绿肥压青对粉垄稻田土壤微生物量碳和有机碳累积矿化量的影响

绿肥压青还田是调控现代集约化稻田土壤逆境的重要手段,为评估绿肥压青下粉垄耕作对稻田土壤微生物量碳和土壤有机碳累积矿化量的影响,设置早稻粉垄耕作与常规耕作2种耕作模式,不施肥和同等肥力条件下施化肥、单倍绿肥配施化肥和双倍绿肥配施化肥4种施肥处理,晚稻免耕常规施用化肥,开展双季稻周年大田应用试验。结果表明:单倍绿肥压青下,粉垄耕作能提高稻田土壤微生物量碳含量,可达常规耕作的2倍,能有效增加微生物对土壤碳素的利用率。增加绿肥压青量会提高粉垄耕作稻田土壤有机碳累积矿化量和矿化潜力,与施用化肥相比,单倍绿肥压青下早晚稻分别增加1.6%～32.8%和0.6%～16.6%,双倍绿肥压青下分别增加58.6%～70.9%和29.6%～38.4%。粉垄单倍绿肥压青会降低免耕晚稻齐穗期、收获期土壤呼吸强度,较常规耕作分别降低33.4%和38.7%,较粉垄耕作其他处理降低8.5%～31.4%。单倍绿肥压青下粉垄稻田土壤代谢商较常规耕作累积降低65.5%,与常耕相比,粉垄双倍绿肥压青和粉垄单一化肥的土壤代谢商分别累积增加20.3%和159.2%,粉垄双倍绿肥压青可有效缓解土壤代谢商的提升。微生物量碳含量与有机碳矿化激发效应呈负相关,绿肥压青还田下相关系数达0.44;累积矿化量和代谢商呈极显著正相关,粉垄耕作下相关系数达0.59。可见,绿肥粉垄耦合的模式可作为一种增加稻田土壤微生物量碳含量、减少部分生育时期土壤呼吸强度,增强土壤碳库稳定性及碳固持的重要调控技术措施。     

绿肥压青粉垄保护性耕作对稻田土壤温室气体排放的影响

2016-2018年,在广西农业科学院试验田设置粉垄耕作与常规耕作2种耕作模式,并设不施肥、常规施用化肥、单倍绿肥压青+化肥和双倍绿肥压青+化肥4种施肥处理开展连续田间定位实验,2018年早稻插秧5d后开始采用分离式静态箱-气象色谱法连续对稻田温室气体排放通量进行测定,研究绿肥压青下不同耕作模式和施肥处理稻田主要温室气体排放特征及其定位累积效应,分析温室气体累积排放量和增温潜势,以期为粉垄保护性耕作方式和施肥管理模式提供参考依据。结果表明：粉垄耕作模式下常规施用化肥处理中CO2排放通量是常规耕作模式下的2.3倍,施用双倍绿肥处理稻田CH4排放峰值是化肥处理中的2.5～3.9倍。各处理中,粉垄耕作下单倍绿肥加化肥处理稻田CO2和N2O累积排放量均最少,分别为1469.29kg·hm-2和36.61g·hm-2。两种耕作模式下施用单倍绿肥加化肥CH4累积排放量均低于双倍绿肥加化肥的处理。可见,合理配施绿肥加化肥对粉垄耕作下水稻温室气体CO2和N2O减排有一定积极作用,稻田CH4排放量与绿肥压青量相关,温室气体的增温潜势也相应受到影响。在一定时间尺度上,绿肥压青下粉垄保护性耕作是一种减少和遏制农业温室气体排放的有效措施。     

绿肥还田对粉垄稻田土壤活性有机碳的影响

绿肥还田是影响农田土壤有机质的重要手段,为探索绿肥还田对粉垄稻田土壤活性有机碳的影响,采用常耕和粉垄栽培水稻,以不施肥、单一施用化肥、同等肥力条件下单倍绿肥配施化肥和双倍绿肥配施化肥共4种施肥处理,系统开展粉垄耕作稻田土壤活性有机碳研究.结果表明:①粉垄耕作减少了稻田土壤总有机碳含量,提高绿肥还田量有助于粉垄稻田土壤总...     

北方农牧交错带不同农作制度对土壤风蚀因子的影响

不合理的农作制度是引发北方农牧交错带土壤风蚀的重要原因。以内蒙古武川旱农试验区为基地,研究了撂荒制、压青休闲制、粗放轮作制、保护性耕作制4种农作制度对风速、土壤紧实度、地表粗糙度、地表覆盖度、土壤有机质含量、表层土壤含水率、土壤风蚀量等因子的影响。结果表明,保护性耕作能够显著降低土壤风蚀,有效防止土地荒漠化。当前,北方农牧交错带应重点推广保护性耕作制,促进农业生产的可持续发展。     

粉垄耕作对新疆盐碱土理化性质及棉花生长影响

为了明确粉垄耕作后结合大水漫灌洗盐措施对新疆盐碱土理化性质及棉花生长指标、产量的影响,探讨合理的耕作模式,对土壤设置间隔粉垄、连续粉垄两个耕作措施,以传统翻耕为对照,对播种前、苗期、收获期3个不同时期土壤的容重、含水量、总盐指标变化和棉花生长势及产量的差异进行分析。结果表明:与传统翻耕相比,粉垄耕作降低了不同时期土壤耕作层的容重,增加了土壤含水量,间隔粉垄和连续粉垄在 0～ 40 cm降低了土壤含盐量,达到显著水平( P<0.05),以 0～ 20 cm土层最为显著,分别比传统翻耕耕作层含盐量降低 37%、37.5%,显著提高了棉花的生长势及产量,分别较传统翻耕处理增产 46.2%和 49.5%。间隔粉垄与连续粉垄对土壤的理化指标及棉花长势、产量影响无显著差异,说明粉垄对土壤结构影响持久,综合研究本区的土壤、自然环境等因素,可采用粉垄 -传统翻耕 -粉垄耕作模式,改良土壤结构,降低耕作层土壤含盐量,节约成本,提高经济效益。     

紫色土坡地土壤性质对耕作侵蚀的影响

[目的]揭示土壤性质对耕作侵蚀土壤的敏感性,为紫色土区域采取适宜的耕作措施提供依据。[方法]利用磁性示踪技术定量旋耕机上下耕作和等高耕作的土壤耕作位移和土壤位移量,选取土壤容重、土壤含水量、土壤有机质、土壤全氮、土壤有效磷、土壤抗剪强度和土壤紧实度等土壤理化性质和力学性质指标,研究土壤性质对旋耕机上下耕作和等高耕作的耕作侵蚀的影响特征。[结果]旋耕机上下耕作和等高耕作的土壤净位移和净位移量不仅受坡度影响,也受土壤性质的影响。土壤力学性质和土壤物理性质对旋耕机耕作侵蚀有显著影响,对于上下耕作的土壤抗剪强度、土壤紧实度和土壤容重与土壤净位移量呈显著正相关。对于等高耕作措施的土壤抗剪强度、土壤紧实度、土壤容重和土壤含水量与土壤净位移量呈显著正相关,其他指标关系不显著。[结论]土壤抗剪强度、土壤紧实度和土壤容重可以作为评价耕作侵蚀的土壤可蚀性指标。     

粉垄耕作对平地和坡耕地蔗田土壤有机碳矿化和结构的影响

2018-2019年在广西南宁丘陵山区甘蔗田采用雨养模式,设置粉垄耕作与常规耕作两种耕作方式,开展平地和坡耕地甘蔗田间试验。试验在甘蔗全生育期不进行人工灌溉,收获期采集0-15cm耕层及15-30cm耕层土壤样品,用土壤紧实度仪多点位测定0-45cm深度土壤紧实度,利用湿筛法测定土壤团聚体,应用室内恒温培养-碱液吸收法测定土壤有机碳矿化量,以探索粉垄耕作对坡耕地雨养蔗田土壤有机碳矿化速率、累积矿化量及土壤团聚体与紧实度结构效应的影响。结果表明:(1)平地蔗田土壤有机碳累积矿化量始终高于坡耕地,粉垄耕作处理下,平地0-15cm和15-30cm耕层土壤有机碳矿化量较坡耕地分别提高0.32倍和1.05倍;坡耕地蔗田土壤0-15cm和15-30cm耕层有机碳7日累积矿化量粉垄耕作比常规耕作升高81.7%和降低7.5%,平地上则降低8.4%和升高2.6%;(2)与常规耕作方式相比,粉垄耕作提高了蔗田土壤大团聚体含量,平地和坡耕地分别增加5.53%和2.30%,平地土壤大团聚体含量为坡耕地的1.00～1.03倍,粉垄耕作降低了蔗田土壤中小、微团聚体含量。同时,粉垄耕作提高了土壤水稳性团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD),与常规耕作相比,平地和坡耕地MWD分别提高15.6%和58.7%,GMD分别提高31.4%和48.1%。同种耕作模式下平地土壤水稳性团聚体的MWD值和GMD值均高于坡耕地,平地常规耕作和粉垄耕作土壤MWD值较坡耕地分别提高1.19和0.60倍,平地常规耕作和粉垄耕作土壤GWD值较坡耕地分别提高0.99和0.77倍;(3)粉垄耕作方式对坡耕地蔗田土壤紧实度的影响比平地大,粉垄耕作降低了蔗田土壤紧实度,且15-30cm耕层影响较明显。因此,粉垄雨养甘蔗提高了平地和坡耕地土壤耕层碳存储,可降低土壤紧实度,增加土壤大团聚体形成,优化土壤耕层结构,该模式可作为南方蔗田土壤干旱逆境调控技术措施。     

不同整地方式对风沙土玉米地土壤紧实度的影响

为了探明不同耕作方式对风沙土土壤紧实度的作用与影响,在大庆市泰康科技园区设置了破垄种、原垄卡种、旋耕原垄卡种、免耕4个玉米种植的耕作处理试验,并在玉米播前、播后、收获三个阶段分别测定了0—40cm范围内每隔5cm土层的土壤紧实度的变异情况。结果表明:旋耕能使表层土壤相对较为疏松,但35cm以下土层由于受机械镇压作用,土壤紧实度明显地高于表层,破垄种使得土体紧实化的现象表现得较为明显,使得土壤质量具有不可持续的基本观点。旋耕原垄卡种具有明显改善20cm以下土壤紧实度,而0—20cm土壤紧实度和其它耕作措施差异不大的效果,这保证了土壤表层不受风蚀而根系层20—40cm变得疏松,是值得推广和应用的一种耕作措施。     

耕作导致的土壤再分布对土壤水分入渗的影响

利用梯级法、DEM和模型法研究三峡库区传统锄耕条件下的耕作侵蚀速率,同时采用双环法测定未进行耕作扰动区、耕作侵蚀区和堆积区土壤入渗特性的变异。结果表明,本研究区坡度为12.63%的线性坡的单次耕作侵蚀速率为25.02 t/hm2;各小区的土壤入渗速率和入渗时间均可以用Kostiakov公式(f=a·t-b)进行很好的拟合,然而耕作侵蚀区、耕作堆积区和未扰动区之间由于土壤紧实度和耕层深度变化而对土壤水分的入渗特性具有非常显著的影响。相对于耕作堆积区,耕作侵蚀区的土壤初始入渗速率、稳定入渗速率和累计入渗量均具显著减低,因而会显著地加强水蚀作用。与此同时,单纯耕作松土导致的土壤紧实度变小被证明能够显著增强土壤入渗能力,因而能够显著地增加入渗量,从而减少水蚀强度。     

粉垄耕作对小麦玉米产量及耕层土壤养分的影响

通过在河南省温县(2013~2014年)和西华县(2014~2015年)小麦、玉米2季作物的试验,研究粉垄耕作对作物产量、土壤养分(碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质)含量的影响,并分析耕作措施与作物生产、养分吸收的关系,为作物高产和施肥管理提借鉴。小麦播种季,设旋耕(12~16 cm,CK),粉垄耕作(FL1:20~30 cm,FL2:30~40 cm)3个处理,夏玉米在小麦收获后贴茬播种,其它一切农事操作均保持一致。结果表明,FL1、FL2处理小麦当季平均增产幅度分别为18.5%、23.5%,FL2FL1;玉米季,FL1、FL2处理的平均增产幅度分别为10.4%、5.8%。土壤养分方面,与CK相比,FL1、FL2处理能够增加小麦成熟期潮土土壤速效钾含量,平均增加74.49 mg kg~(-1),显著降低土壤碱解氮、有效磷、有机质含量,降低玉米季土壤耕层速效养分含量。FL1、FL2处理显著增加砂姜黑土土壤有效磷含量,平均高2.2 mg kg~(-1),降低土壤碱解氮、速效钾含量,分别平均降低7.54 mg kg~(-1)、13.38 mg kg~(-1)。小麦季,FL1、FL2处理的氮、磷、钾肥偏生产力均显著高于CK,比CK高出5~19个单位;玉米季,偏生产力比CK高出3~15个单位。说明在养分投入、农事操作等保持一致的条件下,粉垄耕作(FL1,FL2)能够增加小麦、玉米两季作物产量,促进作物对养分的吸收,特别是氮的吸收。此外,适当增加耕作层的厚度更有助于当季小麦产量的提高。     

绿肥还田在稻作生态系统的效应分析及研究展望

绿肥种植利用是中国传统农业技术的精华,也是绿色生态循环农业发展的关键性举措,为中国粮食稳定和绿色增效发挥着十分重要的作用.水稻栽种之前的绿肥还田耕作模式就是将绿肥植物体直接耕翻于稻田中作为肥料或是将绿肥植物体沤堆成肥再施用于稻田土壤,这不仅能够培肥稻田土壤、增强土壤供肥能力和减少稻季化学肥料施用,而且能够减少稻田周年化...     

有机资源等氮替代化肥对免耕稻田N2O排放及水稻产量的影响

试验设置两种稻田免耕模式［常规免耕（C）、粉垄免耕（F）］,两种免耕模式下各设置四种施肥方式,绿肥与化肥配施（C3、F3）、蚕沙与化肥配施(C4、F4）,同步设置不施肥的空白对照（C1、F1）,施全量化肥的常规对照（C2、F2）处理,采用分离式静态箱−气象色谱法测定双稻季水稻生育期内稻田N₂O排放通量,并测定水稻收获期干物质量、产量和根冠比等,以探讨集约化稻作下有机氮替代化学氮对稻田N₂O排放及水稻产量的影响,为稻田有机资源与化肥配施提供科学依据。结果表明：（1）有机资源替代化学氮肥能够显著降低稻田N₂O累计排放量。C3、C4、F3、F4的N₂O累计排放量较C2、F2在早稻季分别降低69.1%、86.3%、69.9%和63.4%,晚稻季分别降低7.3%、67.2%、38.5%和60.4%;（2）免耕稻田下绿肥替代化肥利于水稻稳产。粉垄免耕下F3较F2产量提升0.6%～10.0%,F4较F2产量下降1.7%～6.6%;常规免耕下C3较C2产量降低1%～1.1%,C4较C2产量下降1.1%～8.4%。（3）有机资源等氮替代化肥影响水稻根系生长,显著提高植株干物质量、有效穗数和穗粒数。早、晚稻生长季C3、F3的植株干物质量较C2、F2分别提高22.6%和5.4%;有效穗数和穗粒数分别提高6.3%～13.5%和0.3%～6.2%。稻田免耕下两种有机资源替代化学氮肥均能有效降低N₂O排放,粉垄免耕下绿肥替代化学氮肥显著提高水稻干物质量及根系活力,能够维持水稻产量稳定并减少稻田N₂O排放,采用绿肥等氮替代化肥可作为一种集约化稻作可持续生产调控技术。     

Tillage systems for a cotton–peanut rotation with winter-annual grazing: Impacts on soil carbon, nitrogen and physical properties

Integrating livestock with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production systems by grazing winter-annuals can offer additional income for producers provided it does not result in yield-limiting soil compaction. We conducted a 3-year field study on a Dothan loamy sand (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic plinthic kandiudults) in southern Alabama, USA to determine the influence of tillage system prior to cotton–peanut planting on soil properties following winter-annual grazing. Two winter-annual forages [oat (Avena sativa L.) and annual ryegrass (Lolium mutiflorum L.)] and four tillage practices [chisel + disk, non-inversion deep tillage (paratill) with and without disking and no-till] were evaluated in a strip-plot design of four replications. We evaluated cone index, bulk density, infiltration, soil organic carbon (SOC), and total nitrogen (N). Paratilling prior to cotton or peanut planting, especially without surface soil tillage, reduced compaction initially to 40 cm and residually to 30 cm through the grazing period in winter. There were no significant differences in cone index, bulk density, or infiltration between forage species. No-tillage resulted in the greatest bulk density (1.65 Mg m⁻³) and lowest infiltration (36% of water applied), while paratilling increased infiltration in no-tillage to 83%. After 3 years, paratilling increased SOC 38% and N 56% near the soil surface (0–5 cm), as compared to concentrations at the beginning of the experiment, suggesting an improvement in soil quality. For coastal plain soils, integrating winter-annual grazing in a cotton–peanut rotation using a conservation tillage system of non-inversion deep tillage (paratill) with no surface tillage can improve soil quality by reducing cone index, increasing infiltration, and increasing SOC in the soil surface.     

轮耕对土壤物理性状及水稻产量影响的初步研究

针对南方稻田连续免耕存在的主要问题,进行了土壤轮耕效应的初步研究。试验选择双季稻区连续7年免耕稻田,设置免耕、旋耕和翻耕3种耕作处理（即免耕-免耕,免耕-旋耕和免耕-翻耕）,早稻和晚稻采取同-耕作措施。研究结果表明：连续免耕后进行土壤耕作（翻耕、旋耕）可以降低耕作层土壤容重,增加土壤水贮量,尤为翻耕显著,早、晚稻均表现为这-趋势;晚稻收获时,表层0～5cm的毛管孔隙度表现为免耕-翻耕、免耕-旋耕在5％水平上显著高于免耕-免耕,而下层差异不显著;早、晚稻晒田时,表层0～5cm原状土饱和导水率均表现为免耕～翻耕在5％水平上显著高于免耕-免耕和免耕-旋耕,而5～10cm无显著性差异;早、晚稻的实际产量均表现为免耕-旋耕〉免耕-翻耕〉免耕-免耕,起主要作用的构成因素是有效穗数。     

少免耕土壤结构与导水能力的季节变化及其水保效果

通过对黑土坡耕地免耕、少耕与传统耕作土壤物理性状全生育期观测,比较研究土壤结构和导水性状季节变化差异及其与水土流失的关系。结果表明,表层0~20 cm土壤,免耕土壤容重全生育期维持在1.20~1.30 g cm-3,变化小,大于0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体含量(WR0.25)和平均重量直径(MWD)高于传统耕作,初始和稳定入渗速率均高于少耕和传统耕作,土壤含水量分别较少耕和传统耕作高4.7和4.4个百分点,较传统耕作分别减少地表径流和土壤流失量86%和100%;少耕除夏季各项性状均介于免耕和传统耕作之间,夏季垄沟深松后,垄沟土壤容重显著降低,较免耕和传统耕作降低0.15 g cm-3以上,提高土壤初始入渗速率30%以上,较传统耕作减少水和土壤流失量20%和40%。传统耕作土壤容重,垄台由播种时的0.91 g cm-3增加至收获时的1.23 g cm-3,垄沟一直维持在1.30 g cm-3左右,WR0.25、MWD、土壤稳定入渗速率、含水量均较低,全生育期10%的雨水流失,土壤流失量615 t km-2a-1。免耕土壤结构稳定,蓄水保水最佳,为效果显著的水土保持耕作措施,少耕也有一定的保水保土作用;免耕和少耕均能够改善土壤物理性状。     

Compaction of loamy soils due to tractor traffic in vineyards and orchards and its effect on infiltration in southern France

Viticulture and fruit culture in Mediterranean areas demand frequent tractor traffic in vineyards and orchards for tillage and for the application of herbicides and pesticides, resulting in soil compaction. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent of soil compaction and its effect on infiltration in vineyards and orchards in an area in southern France, known for its wine and fruit production (Vaucluse). Compaction of both the topsoil and the subsoil was demonstrated with measurements of bulk density, penetration resistance and water retention characteristics. Subsoil compaction was attributed to wheel load, not to tillage, and was alleviated within 5 years after termination of tillage operations in vineyards. No effects of topsoil compaction on infiltration were expected on account of the slight differences in the values of infiltration parameters between wheel tracks and inter-rill areas. Effects of subsoil compaction on infiltration were examined with rainfall simulation tests. Under wet initial conditions and high rain intensities, no effect of soil compaction on infiltration was observed. This implies that the frequent tractor traffic associated with viticulture and fruit culture does not enhance run-off on loamy soils in Mediterranean areas.     

Effects of tillage on soil microrelief, surface depression storage and soil water storage

Conservation of soil water is an important management objective for crop production in the semi-arid tropics where droughts are persistent. Identification of the best tillage methods to achieve this objective is thus imperative. The integrated effects of conservation tillage on soil micro topography and soil moisture on a sandy loam soil were evaluated. The field experiment consisted of five tillage treatments, namely tied ridging (TR), no till (NT), disc plough (DP), strip catchment tillage (SCT) and hand hoe (HH). Data measured in the field included soil moisture content, surface roughness, infiltration and sorghum grain yield. A depth storage model was used to estimate depression storage TR treatment and the higher the surface roughness, the greater the depression storage volume. Regression analysis showed that random roughness decreased exponentially with increase in cumulative rainfall. Higher moisture contents were associated with treatments having higher depressional storage. Infiltration rate was significantly higher in the tilled soils than the untilled soils. The DP treatment had the highest cumulative infiltration while NT had the lowest. The Infiltration model which was fitted to the infiltration data gave good fit. Grain yield was highest in TR and least in NT, whereas DP and HH had similar yields.     

Remediation of subsoil compaction and compaction effects on corn N availability by deep tillage and application of poultry manure in a sandy-textured soil

Subsoil compaction may reduce the availability and uptake of water and plant nutrients thereby lowering crop yields. Among the management options for remediating subsoil compaction are deep tillage and the selection of crop rotations with deep-rooted crops, but little is known of the effects of applications of organic amendments on subsoil compaction. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of subsoil compaction on corn yield and N availability in a sandy-textured soil and to evaluate the use of deep tillage and surface applications of poultry manure to remediate subsoil compaction. A field experiment planted to corn (Zea mays L.) was conducted from 2000 to 2001 on a Reelfoot fine sandy loam (fine-silty, mixed thermic Aquic Argiudolls) formed in silty alluvium located in southeast Missouri near the Mississippi River. Treatments were arranged in a factorial design with three levels of subsoil compaction and subsoiling and four rates (averaging 0, 6, 11 and 18 Mg ha⁻¹) of poultry manure. Subsoil tillage to a depth of 30 cm had multiple effects, including overcoming a natural or tillage-induced dense layer or pan and increasing volumetric soil water content and crop N uptake, especially in the 2001 cropping year with low early season precipitation. N recovery efficiency (NRE) was significantly higher in the subsoil treatment compared to the highest compaction treatment in 2001. No significant interactions between manure rates and compaction and subsoiling treatments were observed for corn grain and silage yields, N uptake and NRE. Average increases in corn grain yields over all manure rates due to subsoil tillage of compacted soil were 2002 kg ha⁻¹ in 2000 and 3504 kg ha⁻¹ in 2001. Application of poultry manure had a consistent positive effect on increasing grain yields and N uptake in 2000 and 2001 but did not significantly alter measured soil physical properties. The results of this study suggest that deep tillage and applications of organic amendments are management tools that may overcome restrictions in both N and soil water availability due to subsoil compaction in sandy-textured soils.