饲料型四倍体刺槐叶粉饲用价值的比较研究

测定了廊坊地区饲料型四倍体刺槐Robinia pseudoacacia叶粉的粗蛋白、粗纤维、钙、磷等常规营养成分的含量及18种氨基酸组分,运用必需氨基酸分、必需氨基酸指数及综合评价法对其营养价值及饲用价值进行评价.结果表明:饲料型四倍体刺槐叶粉的粗蛋白和18种氨基酸含量分别高达27.27%和18.55%,粗纤维含量为16.47%,属于优良的植物饲料蛋白源;其中12种必需氨基酸含量之和为10.67%,必需氨基酸分为68.1,氨基酸组成较平衡;对牛、猪、鸡、鸭、鹅、草鱼、对虾和羊8种动物的必需氨基酸指数均大于0.86,可作为这些动物的优良蛋白饲料.     

四倍体刺槐的饲用营养价值分析

该研究测定了四倍体刺槐常规营养成分、微量元素、维生素、氨基酸、单宁等的含量,并与苜蓿、羊草等作了对比.四倍体刺槐叶粉干物质中的粗蛋白含量达到24.6%,粗纤维含量为13.6%,可作为蛋白质饲料使用.综合各项指标,认为四倍体刺槐是一种较好的粗饲料,可在反刍动物饲料中替代苜蓿.     

树叶喂兔收益高

刺槐叶刺槐又称洋槐。新鲜刺槐叶含干物质28.8%、总能5.33兆焦/kg、粗蛋白7.8%、粗纤维4.2%、钙0.29%、磷0.03%,富含多种维生素和微量元素,其营养价值不亚于豆科牧草。刺槐叶以鲜用为好,也可以制成刺槐叶粉。饲喂刺槐叶要注意合理搭配,不应长期单独使用,需搭配精料和其他青绿饲料。松针松针加工成松针粉便于贮藏、运输和使用,如能在加工中除去松针中的松香磷脂和单宁,则适口性更好。松针粉的土法加工也很简单,将采集到的松针及嫩枝洗净、晒干,粉碎后即可。松针粉含蛋白质7%～12%,有赖氨酸、天门冬氨酸等18种氨基酸,氨基酸总量达5.5%～8.1%;…     

杂交构树叶的饲用营养价值分析

测定了杂交构树Broussonetia papyrifera叶的常规营养成分、微量元素、氨基酸等,其中粗蛋白为26.05%,钙为3.35%,铁为247.09 mg/kg。与苜蓿Medicago sativa草粉和豆粕相比,粗蛋白含量豆粕＞杂交构树叶＞苜蓿草粉。而中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量则相反。铁、锰、锌、钴、碘等矿物元素含量高于苜蓿草粉与豆粕,检测的多数氨基酸含量较苜蓿草粉高。综合各项指标,可以认为杂交构树叶是一种富含蛋白、钙、铁的很好的饲料原料,可以在草食动物日粮中应用。     

圈养林麝常用树叶类饲料氨基酸含量及其营养价值分析

依据秦岭地区林麝场天然树叶种类,测定了秦岭地区饲喂林麝常用的17种树叶氨基酸含量,并计算必需氨基酸/氨基酸总量比值（E/T）、必需氨基酸/非必须氨基酸含量比值（E/N）、氨基酸比值（RAA）、氨基酸比值系数（RC）及氨基酸比值系数分（SRC）.结果表明,E/T比值41.0％～45.0％,E/N比值为0.71～0.81,分别高于WHO/FAO提出的蛋白质参考模式40％和0.60.因此,总体上17种树叶氨基酸种类齐全且含量较高.但按RC值,亮氨酸和苯丙氨酸＋酪氨酸含量相对过剩,蛋氨酸＋胱氨酸含量及部分植物的赖氨酸相对不足;按SRC值,仅一种植物的第一限制氨基酸为赖氨酸,其余16种植物的第一限制氨基酸为蛋氨酸＋胱氨酸.结合秦岭林麝实际饲喂树叶情况,建议有针对性补充蛋氨酸＋胱氨酸含量高的食物种类.同时针对秦岭养麝业依赖天然树叶的现状及其林木毁坏问题,提出营造林麝饲料林以解决林麝天然食物来源的建议.     

树叶作补充饲料的规范利用

利用树叶作为猪和其他畜禽的补充饲料,树叶有阔叶和针叶,阔叶以豆科树种为主,含粗蛋白较高,可达20％以上.有些树种有机物质消化率较高,热能含量也高,松针叶种类很多,松针粉粗蛋白平均约为7％.阔叶和松针粉中维生素与微量元素不仅种类丰富而且含量充分.叶粉利用,按5％～10％作补充饲料,应用方便,对猪和其他畜禽增重和增强抗病力以及提高肉的品质效果较好.     

饲用大叶刺槐的特点与利用

畜牧业的高速发展，需要大量的饲料，而目前我国的饲料量不足已成为制约畜牧业发展的瓶颈问题，影响饲料业发展的重要问题是饲料的蛋白质原料不足，每年需从国外进口大量的蛋白质饲料。饲用大叶刺槐又名四倍体刺槐，原产于韩国，我市于1998年引进，它具有耐干旱、高蛋白含量等特点，通过多年的开发利用，在我市已获得较大的经济效益，从而表明大力推广和利用饲用大叶刺槐，是解决我国蛋白质饲料短缺的有效途径。     

用树叶喂猪的几种加工调制方法

用树叶加工成饲料喂猪,是广开饲源,降低养猪成本的一条行之有效的途径.树叶饲料经过科学加工调制后,不仅能提高饲料的适口性,而且对提高饲料的利用率、消化率及营养价值等均具有明显效果.在树叶中能作为猪饲料的树叶很多,其中常用的有刺槐叶、杨树叶、柳树叶、榆树叶、桑树叶、香椿树叶、松针、苹果树叶、梨树叶、山楂树叶、杏树叶、桃树叶、葡萄叶、柿树叶、枣树叶等.另外剌槐花、杨树花也是喂猪的好饲料.目前树叶饲料常用的几种加工方法如下:     

树叶饲料在养殖业上的开发利用

我国树叶资源非常丰富，许多树叶含有丰富蛋白质，多种氨基酸、维生素、微量元素、多糖和有机酸等营养物质，适口性好，制成叶粉可直接添加到动物饲料中以替代部分粮食饲料。目前，我国已对30多种树叶的叶蛋白及饲养效果进行了研究，一般用树叶作养殖动物饲料或添加剂的有：松针、沧桐叶、紫穗槐叶、刺槐叶、杜仲叶、杨树叶、桑树叶、果树叶等，这些树叶只要进行科学处理，用来饲喂养殖动物，具有促进生长增重快、改善动物产品品质、省饲料和提高抗病力等作用。现将几种常用树叶的加工调制和饲喂效果作如下概述，供养殖户参考。     

饲用黄粉虫营养成分评价

通过分析黄粉虫蛹、幼虫的常规营养成分和黄粉虫幼虫氨基酸的含量,参照联合国组织理想蛋白质模式,并与常用的蛋白质饲料进行对比。结果表明:黄粉虫是一种高蛋白(51.66%干基)、高脂肪(33.72%干基)的优质蛋白质饲料;其蛋白质的芳香族氨基酸(苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸)含量丰富(109.52 mg/g),含硫氨基酸(蛋氨酸和胱氨酸)缺乏(15.25 mg/g),但必需氨基酸比总氨基酸(EAA)/(TAA)及必需氨基酸比非必需氨基酸(EAA)/(NEAA),符合联合国粮食与农业组织和世界卫生组织推荐的蛋白质饲料的理想蛋白质模式指标,说明黄粉虫是饲用价值极高、具有广阔的开发前景的蛋白质饲料。     

Amino acid profile of escaped feed protein after rumen incubation and their intestinal digestibility.

The crude protein content and amino acid profile of seven feedstuffs (linseed meal, maize gluten meal, rapeseed meal, rapeseed meal protected, soybean meal, fullfat soybean extruded and sunflower meal) were determined before and after ruminal incubation for 16 h in three bulls with large rumen cannulas. The intestinal disappearance of amino acids was measured using mobile bag technique. Ruminal incubation affected amino acid profile of all experimental feedstuffs. Crude protein degradation varied from 29.3% for maize gluten meal to 86.4% for rapeseed meal. A tendency towards increased disappearance was observed for glutamic acid, histidine, lysine and proline and decreased disappearance for branched-chain amino acids. The intestinal crude protein digestibility was higher than > 80%, except rapeseed meal (66.4%) and sunflower meal (77.8%). The least digestible individual amino acids were methionine and isoleucine in rapeseed meal, histidine and methionine in rapeseed meal protected and arginine in sunflower meal. In general, the lowest amino acid digestibilities were found in feedstuffs with the highest fibre content. The feedstuffs show that they have different potential for supplying of limiting amino acids. Of particular value are the feedstuffs with low crude protein degradability in the rumen and high intestinal digestibility of amino acids.     

The effect of different high levels of soy extract pellets in the ration on the digestibility of crude nutrients, basic and sulfur-containing amino acids of wheat in colostomized laying hybrids

In two digestibility experiments with 4 colostomized laying hybrids each, the influence of 12.5% (ration 1) and 25% soybean meal (ration 2) on the digestibility of the crude nutrients, the basic and sulphur-containing amino acids in the wheat rations was tested. In ration 1 the digestibility of the crude protein was 84.9%, of the crude fat 56.6% and that of the N-free extractives 87.4%; for ration 2 the values were 83.6%, 47.4% and 82.5%. The digestibility values for wheat acquired with the difference method for ration 1 were 85.7% for crude protein, 57.0% for crude fat and 89.8% for N-free extractives; energy concentration was 766 EFUhens. For wheat supplemented with 25% soybean meal the same digestibility value of the crude protein could be ascertained, the digestibility of the crude fat and the N-free extractives, however, was lower than for ration 1 so that an energy concentration lower by 3.9% was calculated. The possible causes of the influence of the different levels of lysine and thioamino acids on the digestibility of these amino acids of wheat are described.     

构树的营养价值及其在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展

构树含有丰富的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、氨基酸等多种营养物质,有抗氧化、抗菌消炎的功能。构树在畜禽养殖中的应用有助于解决我国的"人畜争粮"问题,有望成为一种具有广泛应用前景的蛋白质饲料。文章综述构树的营养成分、生物发酵技术以及在猪、家禽、反刍动物养殖中的应用研究进展。     

In Vitro assessment of the nutritive value of expanded soybean meal for dairy cattle

ABSTRACT: Little information is available about the nutritive value of expanded soybean meal, which is produced by expansion of soybeans prior to solvent extraction of the oil. During processing, expanded soybean meal is subjected to additional heat, which might increase the concentration of ruminally undegraded protein. Processing of soybeans with heat during oil extraction could affect lysine availability by increasing ruminally undegraded protein or by impairing intestinal digestion. Our objective was to compare solvent and expanded soybeans with regard to chemical composition and nutritive value for dairy cattle. Samples of expanded soybean meal (n = 14) and solvent-extracted soybean meal (n = 5) were obtained from People's Republic of China to study effects of the expansion process on nutritive value for dairy cattle. Solvent-extracted soybean meal (n = 2) and mechanically extracted (heated) soybean meal (n = 2) from the United States served as references for comparison. Samples were analyzed for crude fat, long-chain fatty acids, crude protein, amino acids, chemically available lysine, in situ ruminal protein degradation, and in vitro intestinal digestibility. No differences were found between solvent-extracted soybean meals from China and expanded soybean meals from China for crude fat, crude protein, amino acids, or chemically available lysine. In situ disappearance of nitrogen, ruminally undegraded protein content, and in vitro intestinal digestion of the ruminally undegraded protein were generally similar between solvent-extracted soybean meals made in China and expanded soybean meals made in China; variation among soybean meals was small. Results indicate that the additional heat from the expansion process was not great enough to affect the nutritive value of soybean meal protein for ruminants. Although expansion may improve the oil extraction process, the impact on the resulting soybean meal is minimal and does not require consideration when formulating ruminant diets.     

In Vitro assessment of the nutritive value of expanded soybean meal for dairy cattle

Little information is available about the nutritive value of expanded soybean meal, which is produced by expansion of soybeans prior to solvent extraction of the oil. During processing, expanded soybean meal is subjected to additional heat, which might increase the concentration of ruminally undegraded protein. Processing of soybeans with heat during oil extraction could affect lysine availability by increasing ruminally undegraded protein or by impairing intestinal digestion. Our objective was to compare solvent and expanded soybeans with regard to chemical composition and nutritive value for dairy cattle. Samples of expanded soybean meal (n = 14) and solvent- extracted soybean meal (n = 5) were obtained from People’s Republic of China to study effects of the expansion process on nutritive value for dairy cattle. Solvent-extracted soybean meal (n = 2) and mechanically extracted (heated) soybean meal (n = 2) from the United States served as references for comparison. Samples were analyzed for crude fat, long-chain fatty acids, crude protein, amino acids, chemically available lysine, in situ ruminal protein degradation, and in vitro intestinal digestibility. No differences were found between solvent-extracted soybean meals from China and expanded soybean meals from China for crude fat, crude protein, amino acids, or chemically available lysine. In situ disappearance of nitrogen, ruminally undegraded protein content, and in vitro intestinal digestion of the ruminally undegraded protein were generally similar between solvent-extracted soybean meals made in China and expanded soybean meals made in China; variation among soybean meals was small. Results indicate that the additional heat from the expansion process was not great enough to affect the nutritive value of soybean meal protein for ruminants. Although expansion may improve the oil extraction process, the impact on the resulting soybean meal is minimal and does not require consideration when formulating ruminant diets.     

凡纳滨对虾对家蝇蛆粉的表观消化率

以氧化钇(Y2O3)为指示剂,按照"70%基础饲料+30%试验原料"的方法测定了初始体重(2.20±0.15)g凡纳滨对虾对家蝇蛆粉的表观消化率。试验结果显示,凡纳滨对虾对家蝇蛆粉干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和能量的表观消化率分别为68.18%、83.34%、89.26%和75.38%。凡纳滨对虾对家蝇蛆粉总氨基酸的消化率为86.56%,氨基酸消化率的变化范围为80.74%~92.31%,其中组氨酸、精氨酸、异亮氨酸和脯氨酸的消化率均在90%以上。研究结果为评价家蝇蛆粉的营养价值及其在凡纳滨对虾饲料中的应用提供了参考和依据。     

刈割期对紫花苜蓿叶粉营养成分的影响

从现蕾至盛花期(80%开花期)分4次取样,测定W323紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa各样本的茎叶比和叶中粗蛋白含量、粗纤维含量,以研究刈割时对苜蓿叶粉质量的影响,确定合理刈割期.研究结果证明:随刈割期推迟,叶比例在10%开花期后极显著下降(P＜0.01);叶蛋白质含量各时期间均差异极显著(P＜0.01);叶中粗纤维含量随刈割时期推迟显著提高(P＜0.05),50%开花后,粗纤维含量极显著高于现蕾期和10%开花期(P＜0.01).生产紫花苜蓿叶粉适宜刈割期为现蕾至10%开花.以现蕾期为基础,叶比例、叶粗蛋白含量、叶粉容重均与现蕾后刈割期推迟日数呈负相关,而叶粗纤维与之呈正相关.叶粗蛋白含量与叶粉容重显著正相关,可通过叶粉容重估算叶粉中粗蛋白含量.     

两种处理工艺对蚕蛹品质影响的研究

 试验采用正已烷处理法(S2)和水煮处理法(S3)两种工艺对蚕蛹粉(silkworm pupae meal,SM)进行脱脂处理,以未经任何处理的蚕蛹粉(S1)为对照,通过比较三种蚕蛹粉物理性状、常规营养成分、氨基酸组成及必需氨基酸评分和脂肪酸组成,评价两种处理工艺对蚕蛹品质的影响。结果表明,正己烷处理的蚕蛹粉无臭,无色,容重、粗蛋白、粗灰分含量显著提高(P<0.05),粗脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05),水煮处理法对蚕蛹粉脱脂和脱色效果甚微(P> 0.05),但有除臭效果。正己烷处理后显著提高了蚕蛹粉氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量(P<0.05),且处理后的蚕蛹粉更接近FAO/ WHO 规定的理想蛋白源标准。正己烷处理显著影响蚕蛹粉脂肪酸组成,其中C18∶0、C18∶2n-6水平较其他两组显著提高(P<0.05),C18∶3n-3水平显著降低(P<0.05),C18∶1n-9水平显著低于对照组(S1),但与水煮法组(S3)差异不显著。综上所述,正已烷脱脂不但操作简便,费用低廉,且可以达到除臭、脱色、脱脂、生产优质蚕蛹蛋白粉应用于饲料工业中的目的。     

雪莲果不同部位的营养成分分析

对雪莲果不同部位进行了糖、粗脂肪、氨基酸和矿质元素等营养成分的测定和分析。雪莲果块根、茎和叶中均含有大量的糖类,干重含量分别为73.20%,16.66%和14.24%,块根中含有丰富的低聚果糖,其含量达58.86%;块根中氨基酸和维生素含量分别为2.598 2 mg/g和3.54 μg/g;叶和茎中含有较高的粗蛋白和丰富的矿质元素。结果表明,雪莲果是一种集药用、食用、饲用于一体的优良资源植物,块根是一种优质的保健型水果,茎叶还可作为畜禽的优良饲料,具有较高的开发利用价值。