荒漠绿洲边缘沙漠化土地整治——临泽绿洲北部试验研究剖析

本文根据作者在临泽绿洲北部进行的试验研究和在其他绿洲进行的观测与调查,分析讨论绿洲沙漠的特点、整治途径以及绿洲防护体系的结构与功能。研究结果表明:①绿洲沙漠化的主要特征是严酷自然条件加上绿洲资源不合理开发利用所造成的风沙危害和干旱胁迫。其中绿洲上风向边缘等生态平衡脆弱的地带最易出现沙漠化;②整治绿洲沙漠化土地的根本途径是建立综合的防护体系和合理开发利用绿洲资源;③完整的绿洲防护体系至少应包括护田林网、阻沙固沙林带和封沙育草第三个主要部分。各组成部分有其特殊功能,并在总体上产生良好的生态效益,近地面气候条件改善、风沙危害消除、土地结构合理化、植被恢复以及整个绿洲生产力稳定提高等。     

内蒙古阿拉善盟2000年土地沙漠化遥感监测

以阿拉善盟2000年TM卫星影像遥感信息为主要依据,根据中国北方土地沙漠化动态分类系统,在遥感影像上进行解译和面积量算,获得了阿拉善盟2000年土地沙漠化状况:沙漠化土地总面积3666232.9hm2,占土地总面积的15.48%。阿拉善盟主要的沙漠化类型为沙丘活化或流沙入侵(1846880hm2)、灌丛(草地)沙漠化(735369.5hm2)、砾质沙漠化(1064944hm2)和耕地沙漠化(19039hm2)。沙丘活化或流沙入侵主要分布在阿拉善左旗境内,巴丹吉林沙漠与腾格里沙漠和乌兰布和沙漠之间的一些低山丘陵和荒漠干草原上;灌丛(草地)沙漠化主要分布在阿拉善东部;砾质沙漠化主要分布在阿拉善盟的西部,尤其以额济纳旗最多;耕地沙漠化主要集中在额济纳绿洲。     

论干旱荒漠区农田水利向绿洲水利发展

为了扭转人类在绿洲的经济活动中常常引起的土地沙漠化逆向演替,本文提出建立“绿洲水利生态系统”,作为开发和治理绿洲的基本依据。     

绿洲化-荒漠化土地时空格局变化对比研究——以黑河中游临泽县为例

利用临泽县近35 a共5期Landsat影像,得到该区绿洲-荒漠土地变化数据,结合自然景观特征和绿洲初始范围进行分区,开展土地利用变化指数和时空变化指数对比研究,结果表明:1绿洲化-荒漠化土地从整体到局部的变化特点为绿洲扩张而荒漠退缩,但自北向南空间上表现出整体有序到离散无序的变化以及土地变化的热点区域随时间迁移的现象。2绿洲化-荒漠化土地变化的主导因素是人文,制度政策成为阶段性变化的根本原因,个人意愿与响应是变化的直接原因,导致区域差异的主要原因是自然条件和移民。3临泽县绿洲-荒漠土地变化可分为生计驱动、经济驱动和生态-经济驱动3个阶段,在生态资源压力增大的背景下,未来的绿洲开发更需因地制宜,以防治土地沙漠化逆转和盐碱化扩张。     

水资源在河西走廊生态环境建设中的作用

地处干旱、极干旱区被沙漠包围的河西走廊绿洲,是发源于祁连山的内陆河水资源养育的结果,其规模和分布具有典型的流域特征,河流是土地沙漠化的重要防线,有限的水资源是绿洲生态的主导因素。要搞好生态环境建设,首要的是要做好流域水资源的统一规划、统一管理和合理开发利用,保护水环境、维护水资源的动态平衡是保证沙漠绿洲生态良性循环的关键。     

策勒河下游绿洲近五十年来土地沙漠化成因

策勒河下游绿洲近五十年来土地沙漠化成因李小明，张希明（中国科学院新疆生物土壤沙漠研究所，乌鲁木齐，８３００１１）策勒河下游绿洲（以下简称策勒绿洲）位于塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒县境内，是一个小型的独立绿洲，行政区划包括策勒县的策勒乡和策勒镇，是策勒县人口...     

新疆土地资源的持续利用与开发

分析新疆土地资源的现状表明，土地利用中存在结构不合理，特别是林业、畜牧业比重偏低，玉米、苜蓿面积过小；森林过伐，质量下降；绿洲人口扩张，耕地退化；土地质量下降，沙漠化等问题严重；提出了重点保护和建设山地森林生态区；保护草原生态，有计划地开发绿洲－荒漠过渡带和荒漠草原带，发展畜牧业；保护和恢复荒漠植被，防治土地沙漠化；调整经济结构和土地利用结构，发挥资源优势；扩大绿洲规模，加快城市化；加强农业基础设施建设等持续利用土地的措施。     

黑河流域土地沙漠化变迁及成因

本论文在野外试验和室内分析的基础上提出以下结论。在自然因素包括气候、地质地貌、风沙活动及自然灾害等影响下,历史时期黑河流域绿洲和沙漠化土地交替发展。气候温暖期也正是沙漠化土地减弱时期,寒冷期则是沙漠化发生强烈阶段。研究表明90年代与80年代中期相比,额济纳旗沙漠化土地面积增加29.1%,中游地区沙漠化发展速率相对较慢,中游地区1990年比1949年增加约9.4%,年增长速率0.27%。1990年以来,沙漠化呈稳定态势。2000年黑河流域中下游地区的沙漠化土地共有13508.4km2,占监测区域的11.8%。其中,临泽沙漠化土地的面积占监测区域沙漠化土地面积的1.7%,高台占1.707%,肃南(部分)占1.427%,酒泉占0.851%,嘉峪关占0.276%,金塔占9.391%,额济纳旗沙漠化土地的面积为11434.64km2,占84.648%。由此看出,黑河流域下游地区的土地沙漠化形势严峻。同时分析了造成黑河流域土地沙漠化发生、发展的原因。     

磴口县荒漠绿洲景观特征及时空变化研究

将磴口县作为研究区,按照荒漠景观和绿洲景观两大主要景观类型对1989,1995,2000,2007,2010和2014年遥感影像进行分类,利用荒漠绿洲景观重心迁移模型、转移矩阵和景观格局指数系统研究了磴口县荒漠绿洲景观时空演变以及格局特征。结果表明:1)25年来荒漠景观逐渐向西北迁移,绿洲景观逐步扩张,积极的沙漠化治理获得成效。2)严重沙漠化景观和重度沙漠化景观大面积转出为其他景观,中度和轻度流转最为频繁,非沙漠化景观逐渐成为主体景观。3)轻度沙漠化景观和中度沙漠化景观破碎化程度较大,轻度沙漠化景观的人类干扰程度更大,斑块更为复杂。     

晋北地区土地沙漠化经济损失初步研究

晋北地区地处我国北方农牧交错带,沙漠化是土地退化的主要表现形式。土地沙漠化经济损失估值是土地沙漠化研究的重要内容之一,是反映土地沙漠化及其危害程度的主要手段。采用灾害经济评价方法,分析和探讨了晋北地区土地沙漠化经济损失的估算步骤、估算内容、估算参数、估算过程等问题,并对晋北地区因土地沙漠化造成的经济损失进行了初步估算。结果表明:2008年晋北地区土地沙漠化造成的直接经济损失总计约为31.56亿元,占农业增加值的51.28%,间接经济损失预估在142.02亿元以上。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.