水分胁迫对棉花幼苗水分利用和光合特性的影响

以转基因棉花品种农大棉8号和鲁棉研28号为材料进行盆栽试验,设置正常处理(CK)、轻度胁迫(LS)、中度胁迫(MS)、重度胁迫(SS)和极度胁迫(ES)5个水分处理。结果表明:随着水分胁迫程度的加重,棉花幼苗的生长受到明显的抑制,2个品种的叶片相对含水率、叶水势、净光合速率(Pn)、光能利用率(LUE)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ光化学量子效率(φPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)呈下降趋势;气孔限制值(Ls)、水分利用率(WUE)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)呈上升趋势。两品种的Pn和NPQ的MS、SS和ES与CK相比差异显著,不同测定时期各胁迫处理的平均Pn比CK分别下降了11.5%、18.1%、32.1%和38.1%;平均NPQ比CK上升了24.1%、50.9%、79.4%和145.1%。表明棉花幼苗期持续轻度水分胁迫对叶片光合能力无显著影响,但高于中度的持续水分胁迫会造成叶片光合能力下降和光抑制加重。     

Cryopreservation of Embryogenic Callus Cultures from Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Embryogenic callus cultures of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were frozen in the presence of a cryoprotector and subsequentjy stored in liquid nitrogen. After thawing, a high percentage of cultures resumed growth after a lag-period of 2–4 weeks. Plant regeneration was achieved at a frequency comparable to that observed in control cultures.     

干旱胁迫对大豆苗期光合生理特性的影响

为了探明大豆干旱胁迫的生理特性,以‘豫豆19’为实验材料,采用盆栽方式,设置对照(CK),轻度干旱胁迫(L),中度干旱胁迫(M)和重度干旱胁迫(N)4个水分处理水平,研究了不同水分条件下大豆幼苗的生理生化响应。结果显示：随着干旱胁迫的加强,叶片中叶绿素含量降低,游离脯氨酸含量逐渐增加,可溶性糖含量显著升高。随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,叶片中丙二醛含量呈升-降-升的变化趋势,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势。干旱胁迫下,大豆的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)显著降低(P<0.05);水分利用效率(WUE)在轻度水分胁迫条件下有所提高,在中度胁迫下又有一定的下降,在重度胁迫下则明显降低;胞间CO2含量(Ci)在轻度和中度干旱胁迫下降低而在重度干旱胁迫下又明显升高,说明在轻度和中度干旱胁迫下,光合速率的下降是由气孔因素造成的;在重度干旱胁迫下光合速率的下降是由非气孔因素造成的。     

Grain Protein Accumulation During Grain Development in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Grain protein accumulation during grain development was studied as a function of defoliation at anthesis in barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes grown under pot culture and non limiting nitrogen conditions. The data indicates that per cent grain protein did not decrease proportionally despite 50 % or more decrease in grain yield per plant. These data support the contention that shrivelling need not result in proportional increase in grain protein %. The data also suggests that accumulation of grain protein and carbohydrate during the grain development may not be negatively associated. The data also brings about the importance of grain protein yield per plant as a useful parameter for breeding high grain protein genotypes.     

Marker-assisted characterization of frost tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Five molecular markers associated to two frost tolerance QTLs ( Fr-H1 and Fr-H2 ) were tested both on nine Turkish accessions, classified by breeders as highly frost-tolerant, and on a previously described sample of 26 barleys, winter, facultative and spring. Accessions were characterized in terms of frost tolerance under both field conditions and artificial freezing test at −12°C. The Turkish lines resulted to be equal or superior to the most tolerant European genotypes tested, showing that they can be used to improve the frost tolerance of the EU barley germplasm. The marker Hv BM5A ( Vrn-H1 and Fr-H1 ) resulted to be the best predictor for assisted selection within this germplasm, because of its high correlation between allelic variation and phenotypic traits. Only Hv CBF4 of the three Hv CBF markers tested at Fr-H2 was associated to the trait, but at lower significance than HvBM5A . The PCR-based molecular marker of Vrn-H1 can thus be used in barley breeding not only for selection of facultative and winter types, but also for fast routine selection of frost tolerant genotypes.     

大麦杂种优势利用研究Ⅰ.F1杂种的离中亲优势和超优亲优势

以7个细胞质雄性不育系及相应保持系和4个恢复系,按NCⅡ交配设计配成7×4=28个F1杂种,研究了12个数量性状,即株高(PH)、穗长(SL)、穗下节间长(IL)、每株穗数(SP)、主穗粒数(KMS)、每株粒数(KP)、每株粒重(KWP)、每株干重(DWP)、千粒重(KW)、籽粒产量(KY)、籽粒蛋白质含量(PC)和赖氨酸含量(LP)的杂种优势表现。以杂种离中亲     

野生大麦的抗旱性及其在大麦遗传改良中的应用

干旱是主要的非生物胁迫性灾害,极大地威胁到全球的粮食供应,是影响农业生产的最重要因素之一。因此,培育抗旱性植物是解决干旱危害和粮食危机的根本途径。野生大麦已经适应广泛的干旱环境并具有丰富的遗传多样性,它们的抗旱基因与抗旱相关数量性状位点(QTLs)已经确定,对改良大麦抗旱性有巨大的潜力。综述了野生大麦的抗旱性及其在大麦改良中的应用,并对大麦抗旱育种中存在的问题以及今后发展方向进行了展望。     

Resistance to the Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus Complex — Differential Genotypic Reactions and Genetics of BaMMV-Resistance of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Barley yellow mosaic disease is caused by several viruses, i.e. barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV), barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) and BaYMV-2. The reaction of different barley germplasms to the barley mosaic viruses was studied in field and greenhouse experiments. The results show a complex situation; some varieties are resistant to all the viruses, while others are resistant to one or two of them only. Crosses between different barley germplasms were earned out in order to test whether genetic diversity of resistance against mosaic viruses does exist, particularly, BaMMV. A total of 45 foreign barley varieties were crossed to German cultivars carrying the resistance gene ym4. In F₂ of 27 crosses, no segregation could be detected, leading to the conclusion that the resistance genes of the foreign parents are allelic with ym4 e.g. Ym1 (‘Mokusekko 3’) and Ym2 (‘Mihori Hadaka 3’). A total of 18 crosses segregated in F₂ indicating that foreign parents, like ‘Chikurin Ibaraki 1’, ‘Iwate Omugi 1’, and “Anson Barley”, carry resistance genes different from the gene of German cultivars, e.g. ‘Asorbia’ or ‘Franka’. By means of statistical evaluation (Chi²-test), the observed segregation ratios were analyzed in order to obtain significant information on the heredity of resistance. All the resistance genes described here as being different from the gene ym4, act recessively. Most of the exotic varieties seem to carry only one resistance gene. In a few cases, more than one gene may be present.     

Adaptation of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to harsh Mediterranean environments

Summary Differences in development of the apex may be the reason for cultivar differences in adaptation of barley to terminal drought in Mediterranean environments. The present study was conducted to identify apical development patterns of barley adapted to terminal drought stressed Mediterranean environments and to determine plant characteristics which can be used as criteria to select for an adapted development. Thirty-five two-rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) entries were grown at two sites in northern Syria (Tel Hadya and Breda) in 1988/89. Four apical development patterns were observed: a slow or fast vegetative development, depending on the vernalization requirement, combined with a slow or fast generative development, depending on the daylength response of the crop. Early heading was related to fast generative development. Leaf appearance rates on the main shoot were constant during a major part of the pre-anthesis period, but significant differences were observed among development patterns. Genotypic differences in main shoot tiller number were associated with differences in the onset of tiller appearance and not with differences in tiller appearance rate or final leaf number on the main shoot. Since vernalization requirements and daylength responses are largely independent of terminal drought stress, selection for an adapted phenology can be done in favourable environments. Morphological traits related to these responses (winter growth habit, cold tolerance, plant colour, growth vigour, heading date) can be used as criteria for selection for adaptation to low-rainfall Mediterranean environments.     

Regional Yield Forecasts of Malting Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) by NOAA-AVHRR Remote Sensing Data and Ancillary Data

Yield forecasts are of major interest to the malting and brewing industry in order to allow the most convenient organization of the respective policy of raw materials. As malting barley is predominantly cultivated in a limited set of growing regions because of its special requirements, yield predictions can be limited to these regions of interest. Within this investigation, malting barley yield forecasts (Hordeum vulgare L.) are performed for typical growing regions in southwestern Germany. Multitemporal remote sensing data on the one hand and ancillary data such as meteorological, phenological, pedological, agro statistical and administrative data on the other hand are used as input data for two versions of prediction models, which are both based on an empirical–statistical modelling approach. The basic version of the yield estimation model is conducted by means of linear correlation of remote sensing data [national oceanic and atmospheric administration-advanced very high resolution radiometer (NOAA-AUHRR) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) maximum value composites], CORINE land cover data and agro statistical data. In an extended version, meteorological data (temperature and evapotranspiration) and soil data are incorporated. Yield predictions are significantly influenced by the selected time span for NDVI integration. For NDVI time-integration across the grain-filling period, the mean deviation of reported and simulated yield is 7.0 and 6.4 %, respectively, for the basic and extended yield estimation model.     

Relationships between Yield and Quality Parameters of Malting Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and Phenological and Meteorological Data

In this study, phenological and meteorological data have been used to interpret variations in a time series of regional average yields and quality parameters of malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L). The analyses were focused mainly on the grain filling period. Duration and occurrence of this development stage showed remarkable differences from year to year, as heading varied over more than four weeks and yellow ripeness over two weeks in the investigation period from 1974 to 1996. Yields above average were achieved only in years when grain filling duration exceeded 42 d. Protein concentrations below 10.5 % and grading percentages over 90 % required at least 44 d of grain filling. Temperature had the strongest influence on the length of grain filling, even though the calculated Growing Degree Days (base temperature 3 °C) were not absolutely constant. Mean daily temperature and relative air humidity were the best estimators with respect to grain yield. An optimum temperature range was found between 14 and 18 °C. Assuming a linear relationship, yield reductions between 4.1 and 5.7 % have been calculated for every 1 °C increase of the mean daily temperature. Relative air humidity was the best single estimator for grain protein concentration. The results of this study suggest that relative humidity during grain filling can be a more suitable parameter to describe drought stress effects than precipitation amounts from heading to yellow ripeness or from January 1 to yellow ripeness.     

干旱和盐胁迫对棉苗光合抑制效应的比较

以无盐正常供水为对照,研究了等渗条件下干旱和NaCl处理对棉苗光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素荧光参数、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MAD)与游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量的影响.干旱和盐胁迫都显著降低叶片的Pn、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、气孔限制值(Ls)和叶绿素与类胡罗卜素含量.干旱或盐胁迫引起初始荧光(F0)上升,最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)显著下降,PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量(φPSⅡ)略有降低,而POD活性、MDA和Pro含量显著提高.棉苗在不同胁迫后的叶绿素含量、POD活性、MDA和Pro累积等方面存在量上的差异,说明等渗条件下干旱和盐胁迫对光合的抑制效应与机理存在诸多相似性,也有特异性.     

Water Stress Tolerance of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Variations in Hydrogen Peroxide Accumulation and Antioxidant Activity in Tolerant and Susceptible Genotypes

An experiment was conducted on five wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, C 306, PBW 175 (tolerant to water stress), DL 153-2 (moderately tolerant to water stress), HD 2428 and HD 2329 (recommended for irrigated conditions, susceptible to water stress), under pot culture conditions to study the effect of water stress on oxidative injury and antioxidant activity. Water stress significantly decreased relative water content (RWC), ascorbic acid content and membrane stability, and increased hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content, a measure of lipid peroxidation, and activities of antioxidant enzymes in all the genotypes at 7, 17 and 27 days after anthesis (DAA). Water stress tolerant genotypes C 306 and PBW 175, closely followed by DL 153-2, were superior to HD 2428 and HD 2329 in maintaining high RWC, ascorbic acid content and membrane stability and lower hydrogen peroxide content and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde content) under water stress at the three stages. The highest activities of glutathione reductase and catalase under water stress were observed in C 306, PBW 175 and DL 153-2 and the lowest activities in HD 2428 and HD 2329 at all the stages. Superoxide dismutase activity at all stages under irrigated conditions and at the first and second stages under water stress conditions did not show significant variation among the different genotypes, but at the last stage under water stress the enzyme activity was highest in C 306, closely followed by PBW 175 and DL 153-2, and lowest in HD 2428 and HD 2329. It is apparent that water stress induces an increase in hydrogen peroxide content and consequently lipid peroxidation and membrane injury (reduced membrane stability). The degree of oxidative stress and antioxidant activity seems to be closely associated with the tolerance/susceptibility of a genotype to water stress.     

An Evaluation of Hordeum vulgare L. ×Psathyrostachys fragilis (Boiss.) Nevski Crosses for Doubled Haploid Barley Production

Investigations were carried out to assess the suitability of the intergeneric cross Hordeum vulgare×Psathyrostachys fragilis for haploid barley production. H. vulgare cvs. ‘Emir’ and ‘Vada’ were each pollinated with P. fragilis P.I. 343192 and plants regenerated from embryos cultured on a modified B5 medium. Seed sets on ‘Vada’ were significantly lower than on ‘Emir’, and all the planes from ‘Vada’×P. fragile remained hybrid. Several of these flowered but there was little pairing between the parental chromosomes. Most of the plants from ‘Emir’×P. fragilis died, as seedlings but 3 plants developed into haploid barley. Because of the practical limitations of pollen availability from P. fragilis and the inconsistencies in haploid plant formation, it is unlikely that the cross will prove as valuable as that between H. vulgare×H. bulbosum for a doubled haploid barley programme.     

外源激素对干旱胁迫下草莓光合特性的影响

本文旨在研究试验地干旱胁迫条件下喷施不同浓度外源激素脱落酸(ABA)和烯效唑(S3307)对草莓光合特性的影响。结果表明：喷施脱落酸和烯效唑后,草莓的水分利用效率(WUE)明显高于对照,净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)变化明显,且不同外源激素对草莓光合参数变化的影响不同,但都能提高草莓抗干旱胁迫的能力。两种外源激素适宜喷施的浓度范围分别是：脱落酸1mg/L~4 mg/L、烯效唑25mg/L~100mg/L。     

玉米叶片光合作用和渗透调节对干旱胁迫的响应

以2个不同抗旱性玉米品种郑单958 (抗旱性强)和陕单902 (抗旱性弱)为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,设置3个干旱处理(轻度干旱、中度干旱、重度干旱)和正常灌水,研究了干旱胁迫对2个玉米品种气体交换、叶绿素荧光参数和渗透调节物质的影响。结果显示, 重度干旱造成2个玉米品种叶片光合机构紊乱,破坏细胞膜完整性;同时增加了渗透调节物质,这对增强叶片的保水能力,维持光合速率有重要的作用。但与陕单902相比,干旱胁迫下郑单958表现出较高的最大净光合速率(P_nmax),表观量子效率(AQY),光饱和点(LSP),最大电子传递速率(J_max),最大羧化速率(V_cmax),PSII的实际量子产量(Φ_PSII)和光化学猝灭系数(q_P);较高的脯氨酸(Pro)和可溶性糖含量(SS);较低的丙二醛含量(MDA)。这些结果表明,干旱胁迫下抗旱品种郑单958具有较强的渗透物质能力,减轻细胞膜质过氧化程度,维持较高的光合性能是其适应干旱环境的生理基础。     

干旱胁迫对玉米苗期生长和光合特性的影响

以2个不同抗旱性玉米品种郑单958 (抗旱性强)和陕单902 (抗旱性弱)为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,设置轻度干旱,中度干旱,重度干旱和正常灌水处理,研究了干旱胁迫对2个玉米品种植株生长、气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果显示,干旱胁迫抑制2个玉米品种植株生长和相对生长速率,导致整株生物量显著下降。随着干旱胁迫程度加剧,叶片最大净光合速率(P_nmax)、表观量子效率(AQY)、光饱和点(LSP)、气孔导度(G_s)、气孔限制值(L_s)、最大电子传递速率(ETR_m)、光能利用效率(α)、光系统II的实际量子产量(Φ_PSII)和光化学猝灭系数(q_P)均下降,而胞间CO₂浓度(C_i),光补偿点(LCP)和非光化学猝灭系数(q_N)均升高。可见,干旱胁迫下叶片光合能力和电子传递速率降低是2个玉米品种生物量减少的主要因素。但郑单958变化幅度小于陕单902,表明郑单958植株生长发育和光合特性比陕单902受干旱胁迫的影响小,较高的电子传递速率、较强的光能转化能力和较大的相对生长速率是郑单958适应干旱环境的重要生理特性。     

The Effect of Late-terminal Drought Stress on Yield Components of Four Barley Cultivars

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important winter cereal crop grown in the semiarid Mediterranean, where late‐terminal drought stress during grain filling has recently become more common. The objectives of this study were to investigate the growth performance and grain yield of four barley cultivars under late‐terminal drought stress under both glasshouse and field conditions. At grain filling, four barley cultivars (Rum, ACSAD176, Athroh and Yarmouk) were exposed to three watering treatments: (1) well‐watered [soil maintained at 75 % field capacity (FC)], (2) mild drought stress at 50 % FC, (3) severe drought stress at 25 % FC in the glasshouse experiment and (1) well‐watered (irrigated once a week), (2) mild drought (irrigated once every 2 weeks), (3) severe drought (non‐irrigated; rainfed) in the field. As drought stress severity increased, gross photosynthetic rate, water potential, plant height, grain filling duration, spike number per plant, grain number per spike, 1000‐grain weight, straw yield, grain yield and harvest index decreased. In the glasshouse experiment, the six‐row barley cultivars (Rum, ACSAD176, and Athroh) had higher grain yield than the two‐row barley cultivar (Yarmouk), but the difference was not significant among the six‐row cultivars under all treatments. In the field experiment, Rum had the highest grain yield among all cultivars under the mild drought stress treatment. The two‐row cultivar (Yarmouk) had the lowest grain yield. In general, the traditional cultivar Rum had either similar or higher grain yield than the other three cultivars under all treatments. However, the yield response to drought differed between the cultivars. Those, Rum and ACSAD176, that were capable of maintaining a higher proportion of their spikes and grains per spike during drought also maintained a higher proportion of their yield compared with those in well‐watered treatment. In conclusion, cultivar differences in grain yield were related to spike number per plant and grain number per spike, but not days to heading or grain filling duration.     

不同磷水平下大麦分蘖期磷效率相关性状QTL定位分析

磷素营养与大麦品质及产量密切相关,磷高效遗传机制和品种改良是近年的研究热点之一。本研究利用由大麦栽培品种Baudin和种质材料CN4079杂交构建的重组自交系(RIL)群体,低磷胁迫(0.02 mmol L~(-1) KH_2PO_4)与正常供磷(0.2 mmol L~(-1) KH_2PO_4)条件下,对地上部和地下部磷素利用效率、磷素吸收效率和干重,以及分蘖数相关的QTL定位,并预测相关位点基因。表型鉴定结果表明,各性状在RIL群体中表现连续变异,并存在超亲分离。两种磷水平下,共检测到16个QTL,分布在2H、3H和5H染色体上,表型贡献率14.1%~28.5%。3H染色体上含有3个磷素利用效率位点,其增效等位基因均来源于Baudin,其中Qspue.sau-3H.1和Qrpue.sau-3H与控制磷素吸收效率的Qspae.sau-3H和Qrpae.sau-3H处于同一区段,而Qspue.sau-3H.2与控制分蘖数的位点Qtn.sau-3H处于同一区段。5H染色体上含有3个磷素吸收效率位点,其中Qspae.sau-5H.2和Qrpae.sau-5H的增效等位基因来自CN4079,且与控制磷素利用效率的Qspue.sau-5H和Qrpue.sau-5H,以及控制干重的Qsdw.sau-5H和Qrdw.sau-5H处于同一区段。在磷效率相关的4个区段中,除Qspue.sau-3H.1所处区间仅含有磷酸代谢与磷脂代谢相关基因外,其他区间均包含磷酸盐转运蛋白基因、磷酸代谢与磷脂代谢相关基因。