云南籼稻主栽品种对白背飞虱的抗性筛选

为明确云南籼稻主栽品种对白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)的抗虫性及其影响产量的水稻关键生育期,为抗虫品种选育和推广提供参考依据,本文利用苗期和分蘖盛期单株接虫鉴定、成株期(移栽期—乳熟期)田间自然种群发生鉴定等方法,测定了云南籼稻区31个水稻主栽品种对白背飞虱的抗虫性及其产量。结果表明,苗期有7个品种表现高抗,23个品种表现中抗—中感,1个品种表现高感;分蘖期有20个品种表现高抗,有11个表现中抗—中感;成株期田间自然种群鉴定,31个品种成株期白背飞虱田间自然种群的累计虫量都超过了对照品种TN1,均表现为感虫。单株接虫鉴定多数品种表现抗虫,而大田期自然种群鉴定则全部表现为感虫,一定程度说明了云南籼稻区主栽品种对白背飞虱具有耐害性而无抗生性。移栽期、孕穗期、抽穗期百丛虫量与有效穗数呈显著的负相关性;移栽期、孕穗期和抽穗期的百丛虫量是造成有效穗数少和产量低的关键因子。移栽期、孕穗期和抽穗期是防治白背飞虱的关键时期。     

野生稻与栽培稻的杂种后代对褐稻虱的抗性机制初探

为了开拓抗虫基因源,培育抗性稳定的水稻抗虫品种,采用感虫的栽培稻雄性不育株为母本,以高抗褐稻虱的野生稻为父本进行有性杂交。通过用改良的苗期群体筛选法,对其后代进行抗性鉴定,证实其抗性可以遗传,已成功地获得了抗褐稻虱的杂种后代。并根据飞虱在抗虫植株上的生存率、群体建立、蜜露量和稻株的受害级别等指标与感虫对照种TN1上的差异显著性作比较,综合评定杂种后代对褐稻虱的抗性机制。结果表明,测试的N482(A)/101392组合的F_5、F_6、F_7和H_4等几个后代对褐稻虱的抗性机制均为抗生性。     

云南传统水稻品种对白背飞虱的抗性筛选

[目的]初步筛选云南传统水稻品种对白背飞虱的抗、感性差异,为进一步研究白背飞虱的抗虫水稻种质资源奠定基础.[方法]在实验室条件下分析比较了13个来自云南元阳的地方水稻品种抗白背飞虱等级,不同品种对白背飞虱若虫生长发育的影响以及白背飞虱在各个品种上的取食量和产卵差异.[结果]在13个传统品种中,‘红皮糯谷’、‘绿脚谷’和‘车甲谷’无论在苗期还是分蘖期对白背飞虱的抗性等级均较一致.上述品种中,白背飞虱在‘红皮糯谷’、‘绿脚谷’和感虫对照‘TN1'上24 h的蜜露斑面积测定结果均＞45 mm2,单雌产卵量超过90粒,孵化率高于80％;而在‘车甲谷’和抗虫对照‘RHT’上24 h的蜜露斑面积测定结果均＜20 mm2,单雌产卵量均低于60粒,孵化率不足57％.白背飞虱若虫的发育历期在各供试品种之间的差异不明显.[结论]白背飞虱在‘红皮糯谷,和‘绿脚谷’上的取食量、单雌产卵量和孵化率均较高,可以初步确定为感虫品种;而在‘车甲谷,上的取食量、单雌产卵量和孵化率均较低,初步确定属于抗虫品种.     

水稻品种抗性对虫体酯酶的影响

采用苗期群体鉴定法对供试水稻品种进行了抗性鉴定,在此基础上测定了取食不同抗性水稻品种的褐稻虱(Nilaparvata lugens)羧酸醑酶、酸性及碱性磷酸酯酶活力的变化。结果表明,取食感虫品种的褐稻虱若虫及第2代若虫体内上述三种酶的活力明显高于取食抗虫品种的;取食中抗品种的褐稻虱若虫三种酶的活力介于取食感虫和抗虫品种的若虫之间。这一结果与褐稻虱在不同抗性水平上水稻品种的存活率和发育进度是一致的。表明抗虫品种对褐稻虱具有抗生机制,从而抑制了虫体的正常生长发育。取食不同水稻品种的褐稻虱的羧酸酯酶米氏常数(Km)值无明显差异,但最大反应速度(Vmax)值差异极显著。取食感虫品种的 Vmax 值明显高于取食抗虫品种的。这表明取食不同抗性水稻品种的褐稻虱羧酸酯酶性质相同,差异主要是由于酶量的不同。     

水稻叶鞘3种氧化还原酶活性在褐飞虱胁迫中的变化

为阐明水稻抗褐飞虱的机制,分析了褐飞虱为害对感、抗虫水稻品种叶鞘中3种保护酶活性的影响。采用苗期群体接虫方法对水稻品种进行抗性鉴定,在此基础上测定了褐飞虱为害前后水稻叶鞘中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性。受褐飞虱为害后,抗虫和感虫品种叶鞘中SOD活性均上升,表明无论是抗性植株还是感性植株在清除超氧阴离子自由基方面都具有较强的能力;POD活性在抗虫品种中下降,而在感虫品种中增加,表明抗性品种较感性品种具有更强的酶促抗氧化性能,从而对褐飞虱胁迫具有更强的适应能力。CAT活性在抗虫品种中增加,而在感虫品种中大幅下降,这与其对褐飞虱抗性弱密切相关。     

水稻品种抗性对白背稻虱羧酸酯酶和磷酸酶活力的影响

取食感虫品种的白背稻虱若虫体内羧酸酯酶(CarE)、酸性磷酸酶(AcpE)和碱性磷酸酶(AkpE)的活力明显高于取食抗虫品种的;取食中抗和中感品种的介于取食感虫品种和抗虫品种之间。水稻不同抗性品种对白背稻虱成虫及第二代若虫上述三种酶活力的影响也有类似倾向。     

水稻品种苗期阶段对白叶枯病的抗性研究

 根据水稻品种各叶期对白叶枯病的抗性表现和强弱程度可分为四类:(1)全期抗病型;(2)全期中抗型;(3)苗感成株抗病型;和(4)全期感病型。可以看出,水稻品种除少数苗感成抗型外,其余三种抗性类型苗期与成株期的抗性反应是一致的。由于中抗、成抗和感病品种各叶期的抗性有随着叶位的升高而抗性增强的趋势,不同抗性品种在苗期阶段抗感对比均较成株期明显。因此,水稻品种对白叶枯病的抗性鉴定采用苗期鉴定方法是可行的。影响水稻品种苗期抗性的因素是:苗龄(叶期)、观察时期、品种与菌株的组合等。     

接虫密度对抗褐飞虱水稻品种苗期根系形态指标的影响

为研究褐飞虱为害程度对水稻根系形态指标的影响及其与抗虫性的关系,以感虫品种TN1和3个对褐飞虱具有不同抗性的水稻品种为试验材料,采用育秧盘穴播种供试水稻,接虫7d后采样,调查记录不同处理下水稻根系形态指标变化。未接虫时,各苗龄抗虫品种的最长根长、根干重和长度大于2cm的根总数均显著大于感虫品种TN1;接虫后,不同苗龄抗感水稻品种的根系形态指标均随接虫密度的增加而减少,但抗虫品种的各项指标均显著大于感虫品种。苗期根系形态指标与水稻品种抗虫性有关;接虫密度对各抗虫品种根系形态指标有影响,但各抗虫品种仍保持抗虫的稳定。     

嘉兴粳稻抗褐稻虱育种籼稻抗源的选择和利用

用嘉兴田间采集的褐稻虱对籼型扰虫品种BG367-4进行苗期和成株期抗性鉴定,均表现为高抗(HR)。用作粳稻抗褐稻虱育种的抗性授体亲本,抗性传递力强,并表现为显性遗传,是籼粳杂交培育粳型抗虫品种的理想抗源。     

嘉兴粳稻抗褐稻虱育种籼稻抗源的选择和利用

用嘉兴田间采集的褐稻虱对籼型扰虫品种BG367-4进行苗期和成株期抗性鉴定,均表现为高抗(HR)。用作粳稻抗褐稻虱育种的抗性授体亲本,抗性传递力强,并表现为显性遗传,是籼粳杂交培育粳型抗虫品种的理想抗源。     

我国水稻田杂草抗药性研究进展

水稻是我国最主要的粮食作物之一,杂草的危害严重影响了水稻的产量与品质。化学防除仍然是治理水稻田杂草最有效的途径。目前我国水稻田稗属杂草、千金子、马唐、雨久花、野慈姑、异型莎草、耳叶水苋、眼子菜、节节菜、萤蔺等多种杂草对二氯喹啉酸、五氟磺草胺、氰氟草酯、噁唑酰草胺、苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆、双草醚、噁草酮、乙氧氟草醚等多种常用除草剂产生了抗药性。面对日趋严重的水稻田抗药性杂草的危害,对抗药性杂草进行深入系统的研究以达到科学防治的目的显得尤为重要。本文总结了我国水稻田抗药性杂草的抗药性水平、靶标酶抗药性机理、代谢酶抗药性机理和其他抗药性机理,归纳了抗药性杂草的交互抗性、多抗性发生情况以及抗药性治理现状,分析了我们在杂草抗药性研究与治理方面面临的问题。     

Strategies for the prevention of development of pesticide resistance in the UK—lessons for and from the use of herbicides,fungicides and insecticides

Since the 1950s, pesticide resistance has been identified in many species. This paper considers the role of resistance action groups and notes that they were all formed in response to resistance problems occurring. Data now exist on the strategies which are most effective and the paper aims to bring together information from the fields of weeds, pests and diseases. Pesticide mixtures, sequences or rotations have been demonstrated as having a clear role in resistance management strategies. Resistance management would be improved if there was agreement on uniform test methodology and interpretation of results. The industry must work together to agree what constitutes an anti-resistance strategy, whether this is for prevention or cure, and to ensure that this is then included within regulatory frameworks. Future developments such as patch treatment, biotechnology and biocontrol are discussed. It is concluded that, to date, there has been little discussion between specialists in the field of resistance to herbicides, fungicides or insecticides and it is clear there are significant advantages to be had from more interaction. ©1997 SCI     

西花蓟马抗药性研究进展

西花蓟马是世界范围内蔬菜和花卉上的重要害虫之一,使用化学药剂是防治西花蓟马的主要手段,目前西花蓟马已对有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯、阿维菌素和多杀菌素等多种杀虫剂产生了抗药性。本文从抗药性现状、抗性机制和抗性治理等几个方面介绍了国内外有关西花蓟马抗药性的研究进展。     

蔬菜蚜虫抗药性现状及抗性治理策略

蚜虫是为害蔬菜作物的一类重要害虫,如不防治会给蔬菜生产造成重大经济损失。长期以来主要依靠使用农药防治蔬菜蚜虫,但由于化学农药的不合理使用,蔬菜蚜虫对有机磷、拟除虫菊酯、氨基甲酸酯、新烟碱等多种类型的杀虫药剂均产生了不同程度的抗性。本文对常见的蔬菜蚜虫的抗药性现状、抗药性机理以及治理策略进行了论述,以期为该类害虫的可持续控制提供参考。     

New developments in insecticide resistance in the glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) in the UK

A recent survey of insecticide resistance in two of the most problematic pests in UK glasshouses revealed some new developments. At least some individuals in all UK samples of Trialeurodes vaporariorum that were tested resisted the insect growth regulator (IGR) buprofezin. The most strongly resistant strains were unaffected by the field application rate of this compound, and even samples from populations that had never been exposed to buprofezin contained individuals that survived the highest concentration applied (10,000 mg litre-1). The field rate of buprofezin was shown to select for resistance through vapour action alone. The benzophenylurea teflubenzuron, an unrelated IGR, was cross-resisted by buprofezin-resistant individuals. There was no evidence of resistance to imidacloprid, but all T vaporariorum strains tested, regardless of origin, exhibited a high innate tolerance to nicotine, when compared with another whitefly species, Bemisia tabaci. Marked resistance to fenbutatin oxide and tebufenpyrad was found in single glasshouse populations of Tetranychus urticae, but these compounds and abamectin appeared to remain highly effective against all other strains collected.     

灰飞虱对杀虫剂抗药性的研究进展

灰飞虱对杀虫剂产生抗药性是其近年来暴发频繁的重要原因。本文综述了国内外关于灰飞虱抗药性的研究成果,包括灰飞虱抗药性的发展、交互抗性、抗性机理、抗性遗传及生物适合度等。田间灰飞虱种群对多种药剂产生了不同程度的抗药性,其中对新烟碱类药剂吡虫啉和昆虫生长调节剂噻嗪酮产生了高水平到极高水平抗性(抗药性倍数分别为44.6～108.8倍和超过200倍),对有机磷类药剂毒死蜱和乙酰甲胺磷(抗药性倍数分别为10～12.6倍和9～13倍)、氨基甲酸酯类药剂甲萘威和残杀威(抗药性倍数分别为29.8～45.3倍和40.1～131.5倍)和拟除虫菊酯类药剂高效氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯(抗药性倍数分别为7.8～108.8倍和12～21倍)产生了中等水平到高水平的抗药性,对氟虫腈、阿维菌素和噻虫嗪没有产生抗药性(抗性倍数5倍)。长期大面积使用化学药剂是灰飞虱产生抗药性的重要原因。因此,必须加强灰飞虱的抗性治理,以延缓其抗药性进一步发展。     

棉蚜抗药性现状及治理策略

棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover是农业生产上最重要的害虫之一。化学杀虫剂一直以来都是棉蚜综合防治体系中的重要组成部分, 但化学杀虫剂的不合理使用导致棉蚜对多种杀虫剂均产生了高水平抗性。现有研究表明, 靶标位点突变、解毒酶基因的过表达以及某些肠道共生菌丰度的变化是导致棉蚜对杀虫剂产生抗性的主要机制。针对棉蚜抗性发展现状及其抗药性机制, 制定科学合理的抗性治理策略, 是充分发挥化学防治的优势、实现棉蚜可持续治理的关键。本文主要从棉蚜的抗药性现状、抗性机制和抗性治理策略3个方面对近10多年的主要进展进行了综述, 旨在为棉蚜抗药性长效治理和科学施策提供理论依据。     

Evolving understanding of the evolution of herbicide resistance

A greater number of, and more varied, modes of resistance have evolved in weeds than in other pests because the usage of herbicides is far more extensive than the usage of other pesticides, and because weed seed output is so great. The discovery and development of selective herbicides are more problematic than those of insecticides and fungicides, as these must only differentiate between plant and insect or pathogen. Herbicides are typically selective between plants, meaning that before deployment there are already some crops possessing natural herbicide resistance that weeds could evolve. The concepts of the evolution of resistance and the mechanisms of delaying resistance have evolved as nature has continually evolved new types of resistance. Major gene target‐site mutations were the first types to evolve, with initial consideration devoted mainly to them, but slowly ‘creeping’ resistance, gradually accruing increasing levels of resistance, has become a major force owing to an incremental accumulation of genetic changes in weed populations. Weeds have evolved mechanisms unknown even in antibiotic as well as other drug and pesticide resistances. It is even possible that cases of epigenetic ‘remembered’ resistances may have appeared. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Resistance in the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, and possible mechanisms for resistance

Two mosquito strains of Culex quinquefasciatus (Say), MAmCq(G0) and HAmCq(G0), were collected from Mobile and Huntsville, Alabama, respectively. MAmCq(G0) and HAmCq(G0) were further selected in the laboratory with permethrin for one and three generations, respectively. The levels of resistance to permethrin in MAmCq(G1) (after one-generation selection) and HAmCq(G3) (after three-generation selection) increased rapidly. Resistance to permethrin in MAmCq(G1) and HAmCq(G3) was partially suppressed by piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF) and diethyl maleate (DEM), inhibitors of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, hydrolases and glutathione S-transferases (GST), respectively, suggesting these three enzyme families are important in conferring permethrin resistance in both strains. A substitution of leucine to phenylalanine (L to F) resulting from a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), termed the kdr mutation, in the para-homologous sodium channel gene has been reported as a very common mutation associated with pyrethroid resistance of insects. A 341-bp sodium channel gene fragment, where the kdr mutation resides, was generated by PCR from genomic DNAs of Cx. quinquefasciatus strains. We found that the kdr mutation was present in both permethrin-selected and unselected HAmCq and MAmCq mosquito populations, suggesting that the kdr mutation plays the role in permethrin resistance. There was no significant change in the frequency and heterozygosity of the A to T SNP for the kdr allele between permethrin-selected and unselected MAmCq and HAmCq mosquitoes, indicating that other mechanisms are involved in the evolution of resistance in mosquitoes selected by permethrin in the laboratory.