丝兰提取物对瘤胃微生物组成及甲烷生成的影响

本文就丝兰提取物的生物活性、其对瘤胃微生物组成和甲烷产生的影响及其在瘤胃内的降解进行综述.     

甘草提取物对绵羊瘤胃体外发酵及甲烷产量的影响

本试验旨在研究不同水平的甘草提取物对绵羊瘤胃体外发酵及甲烷产量的影响。选择3只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的卡拉库尔羊作为瘤胃液供体,通过体外产气法进行甘草提取物添加水平的筛选试验。以绵羊基础饲粮为底物,其中分别添加0(对照组)、0.5%、1.0%、3.0%、5.0%、7.0%的甘草提取物,分别培养6、9、12、15、18、21、24 h,研究其对瘤胃发酵参数(产气量、培养液pH、挥发性脂肪酸浓度、氨态氮浓度及甲烷产量)的影响,并应用多项指标综合指数进行评定。结果表明:24 h发酵结束时,5.0%组、7.0%组的产气量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);甘草提取物对培养液pH和氨态氮浓度无显著影响(P>0.05);试验组乙酸、丙酸浓度(除0.5%组21 h)均低于对照组;发酵24 h结束时,7.0%组甲烷产量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);多项指标综合指数1.0%组>0.5%组>7.0%组>3.0%组>5.0%组。结果显示:本试验条件下,添加1.0%甘草提取物最有利于体外发酵。     

体外产气法研究植物精油对肉羊体外瘤胃发酵参数及甲烷产量的影响

本试验旨在采用体外产气法研究4种天然植物精油(桉叶油、山苍子油、肉桂油和茴香油)对肉羊体外瘤胃发酵参数及甲烷(CH4)产量的影响。体外培养底物精粗比为60∶40,分别添加0(对照)、50、100、200和400 mg/L的桉叶油、山苍子油、肉桂油和茴香油,每种植物精油的每个浓度设置3个重复,体外模拟瘤胃发酵培养24 h,测定24 h产气量和气体中的CH4产量以及瘤胃发酵液的pH、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度。结果表明:1)添加山苍子油、茴香油显著影响了体外瘤胃发酵液pH(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,添加400 mg/L山苍子油、茴香油显著降低了总VFA浓度(P0.05),且随着山苍子油、茴香油添加浓度的增加呈线性下降趋势(P0.05);添加400 mg/L山苍子油和茴香油均显著增加了乙酸比例(P0.05),且随着山苍子油和茴香油添加浓度的增加呈先降低后升高的二次曲线趋势(P0.05);添加200 mg/L茴香油、400 mg/L桉叶油显著提高了丙酸比例(P0.05),而添加400 mg/L的山苍子油显著降低了丙酸比例(P0.05),且随着桉叶油、山苍子油、茴香油添加浓度的增加呈二次曲线变化趋势(P0.05);添加400 mg/L桉叶油、200 mg/L茴香油显著降低了乙酸/丙酸(P0.05),添加400 mg/L山苍子油显著增加了乙酸/丙酸(P0.05),且随着桉叶油、山苍子油、茴香油添加浓度的增加呈二次曲线变化趋势(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,添加400 mg/L茴香油显著降低了NH3-N含量(P0.05),且随着茴香油添加浓度的增加呈线性下降趋势(P0.05)。4)与对照组相比,添加400 mg/L山苍子油、茴香油均显著降低了产气量(P0.05),且随则山苍子油添加浓度的增加呈先增加后降低的二次曲线趋势(P0.05),随着茴香油添加浓度的增加呈线性下降趋势(P0.05);添加400 mg/L山苍子油、茴香油显著降低了CH4产量(P0.05),且随着山苍子油添加浓度的增加呈先增加后降低的二次曲线趋势(P0.05),随着茴香油添加浓度的增加呈线性下降趋势(P0.05)。由此可见,不同植物精油对体外瘤胃发酵参数和CH4产量的影响结果不同,且与植物精油浓度有关。     

不同植物精油对体外瘤胃发酵及甲烷产量影响的比较研究

在底物精粗比为6∶4的条件下,在底物中添加不同剂量[使发酵液中植物精油的浓度分别为0(对照)、50、100、200和400 mg/L]的丁子香酚、D-柠烯、茴香脑、肉桂醛、百里香酚或香芹酚,通过体外产气法比较研究不同植物精油对体外瘤胃发酵和甲烷(CH4)产量的影响。每种植物精油的每个剂量设3个重复。体外模拟瘤胃发酵培养24 h,测定产气量和气体中的CH4含量以及发酵液的p H、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度。结果表明:1)除百里香酚外,添加各种植物精油对体外发酵液p H均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)添加丁子香酚、D-柠烯、茴香脑和肉桂醛对体外发酵液总VFA浓度没有显著影响(P0.05),但总VFA浓度随百里香酚和香芹酚浓度的增加呈二次曲线变化(PQ0.01)。与对照组相比,添加400 mg/L百里香酚和香芹酚显著降低体外发酵液总VFA浓度(P0.01)。D-柠烯、茴香脑、百里香酚和香芹酚的添加改变了各VFA占总VFA的摩尔百分比。与对照组相比,添加50 mg/L D-柠烯和茴香脑使乙酸比例显著增加(P0.05),丙酸比例显著降低(P0.05);而添加400 mg/L D-柠烯和茴香脑则使乙酸比例显著下降(P0.05),丙酸和丁酸比例显著上升(P0.05)。百里香酚和香芹酚的添加对乙酸比例没有产生显著影响(P0.05),与对照组相比,400 mg/L百里香酚和香芹酚使丙酸比例显著下降(P0.05)。3)添加茴香脑、百里香酚和香芹酚显著影响体外发酵液NH3-N浓度(P0.05),与对照组相比,400 mg/L百里香酚和香芹酚显著降低NH3-N浓度(P0.05)。4)添加D-柠烯、茴香脑、肉桂醛对体外发酵24 h产气量没有显著影响(P0.05)。与对照组相比,各浓度的百里香酚和香芹酚均显著降低体外发酵24 h产气量(P0.05),且产气量随百里香酚和香芹酚浓度的增加呈二次曲线变化(PQ0.01)。5)添加D-柠烯、茴香脑和肉桂醛对体外发酵24 h CH4产量没有显著影响(P0.05)。与对照组相比,50和100 mg/L的丁子香酚显著增加体外发酵24 h CH4产量(P0.05),而400 mg/L的百里香酚和香芹酚体外发酵24 h CH4产量分别降低84.7%(P0.05)和73.9%(P0.05)。综合以上试验结果可知,不同植物精油对体外瘤胃发酵和CH4产量的影响结果不同,且与添加剂量有关。其中,低剂量的百里香酚和香芹酚促进体外瘤胃发酵,而高剂量的百里香酚和香芹酚抑制体外瘤胃发酵且显著降低24 h CH4产量。     

茶皂素对甲烷产量和瘤胃发酵影响的研究进展

茶皂素是从茶籽中提取的一种五环三萜类糖苷化合物,近年来研究发现,茶皂素可以调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵模式,减少甲烷排放的功能,因此,茶皂素可望成为反刍动物的新型瘤胃发酵调控剂.论文主要综述茶皂素的结构,以及茶皂素对甲烷产量和瘤胃发酵的影响.     

丝兰皂甙对绵羊瘤胃发酵及血液生化指标的影响

选用12只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年雄性东北细毛羊，采用随机区组试验设计，分别饲喂0、100、200、300mg／kg水平丝兰皂甙，研究其对瘤胃发酵及血液生化指标的影响。对试羊采食后的0、2、4、6、8h瘤胃内环境指标进行测定，各组在同一时间点pH无显著差异（P〉0．05），但总体上随着丝兰皂甙添加水平的上升，pH随时间变化有变缓趋势；300mg／kg组较对照组4h和6h乙酸浓度下降15．1％和19．8％，丙酸浓度则提高22．7％和22．9％，差异显著（P〈0．05），各组总挥发性脂肪酸浓度差异不显著（P〉0．05）；100、200、300mg／kg组对氨的抑制率分别为17．17％、29．84％和27．12％，200mg／kg组较对照组差异显著（P〈0．05）；28d后，测定试羊血液生化指标，各组均处正常生理范围内且差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

丝兰提取物与日粮精粗比对体外发酵和甲烷产生量的交互影响

试验旨在研究家畜饲料中添加丝兰提取物与饲料的不同精粗比对家畜甲烷产生量的影响。本研究包含4个试验,以研究丝兰提取物与日粮精粗比对体外发酵甲烷产生量的交互影响。试验1、2、3：在低精粗比日粮（精粗比为10∶90）、中精粗比日粮（精粗比为50∶50）和高精粗比日粮（精粗比为90∶10）中分别加入0、55、110、220、440 mg/kg丝兰提取物。试验4：在低、中和高精粗比日粮发酵底物里加丝兰提取物110 mg/kg）。结果表明：(1)试验1、2和3,在低、中和高精粗比日粮中,均是110 mg/kg丝兰提取物对甲烷的抑制效果最明显（P<0.05）,过量的丝兰提取物（440 mg/kg）会降低气体产量、增加延迟时间（P<0.05）;(2)试验4,在影响甲烷产生和瘤胃发酵方面,丝兰提取物和精粗比之间没有交互作用（P>0.10）。说明丝兰提取物能显著抑制不同精粗比日粮的体外甲烷产生量,最佳添加量均为110 mg/kg。     

添加亚油酸和亚麻酸对水牛瘤胃体外发酵特性及甲烷产量的影响

试验采用体外产气法研究添加亚油酸和亚麻酸对水牛瘤胃体外发酵参数和甲烷产量的影响.体外培养底物精粗比为30∶70,添加底物干物质的量5％的亚油酸和亚麻酸.对照组不添加亚油酸和亚麻酸,试验组亚油酸和亚麻酸比例分别为0∶100、25∶75、50∶50、75∶25和100∶0,每组5个重复,体外模拟瘤胃发酵培养24 h.结果 ...     

绞股蓝皂甙对体外瘤胃微生物甲烷产量及发酵特性的影响

利用体外产气量法研究绞股蓝皂甙对山羊瘤胃微生物体外甲烷产量及发酵特性的影响。试验包括2个部分,试验一研究了绞股蓝皂甙对瘤胃微生物甲烷产量及发酵特性的影响,试验二分析绞股蓝皂甙对瘤胃微生物发酵动力学参数的影响。试验以0.42 g羊草＋0.126 g玉米＋0.054 g豆粕为发酵底物,60 mL培养基中的绞股蓝皂甙添加量分别为0(对照),5,10,20和40 mg,发酵24 h。与对照组比较,发酵8 h,各处理组甲烷浓度显著下降(P<0.05),分别下降30.20％,43.49％,44.67％和75.8％;12 h,20 mg组显著下降(P<0.05),40 mg组极显著下降(P<0.01),处理组甲烷浓度分别下降6.97％,9.63％,18.90％和61.82％;24 h,10 mg组显著下降(P<0.05),40 mg组极显著下降(P<0.01),处理组甲烷浓度分别下降2.34％,9.39％,6.90％和20.73％,甲烷浓度与皂甙剂量之间有极显著的线性效应(P<0.01)。10 mg组的氢利用率极显著低于对照组,其他试验组无显著变化。10 mg组显著提高了TVFA及乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、戊酸、异戊酸和支链脂肪酸浓度(P<0.05),40 mg组丁酸的浓度极显著下降(P<0.01)。10 mg组和20 mg组乙丙比显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。随着皂甙剂量增加,乙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸、异戊酸、支链脂肪酸、总挥发性脂肪酸浓度及乙丙比呈显著或极显著的二次方效应,丁酸同时具有极显著的线性效应。处理组原虫数量显著(P<0.05)或极显著下降(P<0.01)(40 mg组),且与皂甙剂量间存在极显著的线性和二次方效应(P<0.01)。微生物蛋白含量没有显著变化,但呈上升趋势。10 mg组和40 mg组的氨态氮浓度显著升高(P<0.05),氨态氮浓度与皂甙剂量之间有显著的线性效应(P<0.05)。高剂量绞股蓝皂甙降低了微生物发酵的理论与实际产气量,并呈显著的线性和二次方效应,产气速率与皂甙剂量之间有着显著的线性效应。以上结果表明绞股蓝皂甙能改变瘤胃微生物发酵模式,降低瘤胃微生物的甲烷产量,提高VFA的产量,有利于饲料能量的利用,同时缓解甲烷对大气环境的污染。     

Effects of Lonicera japonica extract supplementation on in vitro ruminal fermentation,methane emission,and microbial population

Lonicera japonica (LJ; honeysuckle) is used in traditional folk medicine in Korea and is a rich source of ascorbic acid and phenolic components that are reported to have antioxidant and antibiotic properties. We performed an in vitro experiment to assess the effects of LJ extracts (LJE) on ruminal fermentation. Timothy hay (0.3 g dry matter [DM]) was incubated with buffer, ruminal fluid, and 0%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9% LJE. Batch culture fermentation was conducted separately for 12, 24, and 48 hr to determine gas production (GP), ruminal fermentation characteristics, and microbial population characteristics. The effects on GP were generally similar to those on DM degradability, with a linear decrease observed at 9% extract at 24 hr. NH₃‐N showed a linear increase with increasing extract concentrations at 12 hr, whereas a decrease was observed at 24 hr. Extract supplementation decreased methane (CH₄) production at 12, 24, and 48 hr. In addition, the abundance of fibrolytic bacteria and ciliate‐associated methanogen was reduced at all concentrations of extracts. These results indicate that LJE have the potential to serve as a ruminal fermentation modifier to suppress CH₄ production with minimal effects on nutrient digestion in the rumen.     

Effects of Quillaja saponaria extract alone or in combination with Yucca schidigera extract on ruminal fermentation and methanogenesis in vitro

The objective of the study was to evaluate effects of Quillaja saponaria (QS) with or without Yucca schidigera extract (YS) on in vitro ruminal fermentation and methanogenesis. The culture media consisted of 400 mL of strained rumen fluid collected from two non‐lactating Holstein cows and 400 mL of artificial saliva. The culture media was anaerobically incubated with 10 g of a mixture of concentrate and oat hay (1:1, w/w) at 39°C for 24 h. The treatments were arranged as 2 × 3 factorial design experiment consisting of three levels of QS (0, 2 or 4 mL/L) and two levels of YS (0 or 2 mL/L). Treatment interactions between QS and YS were observed for pH and ammonia N concentration. CH₄ production was not modified by addition of QS but decreased (P < 0.05) when added with YS. Addition of QS with YS increased (P < 0.05) propionate concentrations. Protozoa numbers were decreased (P < 0.05) by QS addition alone or with YS. Results show that QS and YS exhibited strong antiprotozoal effects and combinations of both plant extracts may have potential as safe manipulators of ruminal fermentation.     

丝兰属植物提取物对肉鸡肠黏膜形态结构的影响

<正>丝兰属植物提取物的主要活性成分是甾体皂苷(类固醇皂角苷)和糖苷。甾体皂苷由于其特殊的化学结构,很难通过消化道上皮细胞,但它具有表面活性,可改变消化道上皮细胞膜的形态,减少细胞膜的表面张力,提高对营养物质的乳化能力,提高肠道内营养物质的消化吸收率,     

Effect of Yucca schidigera on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion in heifers.

In a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square experiment, six heifers (443 +/- 6.1 kg) fed a 61% barley grain:39% alfalfa silage diet (DM basis) were given intraruminal doses of powdered Yucca schidigera (YS). Doses of 0 (control), 20, or 60 g/d were given at 0800 daily. Ruminal content was sampled 0, 2, 4, and 6 h after dosing. Acidity, concentrations of reducing sugars, free amino acids, and peptides in the rumen were not affected (P > .05) by YS. Relative to control, ruminal ammonia concentration was reduced (P < .05) 2 h after YS dosing. Ruminal propionate concentration was increased (P < .05) by YS. Protozoal numbers in the rumen were lower (P < .05) with YS than without. Yucca did not affect (P > .05) rate or extent of in situ DM degradability. Fibrolytic, amylolytic, and proteolytic activities in ruminal contents were similar among treatments (P > .05). Dry matter intake, apparent digestibilities of DM, NDF, and CP, nitrogen balance, and microbial protein synthesis in the rumen were not affected (P > .05) by treatment. The effect of YS on ruminal ammonia concentration likely resulted from a decreased concentration of protozoa and, presumably, from ammonia binding by YS. The effect on ruminal propionate was probably a result of a selective inhibitory effect of YS on rumen microbial species.     

丝兰提取物对体外模拟条件下绵羊瘤胃脲酶活性的影响

本试验采用体外培养法,研究添加不同浓度的丝兰提取物对绵羊瘤胃脲酶活性的影响.分别通过添加0、100、1000、10000 mg/L以及在此基础上细化添加0、100、200、300、500、1000 mg/L的丝兰提取物,测定其对1%尿素分解产生的氨浓度的测定,确定丝兰提取物抑制瘤胃微生物脲酶活性的最佳抑制范围.综合生产成本及使用效果,本试验结果表明,丝兰提取物的浓度为300 mg/L时,对氨浓度抑制效果较好.     

Effect of cyclodextrin diallyl maleate on methane production, ruminal fermentation and microbes in vitro and in vivo

Effects of β‐cyclodextrin diallyl maleate (CD‐M) on methane production, ruminal fermentation and digestibility were studied both in vitro and in vivo. In in vitro study, diluted ruminal fluid (30 mL) was incubated anaerobically at 38°C for 6 and 24 h with or without CD‐M using hay plus concentrate (1.5:1) as a substrate. The CD‐M was added at different concentrations (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 g/L). The pH of the medium and numbers of protozoa were not affected by the addition of CD‐M. Total volatile fatty acids were increased and ammonia‐N was decreased, molar proportion of acetate was decreased and propionate was increased (P < 0.05) by CD‐M. Methane was inhibited (P < 0.05) by 14–76%. The effect of CD‐M on methane production and ruminal fermentation was further investigated in vivo using four Holstein steers in a cross‐over design. The steers were fed Sudangrass hay and concentrate mixture (1.5:1) with or without CD‐M (2% of feed dry matter) as a supplement. Ruminal proportion of acetate tended to decrease and that of propionate was increased (P < 0.05) 2 h after CD‐M dosing. Total viable counts, cellulolytic, sulfate reducing, acetogenic bacteria and protozoa were unaffected while methanogenic bacteria were decreased (P < 0.05) by CD‐M. The plasma concentration of glucose was increased, whereas that of urea‐N was decreased (P < 0.05). Methane was inhibited (P < 0.05) from 36.4 to 30.1 L/kg dry matter intake by the addition of CD‐M. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber were not affected while that of crude protein was increased (P < 0.05) in the medicated steers. These data suggested that dietary supplementation of CD‐M decreased methane production and improved nutrient use.     

Effect of Japanese horseradish oil on methane production and ruminal fermentation in vitro and in steers

The effects of alpha-cyclodextrin-horseradish oil complex (CD-HR) on methane production and ruminal fermentation were studied in vitro and in steers. In the in vitro study, diluted ruminal fluid (30 mL) was incubated anaerobically at 38 degrees C for 6 h with or without CD-HR, using cornstarch as substrate. The CD-HR was added at various concentrations (0, 0.17, 0.85 and 1.7 g/L). Treatment affected neither the pH of the medium nor the number of protozoa. Total VFA increased in a linear manner (P = 0.02), and NH3-N decreased quadratically (P = 0.04) as the concentration of CD-HR increased from 0.17 g/L to 1.7 g/L. Molar proportions of acetate decreased in a linear manner (P = 0.03), and propionate increased linearly (P = 0.008) with increasing concentrations of CD-HR. Production of methane was inhibited up to 90%, whereas accumulation of dihydrogen was increased 36-fold by 1.7 g/L of CD-HR supplementation relative to controls. The effect of CD-HR on methane production, ruminal fermentation and microbes, and digestibility was further investigated in vivo using four Holstein steers in a crossover design. The CD-HR supplement was mixed into the concentrate portion of a (1.5:1) Sudangrass hay plus concentrate mixture that was fed twice daily to the steers. Ruminal samples were collected 0, 2, and 5 h after the morning feeding. No effects of CD-HR supplementation on ruminal pH (P = 0.63) or protozoal numbers (P = 0.44) were observed. Molar proportion of acetate was decreased (P = 0.04) and propionate was increased (P = 0.005) by CD-HR treatment. Molar proportion of butyrate was increased (P = 0.05) in CD-HR-supplemented steers. Ruminal NH3-N was decreased (P = 0.05) by treatment. Blood plasma glucose concentration was increased (P = 0.02) and urea-N was decreased (P = 0.04) with CD-HR supplementation. Daily DMI was decreased (P = 0.04), and apparent digestibility of DM (P = 0.13), NDF (P = 0.14), and CP tended (P = 0.14) to be increased by treatment. Methane production was decreased (P = 0.03) by 19%, and the number of methanogens was also decreased (P = 0.03). Although N retention (P = 0.11), total viable bacteria (P = 0.15), and sulfate-reducing bacteria (P = 0.17) were not significantly altered by treatment, tendencies for increases were noted with CD-HR supplementation. The number of cellulolytic (P = 0.38) and acetogenic bacteria (P = 0.32) remained unchanged by treatment. These results indicate that CD-HR supplementation can be used to decrease methane production in steers.     

Effect of vitamin E on ruminal fermentation in vitro

The effects of vitamin E on pH value, total protozoa counts, volatile fatty acid (VFA), ammonia nitrogen and lactate levels were examined using an in vitro ruminal incubation system. The ruminal fluid (100 ml) of the first and second group was supplemented with 0.4 mg or 0.8 mg of vitamin E, respectively. Samples were taken immediately before and following 3, 6, 12 and 24 h of incubation at 39 degrees C and analysed for the total protozoa counts, the pH and the levels of ammonia nitrogen, lactate and VFA. Levels of propionate at 24 h and ammonia nitrogen at 12 and 24 h were significantly higher in the second group than in the control. In contrast, the levels of butyrate at 6, 12 and 24 h and lactate at 6, 12 and 24 h were lower in the second group than in the control. Propionate at 24 h, acetate levels at 6, 12 and 24 hand ammonia nitrogen levels at 6, 12 and 24 h and total rumen protozoa counts at 6, 12 and 24 h were significantly higher in the second group as compared with control. In contrary, butyrate levels at 6, 12 and 24 h, lactate levels at 6, 12 and 24 h were lower in second group than in control. There was no statistically significant difference among the groups in the pH values. In conclusion, the addition of vitamin E to in vitro ruminal fluid was found to increase the concentrations of acetate and propionate, total counts of protozoa, levels of ammonia nitrogen, but to decrease the butyrate and lactate levels of the ruminal aliquots in in vitro ruminal fermentation.