山东小清河污水治理现状及对策

立足小清河水污染治理现状，对小清河水质污染状况如主要超标参数(COD、BOD等)进行了分析评价，并对污水治理现状进行了分析和评价，阐述了小清河水污染治理的必要性和迫切性，提出了小清河水污染治理的主要对策和措施。     

汾河运城段河流水质评价

基于长期的水质监测数据,应用水质标识指数法,对汾河运城段2005—2009年的水质进行了评价,得出了新绛站监测断面和河津大桥监测断面的地表水环境质量级别。结果表明,该河段COD,BOD5和氨氮这3项因子超标严重,且氨氮的污染指数最大,不能满足相应的水环境功能要求,水质不能达到地表水环境质量标准。总体来看,须对汾河运城段的COD,BOD5和氨氮等污染物加以严格控制。研究结果可为运城市地表水资源规划、管理与保护提供科学依据。     

海岸带水环境质量调查及污染物动态分析——以河北省海兴县为例

阐述了河北省海兴县海岸带河流、近海污染现状及演变趋势。调查分析表明，80年代以来，海岸带河流和近海水质污染日趋加重，污染物主要源自陆源输入，输入渠道包括漳卫新河、宣惠河及大口河，因此需严格控制其水质及输入量;海水中重金属在晒盐过程中逐级富集，并沉积于盐体内。并对扬埕水库水质进行了调查研究。     

户用沼气对三峡库区小流域农业面源污染的削减响应分析

通过调查统计与现场采样,分析了三峡库区小流域农业面源污染的压力、状态和响应态势,确定了主要污染物、主要污染源、农业面源污染负荷容量及其削减量。采用清单分析方法,核算了小流域化学肥料施用、有机肥施用、农作物秸秆、畜禽养殖、农村生活污水、生活垃圾和农田土壤侵蚀等7个来源对农业面源污染化学需氧量(COD)、生化需氧量(BOD5)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)排放负荷及其贡献。并采用实地监测,分析了小流域水环境质量。王家沟小流域农业面源污染物COD、BOD5、TN、TP的排放量分别为12 100,6 413,1 780,327kg/a,其水质测算浓度分别为22.23,11.44,3.15,0.58mg/L,与实测浓度相差不大,说明大尺度的农业面源污染负荷计算与小尺度的农业面源污染实测是相容的。户用沼气对7个污染源的控制包含直接与间接作用、促进与抑制作用。单口户用沼气池全年可减少COD 230.65kg,BOD5146.87kg,TN 38.00kg,TP 11.84kg的污染物进入水体。王家沟小流域主要污染物是TN、TP、BOD5,主要污染源是畜禽养殖、化肥施用、农作物秸秆。为了使王家沟小流域农业面源污染物达标,在考虑水环境容量的基础上,需要新建户用沼气池32口,最终沼气池入户率将达到49.2%。     

密云水库流域非点源污染研究概述

密云水库是现阶段首都北京惟一的地表饮用水源地,非点源污染是影响水库水质的主要因素.为明晰密云水库流域非点源污染的基本特征及其研究进展,本文总结了近20年来对水库流域非点源污染的研究成果,从非点源污染调查、非点源污染的负荷与预测评价、非点源污染物的影响因素与机理、非点源污染的控制管理等4个方面进行了概述.初步明确了密云水库流域非点源污染的基本特征,包括非点源污染主要来自于水土流失、化肥农药的施用、山区养殖产生的畜禽粪便、水产养殖等,其污染负荷随年度降雨变化较大,对水库污染总负荷的贡献COD约70%、BOD,约70%、NH,-N约90%、TN约70%、TP约90%等.预测了水库流域非点源的发展趋势.评价了非点源污染治理各项技术措施和政策管理措施的效果,并从非点源污染具体来源、污染途径和机理、研究尺度等方面提出了现阶段非点源污染研究存在的问题和需要进一步研究的方向.     

黄石市农业面源污染的解析及其空间异质性研究

为弄清黄石农业面源污染的源分配以及在空间上的分布差异,进而为削减黄石农业面源污染提供理论依据,该文采用清单分析方法,研究了黄石市化肥施用、有机肥施用、秸秆遗弃、畜禽养殖、水产养殖、生活污水、生活垃圾、地表径流中COD、BOD5、TN、TP的污染负荷及其在空间上的分布差异。结果表明,黄石市农业面源污染排放COD、BOD5、TN、TP的实物总量分别为6.12万、3.55万、1.65万、0.43万t/a,相应的等标排放量分别为3061、8874、16542、21726 t/a。农业面源污染负荷已占全市水环境的半壁江山,接近水环境容量,必须予以削减。主要污染源是畜禽养殖、化肥与生活污水,主要污染物是TP、TN。因农业面源污染引起COD、BOD5、TN、TP的排放浓度为26.04、15.10、7.04、1.85 mg/L,达到严重污染。按压力确定的污染程度是大冶市＞市区＞阳新县,按响应确定的污染程度是市区≈大冶市＞阳新县。     

沣河水污染特征及非点源污染负荷估算分析

沣河流域的主要污染指标为COD、BOD5、NH4+-N等,非点源污染负荷的定量化对流域水污染控制和水环境综合治理意义重大。结合沣河1986-2009年水量、含沙量及水质状况监测数据进行有机污染综合指数及相关分析,并采用平均浓度法对流域的非点源污染负荷和点源污染负荷进行了研究。结果表明:(1)有机污染综合指数(A值)呈抛物线趋势,径流量与沣河水质呈负相关性,含沙量与沣河水质呈正相关性。通过产业结构调整等措施,近年来沣河水质有明显改善;(2)沣河的污染负荷大部分来自降雨径流引起的非点源污染,在沣河水污染中TN的非点源污染负荷比例在56%以上,TP的非点源污染负荷比例在68%以上,NH4+-N的非点源污染负荷比例在63%以上,比重较大,非点源污染对沣河水质的影响不容忽视,而且TP受到的影响相对最大,可通过合理配置水土保持措施,有效防治非点源污染。     

宿州市沱河段水质时间变化及影响因素研究

通过对宿州市沱河段沿岸实地调查,以沱河东关闸断面为采样点,分时段采集样品,并以沱河东关闸断面2004-2009年的连续监测资料为基础,对水质污染物主要指标进行了分析。监测的水质指标包括溶解氧(DO)、生化需氧量(BOD)、化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH₃-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)。采用单因子评价,基于直观图解、线性趋势分析和季节性Kendall检验法,探究了沱河水质污染的年内及年际变化趋势,并分析影响水质变化的主要因素,提出了相关保护对策。结果表明:(1)年内水质变化显著,DO,NH₃-N和TP在冬季含量偏高,TN和COD在春、秋季含量较高,BOD在夏季含量偏高。(2)年际变化方面,BOD,NH₃-N和TN均呈显著下降趋势,COD呈不明显下降趋势,DO和TP无明显变化趋势。总体来说,宿州市沱河段水质状况处于不断改善之中。     

宁夏引黄灌区水体污染现状及污染源解析

随着点源污染的逐步控制,以农业生产为核心的农业非点源污染正在成为影响水体质量的主要因子。宁夏引黄灌区是我国商品粮生产基地之一,农业生产较为发达,农业的高投入对当地水体环境造成不良影响。本文分析了2002～2007年黄河宁夏段监测断面和引黄灌区典型排水沟的水质情况,发现黄河宁夏段水质受农田退水、工业废水和生活污水影响较大,境内沿程断面水质污染逐渐加剧,水质出境断面比入境断面平均降低1个等级,说明黄河流经宁夏后水质受到一定程度的污染。宁夏引黄灌区水体主要污染物是挥发酚、NH4+-N、CODMn和BOD5,2002～2007年几种主要污染物浓度总体呈下降趋势,综合污染指数也呈总体下降趋势,但污染形势仍然严重。2007年宁夏引黄灌区主要排水沟水质为劣Ⅴ类污染水质,断面超标率100%,主要污染物为NH4+-N、CODCr、BOD5。针对黄河宁夏段水体污染状况,对宁夏引黄灌区水体农业非点源污染源进行解析,结果显示,TN、NH4+-N污染主要来自种植业,其次是养殖业和黄河取水;TP污染主要来自于种植业与养殖业,COD主要来自养殖业。农田退水携带的大量污染物是导致灌区水体恶化的重要因素之一。     

盐地碱蓬浮床对海水养殖水体原位修复的效果

[目的]研究盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)由陆地生境转移到浮床盐水生环境后的生长情况及其对海水养殖池塘水体原位修复的效果,为利用盐生植物原位修复海水养殖池塘提供方法。[方法]测定修复期间盐水浮床和陆地两种生境下盐地碱蓬的生长及生理生化指标,并监测海水养殖池塘水体水质。[结果]试验期内浮床生境中盐地碱蓬适应良好,生物量显著增加,其中浮床生境盐地碱蓬根系活力、叶片含氮量分别显著高于同期陆地生境中的盐地碱蓬。水质检测表明,修复后浮床区水体中总氮、总磷、氨氮和化学需氧量分别为3.34,0.20,0.47,0.35mg/L,均明显低于对照区,去除效果良好。[结论]盐地碱蓬从陆地生境转移到浮床盐水生境后可以适应水生环境,并通过根系吸收部分去除水中的氮、磷等污染元素。盐地碱蓬原位修复海水养殖池塘水体具有较好的潜力。     

Application of stabilization pond for purification of textile wastewater in Esfahan,Iran

Two experimental ponds, with an effective volume of 2 m3 each, were constructed in a workshop at the textile plants to investigate the potential for a stabilization pond for purification of textile wastewater. Parametric analysis of pH, temperature, turbidity suspended solids, total suspended solids, DO, BOD, COD, N, and algae was carried out on the influent and the effluent according to the procedures recommended by the standard methods (APHA, 1971). Considering the results obtained from tests after daily observations, the application of an oxidation pond for treatment of textile wastewaters in the winter time was not promising. The ponds had a little activity in aerobic condition. In other seasons the ponds were efficient and the removal of BOD, COD, and N was 81, 78, 72% respectively, with a loading rate of 7.950 g BOD m^?2 day^?1 and detention time of 20 days. The ponds were usually saturated and sometimes super-saturated with dissolved O₂. The experimental ponds were put to work in series for BOD, COD, and N removal observation. The removal did not improve compared with a single pond and algae concentration was noticeably reduced in the effluent.     

Midwest (U.S.A.) reservoir water quality modification

The impact of a flood control, low flow argumentation reservoir in the Midwestern part of the United States on BOD, COD, and ammonia was evaluated in this paper. Fifteen years of weekly water quality data (9 yr before impoundment and 6 yr after impoundment) from four sampling stations upstream and downstream of the reservoir were available for analysis. The annual loading rates of these parameters (kg ha^?1 vr^?1) were found to correlate well with annual runoff (cm yr^?1). Besides, the reservoir was found to have had a significant and beneficial impact on the downstream loading rates of BOD and COD, which were reduced by 55 and 75%, respectively. As for ammonia, the results of this study indicate that its annual loadings at downstream locations were not significantly affected by the reservoir. Average non-point source contributions of BOD and ammonia loadings into the system were found to be about 80 and 55%, respectively.     

Microbial Remediation of Polyfilm Manufacturing Industrial Effluent

The polyfilm manufacturing process involves mono-ethylene glycol (MEG) and ethyl acetate (EA) as the main constituents. The presence of such organic compounds is responsible for the higher toxicity and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) values of the polyfilm effluent. In our previous studies, isolation and identification of efficient MEG and EA degraders was done. All the physico-chemical parameters were found to be well above the permissible limits prescribed by the Indian Standards Institute (ISI) standards, and toxicity of the effluent was confirmed by using fish assay and pot assay. About 10?C20% increase in BOD and COD reduction was obtained with developed microbial consortium as compared to the individual five microbial isolates tested at flask level studies. About 8?C18% increase in BOD and COD reduction was observed with developed microbial consortium as compared to the 5% (v/v) sewage and 5% (v/v) cow dung slurry in 12?days. Pilot plant studies were carried out at the 5-l level of polyfilm effluent, and about 99% reduction in BOD and COD was obtained using developed microbial consortium. Physico-chemical levels were reduced significantly in compliance with the prescribed ISI standards showing the effectivity of the microbial remediation of polyfilm effluent. Toxicity reduction of effluent was confirmed again by fish and pot assay, thus confirming that the treated effluent can be used for irrigation purposes. Finally, results indicated that the developed microbial consortium can be employed in ready-to-use form for the treatment of polyfilm industrial effluent by end users.     

宁波地区4种典型农村生活污水处理工艺污染物去除率比较分析

选择宁波地区的A/O一体化、生物滤池、生物转盘和人工湿地等4种典型农村生活污水处理工艺为研究对象,于2013年1月—2015年12月期间开展各工艺终端处理设施的进出水水质跟踪监测,进行各处理工艺的污染物去除率和稳定性比较分析。结果表明,4种处理工艺的COD、BOD_5、SS多年平均去除率大小顺序均为A/O一体化生物滤池生物转盘人工湿地,TN多年平均去除率大小顺序为生物滤池生物转盘A/O一体化人工湿地,其中A/O一体化、生物滤池和生物转盘工艺的COD、BOD_5、TN平均去除率均显著高于人工湿地工艺;A/O一体化、生物滤池和生物转盘工艺随着终端处理设施运行年限的延长,COD、BOD_5、SS、TN去除率均保持稳定,而人工湿地工艺的COD、BOD5、TN去除率均呈现明显的下降趋势;各处理工艺在低温期(11月—次年4月)和高温期(5月—10月)的SS去除率差异不明显,但各处理工艺的COD、BOD_5、TN去除率在低温期明显低于高温期,其中A/O一体化工艺差异相对较小,生物滤池工艺差异最大。     

Performance Evaluation of Integrated Constructed Wetlands Treating Domestic Wastewater

The performances of a new and a mature integrated constructed wetland (ICW) system treating domestic wastewater were evaluated for the first time. The new ICW in Glaslough (near Monaghan, Ireland) comprises five wetland cells, and the mature system in Dunhill (near Waterford, Ireland) comprises four cells. The performance assessment for these systems is based on physical and chemical parameters collected for 1 year in Glaslough and 5 years in Dunhill. The removal efficiencies for the former system were relatively good if compared to the international literature: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD, 99.4%), chemical oxygen demand (COD, 97.0%), suspended solids (SS, 99.5%), ammonia nitrogen (99.0%), nitrate nitrogen (93.5%), and molybdate-reactive phosphorus (MRP, 99.2%). However, the mature ICW had removal efficiencies that decreased over time as the Dunhill village expanded rapidly. The mean removal efficiencies were as follows: BOD (95.2%), COD (89.1%), SS (97.2%), ammonia nitrogen (58.2%), nitrate nitrogen (?11.8%), and MRP (34.0%). The findings indicate that ICW are efficient in removing BOD, COD, SS, and ammonia nitrogen from domestic wastewater. Moreover, both ICW systems did not pollute the receiving surface waters and the groundwater.     

Cropping systems effects on snowmelt losses of solids and associated organic carbon

Increase in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) production for energy (gasification of stems) and protein supplement (from leaves) has been proposed for the upper Midwestern United States, an area where corn (Zea mays L.) in rotation with soybean (Glycine max L.) is the predominant crop sequence. This study was undertaken to assess the impact on runoff and water quality, especially for the loss of oxygen demanding material with snowmelt. Four field size watersheds were instrumented at Morris, Minnesota, USA on a rolling prairie landscape. Snowmelt runoff from each watershed was measured with two flumes with overlapping ranges arranged in series. An automatic water sampler collected runoff samples for chemical analysis. Oxygen demand was used as a surrogate for reduced carbon. Water samples were analyzed for total solids, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Based on the results of snowmelt events of 1997, 1998, and 1999, the alfalfa fields yielded more runoff than corn-soybean fields. The loss of total solids was more consistent from alfalfa fields. Total solids losses interacted with crop and year. Compared to alfalfa fields losses were less following soybeans and greater following corn. On average losses were similar between alfalfa and corn-soybean fields. Runoff from alfalfa fields contained about four times more BOD than corn-soybean fields. Although not statistically significant due to only two replications, there was a similar trend for COD. This study shows that although losses of total solids in snowmelt from alfalfa fields was similar to corn-soybean fields, there can be increased losses of oxygen demanding materials.     

猪场废水厌氧消化液后处理技术研究及工程应用

猪场废水经过厌氧消化后，可生化性变差，BOD₅/COD仅为0.19，并且碳、氮倒置，比例严重失调，给后续好氧处理带来很大困难。采用序批式活性污泥法(SBR)工艺直接处理厌氧消化液，污染物的去除效果很差，COD仅去除8.31%，NH₃-N去除78.7％。通过改善厌氧消化液的可生化性和培养高效脱氮菌种等措施，COD、NH₃-N去除率改善显著，COD、BOD₅与SS的去除分别达到89.6%～93.4%、97.9%，95.6%，特别是对NH₃-N，达到了99%以上去除效率。将实验室结果应用于实际工程，也取得了好的效果，工程上SBR系统对猪场废水厌氧消化液的COD去除90%左右，出水COD基本上在300 mg/L以下。NH₃-N去除率大于99%，出水NH₃-N小于10 mg/L。BOD₅去除率大于98%，出水BOD₅小于20 mg/L。TN去除率大于90%。     

Oxygen Demand of Aircraft and Airfield Pavement Deicers and Alternative Freezing Point Depressants

Aircraft and pavement deicing formulations and other potential freezing point depressants were tested for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Propylene glycol-based aircraft deicers exhibited greater BOD₅ than ethylene glycol-based aircraft deicers, and ethylene glycol-based products had lower degradation rates than propylene glycol-based products. Sodium formate pavement deicers had lower COD than acetate-based pavement deicers. The BOD and COD results for acetate-based pavement deicers (PDMs) were consistently lower than those for aircraft deicers, but degradation rates were greater in the acetate-based PDM than in aircraft deicers. In a 40-day testing of aircraft and pavement deicers, BOD results at 20°C (standard) were consistently greater than the results from 5°C (low) tests. The degree of difference between standard and low temperature BOD results varied among tested products. Freshwater BOD test results were not substantially different from marine water tests at 20°C, but glycols degraded slower in marine water than in fresh water for low temperature tests. Acetate-based products had greater percentage degradation than glycols at both temperatures. An additive component of the sodium formate pavement deicer exhibited toxicity to the microorganisms, so BOD testing did not work properly for this formulation. BOD testing of alternative freezing point depressants worked well for some, there was little response for some, and for others there was a lag in response while microorganisms acclimated to the freezing point depressant as a food source. Where the traditional BOD₅ test performed adequately, values ranged from 251 to 1,580?g/kg. Where the modified test performed adequately, values of BOD₂₈ ranged from 242 to 1,540?g/kg.