同浓度下该菌株对马铃薯甲虫室内毒力的致死中浓度LC50及半致死时间LT50。结果表明,经形态特征与r DNA ITS序列分析最终确定菌株NDBJJ-BFG为球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana(Bals.)Vuill。该菌株对1、2、3和4龄马铃薯甲虫幼虫的LC50分别为0.91×10~6、1.51×10~6、5.09×10~6和6.84×10~6个/m L;采用喷雾法和覆土法处理蛹的LC50分别为1.43×10~7个/m L和8.15×10~6个/m L,成虫的LC50分别为5.08×10~7个/m L和2.97×10~7个/m L。在孢子悬浮液浓度相同时LT50随虫龄的增大而延长,其中成虫的LT50最长,其次是蛹;在相同龄期下LT50随着孢子悬浮液浓度的增大而缩短。表明菌株NDBJJ-BFG对马铃薯甲虫1龄和2龄幼虫具有高毒力,其在马铃薯甲虫的生物防治中将具有较大的应用潜力。