西门塔尔杂交后备母牛日粮植物源磷进食量对表观可消化磷的影响

旨在采用消化试验研究后备母牛日粮植物源磷进食量与磷表观消化率的关系。试验选用体况良好、体重一致的西杂后备母牛[西门塔尔牛(♂)×中国黄牛(♀)]24头,随机分为6组,即试验1组、2组、3组、4组、5组和6组,每组4头,分别定量(3.50kg/d)饲喂6种不同磷水平的精料日粮,粗料(青贮)自由采食。使用麸皮调节日粮精料磷水平,各试验组精料磷水平分别为0.36%、0.40%、0.42%、0.46%、0.50%和0.54%;总试验期为30d,预饲期20d后进入正试期,试验最后7d全收集粪样和尿样。饲料样及粪样均测定其中磷和干物质含量,计算粪磷排泄量与日粮磷进食量的回归关系。结果表明,不同日粮处理间消化道磷的表观消化量和表观消化率有显著差异(P<0.05),并随进食磷量的增加而增加,但消化道表观消化的磷量与磷的进食不是直线关系,而是呈现抛物线关系,在日粮磷水平为0.42%时,消化量和消化率达最大,即分别为10.5g/d和40.8%。     

日粮磷进食水平对西杂后备母牛日粮磷表观消化率的影响

为了研究日粮磷进食量对肉牛日粮磷表观消化的影响,试验选用体况良好、体重一致(347 kg±25 kg)的杂交后备母牛(西门塔尔牛(♂)×中国黄牛(♀))16头,随机分为4组,即处理1、2、3和4组,每组4头,各试验组日粮磷的进食量分别为26、34、42和50 g/d,以精料饲喂量调整磷进食水平(每天育成母牛精料喂量分别为1.5、2.5、3.5和4.5 kg),粗料(玉米秸秆青贮)自由采食。总试验期30 d,预饲期20 d后进入正试期,试验最后7 d全收集粪样。结果表明,不同日粮磷进食量对消化道磷的表观消化量和表观消化率有显著影响(P<0.05),在日粮磷进食量为34g/d(日粮磷水平0.51%)时,消化率达最大(53.8%);日粮磷进食量大于34 g/d时,磷进食的增加使磷的表观消化率明显降低(P<0.05)。     

某奶牛场奶牛主要疾病与用药情况调查

1 调查对象与方法 1.1 奶牛场基本情况南方某规模化奶牛场,2005年奶牛存栏1 100头,其中成母牛632头,成母牛305天平均产奶量6 500 kg. 牛场建有标准化牛舍,采取集约化饲养方式.精饲料为自配全价配合料,粗饲料包括东北羊草、自制全株青贮加苜蓿颗粒.全程机械化挤奶方式.     

Supplementation of High Protein and High Fat Concentrates Affects Milk Yield and Milk Composition of Donkeys (Equus asinus)

本试验旨在研究补饲高蛋白质、高脂肪精饲料对驴产乳量和乳成分的影响.选择3-7岁的健康泌乳母驴34头,设A(12头)、B(10头)和C(12头)3个区,共5个处理.所有驴饲喂基础饲粮.每个区均设对照组,各试验组驴分别补饲粗蛋白质水平为31.44％(试验1组,A区,4头)、粗脂肪水平为25.77％ [20％棉籽油(试验2组,A区,4头)、20％葵花籽油(试验3组,B区,5头)、20％菜籽油(试验4组,C区,6头)]的试验精饲料1.5 kg/d.预试期14 d,正试期14 d.结果表明:1)除含20％葵花籽油的试验精饲料外,其余试验精饲料采食量(＞1300 g/d)均达到预期的采食量,且未出现消化异常,表明所用精饲料适口性较好,驴对它们有较好的适应性;2)补饲含20％棉籽油和含20％菜籽油的试验精饲料均显著提高了驴日均产乳量(P＜0.05),驴日均产乳量可达1.5 kg/d,而日均总泌乳量可达4 kg/d;3)补饲不同试验精饲料对乳成分无显著影响(P＞0.05),驴乳中乳蛋白、乳糖、粗灰分含量较稳定,而乳脂含量变化非常大.总之,补饲高蛋白质、高脂肪的精饲料可提高驴产乳量,但对乳成分的影响不明显.     

北方某奶牛场奶牛主要疾病与用药情况调查

1调查对象与方法1.1奶牛场基本情况北方某规模化奶牛场,2007年奶牛存栏920头,其中成母牛417头,成母牛305d平均产奶量4200kg,场内建有标准化牛舍,采取集约化饲养方式。精饲料     

CPM模型优化饲粮对16～24月龄后备荷斯坦母牛生长发育和血清生化指标的影响

本文旨在研究应用CPM模型优化规模化奶牛场16~24月龄后备母牛饲粮对该阶段母牛生长发育及血清生化指标的影响。选择体重和体高相近的相同月龄(16月龄)荷斯坦后备母牛40头,将试验奶牛随机分为对照组和试验组,每组各20头,对照组后备母牛饲喂牛场当前饲粮,试验组后备母牛饲喂CPM模型优化后的饲粮,试验期从16月龄开始止于24月龄,共270d。结果表明:饲喂经CPM模型优化的饲粮显著提高了17月龄后备母牛的管围(P0.05);试验组后备母牛的管围指数在17、18、20、21、23和24月龄时显著高于对照组(P0.05),胸围指数在17和18月龄时显著高于对照组(P0.05)。试验组后备母牛血清中钙的含量在17、23、24月龄时显著高于对照组(P0.05),血清中磷的含量在16月龄时极显著地高于对照组(P0.01)。经CPM模型优化后,16~22月龄和23~24月龄的饲粮成本分别降低了1.03、0.32元/d。饲喂CPM模型优化的饲粮在一定的范围内促进了后备母牛的生长发育,同时降低了饲养成本。因此,CPM模型可用于16~24月龄荷斯坦后备母牛饲粮配方的评价和优化。     

中国荷斯坦牛饲养管理技术规程(Ⅱ)

表1 各类牛主要饲料全年头平均需要量 kg 饲料 成年母牛 初孕母牛 育成母牛 犊牛 精饲料 2200～2500 1000～1200 900～1000 300～330 羊草 2000～2500 2000～2500 1000～1400 300～400苜蓿干草 800～1000 300～400 — —青贮玉米 6000～8000 2500～3000 1800～2000 500～600 糟渣类 2000～3000 — — —块棍、块茎类1000～2000 — — —牛乳 — — — — 注:1.精饲料中能量饲料占25％～30％,糠麸类占12％～15％,复合预混料占4％～5％。2.犊母牛饲料是整个犊牛期6个月需要量。4.3 饲料收获、贮藏、加工和调制     

美系短角牛犊牛培育的综合措施

短角牛是世界著名而古老的牛品种之一,云南省于1996年12月从美国引入肉用型种牛106头(公牛14头,母牛92头),通过在中华人民共和国第五动物隔离检疫场60 d的隔离检疫后,于1997年1月在云南省种羊场肉牛纯繁场进行驯化饲养.目前存栏310头,其中能繁母牛152头,后备母牛46头,断奶母犊52头,成年公牛13头,后备公牛8头,断奶公犊39头.     

西门塔尔牛在淳安种畜场饲养,繁育的情况

一九八○年六月,农业部从奥地利引进的西门塔尔牛22头,调拔给我省淳安种畜场饲养。其中育成种公牛2头,带胎青年母牛20头。到一九八二年六月止,已繁殖后代32头,有七头小母牛和六头后备公牛已调往金华等6个县(市)家畜良种推广站继续培育试用。目前,全场43头西门塔尔牛中,有24头适配母牛。现将两年来西门塔尔牛的饲     

提高奶牛产奶量的方法

饲养奶牛的收入,主要来源于成年母牛的产奶量。根据高产奶牛的生理特点,进行合理的饲养管理,以充分发挥母牛产奶的遗传潜力,获得较高的产奶量,是当前奶牛业亟待解决的问题。这里介绍几种方法,供奶牛饲养户参考:1引导饲养法,用较少的粗饲料和较多的精饲料合理地强化泌乳母牛的日粮,并在适当的泌乳时期,用于合适的母牛,提高奶牛的产奶量。其具体作法是从产犊前10d～15d开始,每d喂给1kg～1.8kg精料的基础上,以后每d增加0.5kg,直到母牛采食精饲料的数量达到体重的0.5%～1%为止。2挑战饲养法,具体作法是干乳期前6周(45d)基本上喂给优质的粗料(主…     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …