褪黑素对体外培养绵羊垂体细胞分泌激素的影响

文章采用体外细胞培养和放射免疫测定(RIA)等方法,研究了褪黑素(MLT)对季节性繁殖的蒙古母羊垂体细胞分泌促卵泡素(FSH)、促黄体素(LH)和促乳素(PRL)的作用。结果表明:当单独用递增的MLT(0、10、100、1000pg/ml)处理原代垂体细胞时,伴随时间的延长FSH的分泌量极显著下降(P<0·01),但对LH的基础分泌没有影响;用10IU/ml hCG单独刺激或用不同剂量MLT与10IU/ml hCG共同刺激垂体细胞,FSH和LH的分泌都极显著高于对照组(P<0·01),但与MLT的剂量没有关系。MLT能改变抑制垂体细胞PRL的分泌,用10IU/ml HCG单独作用使垂体细胞PRL分泌减少,但这种作用可被MLT呈剂量依赖性抑制。本研究表明MLT可作用于季节性繁殖蒙古绵羊的垂体细胞并影响其促性腺激素的分泌。     

催乳素对鸡胚垂体细胞促性腺激素分泌及生殖相关基因表达的影响

为探讨催乳素(PRL)在垂体层面对禽类生殖的调控机制,以原代培养的鸡胚垂体相关基因表达的变化。结果显示,用5 ng/mL和50 ng/mL的PRL处理鸡胚垂体细胞24 h,对PRLR表达有先抑制后促进作用,对LHβ表达则呈现明显促进作用,对GnRHR和FSHβ表达无显著影响;而对培养液中LH和FSH浓度均无显著影响。当处理时间为12 h时,与对照组相比,50 ng/mL PRL组显著抑制鸡胚垂体细胞分泌LH和FSH;并且在处理12 h后,PRL能抑制LHβ、FSHβ、GnRHR和TGFBR3的表达,而对PRLR和GnIHR的表达水平均无显著影响。研究结果表明,PRL在垂体层面对促性腺激素的分泌和促生殖相关基因表达具有抑制作用。     

鹅就巢期卵巢特征及其内分泌机制的研究进展

鹅的就巢行为显著影响其产蛋量,就巢行为主要受下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴(HPG)分泌的相关激素调控。相关激素主要包括促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)、催乳素(PRL)、促卵泡激素(FSH)、促黄体素(LH)、雌二醇(E_2)和孕酮(P_4),共同调控鹅的就巢行为。在就巢期,机体内PRL分泌浓度升高,能够抑制GnRH和FSH的分泌,导致大卵泡合成P_4、E_2速率下降,从而垂体分泌LH浓度降低。本文对鹅就巢期激素水平及卵巢形态变化进行阐述,以期通过调控鹅就巢行为来提高产蛋量的相关研究提供理论支持。     

促性腺激素释放激素及其在母牛繁殖上的应用

<正> 促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)主要由下丘脑神经内分泌小细胞分泌,能刺激垂体前叶分泌促黄体素(LH)和促卵泡素(FSH)。在70年代以前,由于GnRH的分子结构不清楚,故根据其生理效应将GnRH分别命名为促黄体素释放因子(LH-RF或L-RF)和促卵泡素释放因子(FSH-RF)。1971年,Sc-hally和Guillemin等从数十万头猪和羊的下丘脑中     

促性腺激素释放激素受体在济宁青山羊垂体和卵巢的分布特点

下丘脑合成的促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)以脉冲分泌方式到达垂体前叶,调控腺垂体对FSH、LH的合成与分泌[1],GnRH也可直接作用于性腺,调控性腺类固醇激素的分泌,GnRH对生殖功能的调控必须以促性腺激素释放激素受体(GnRHR)为介导[2].     

哺乳动物下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴的研究进展

哺乳动物的下丘脑、垂体和卵巢分泌的激素在功能上相互作用,构成一个完整的神经内分泌生殖调节体系,即下丘脑垂体卵巢轴,它在生殖活动中起着主要的调节作用。下丘脑中分布的GnRH神经元可以分泌GnRH,GnRH调节垂体中促性腺激素细胞分泌促性腺激素FSH和LH,促性腺激素作用于卵巢受体,引起雌激素和孕酮分泌并影响生殖活动。从组织学角度上研究,下丘脑垂体卵巢轴中的结构,如GnRH神经元、促性腺激素细胞、卵泡随周期性变化而呈现出不同的形态结构和分泌特点。因此,对以上各种细胞的研究是探讨其所分泌激素的基础,而下丘脑垂体卵巢轴中的各种激素的研究则是了解和控制动物繁殖机能的关键。     

促性腺激素(FSH、LH)对牛腔前卵泡体外发育及E_2分泌的影响

利用McCoy's 5a基础无血清培养系统研究了促卵泡素(FSH)、促黄体素(LH)2种促性腺激素对牛腔前卵泡的体外生长、存活及雌二醇(E2)分泌的影响.结果显示,培养液中单独添加LH对牛腔前卵泡生长影响不大,而单独添加50、100μg/L以上FSH对牛腔前卵泡直径增长和培养后期体外存活有明显的促进作用;当培养液中有10 μg/L LH存在时,2种促性腺激素协同刺激卵泡生长的作用更加明显.添加10 μg/L LH 50μg/L FSH对腔前卵泡体外生长、发育、存活及E2分泌均具有显著的促进作用(P<0.05).     

GnIH/GnRH对鸟类排卵的调控作用

鸟类卵泡的发育受下丘脑-垂体-性腺(Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal,HPG)轴调控,其中,下丘脑是调控各器官活动的中枢,促性腺激素抑制激素(Gonadotropin-inhibitoryhoromne,Gn IH)和促性腺激素释放激素(Gonadotropin-releasing hormone,GnRH)是下丘脑中分泌的两种神经肽,GnRH可以促进垂体中促性腺激素的释放,而Gn IH则起着与其相反的作用,GnIH/GnRH激素在鸟类的排卵调控中起着重要作用。文章对GnIH/GnRH激素的发现、分布、结构、受体以及调控等方面进行了初步探讨。     

促性腺释放激素（GnRH）在畜牧业上的应用

哺乳动物的生殖过程受脑下垂体内分泌器官的控制。丘脑下部神经元分泌的肽类激素LH—RH和FSH—RH调节着垂体前叶两种促性腺激素LH(促黄体素又称促间质细胞激素)和FSH(促卵泡素,又称精子生成素)的合成和分泌。 1.GnRH的作用和研究简况 LH、FSH存在于生物体是1920年Zondek和Aschhein首先提出,1931年Feoold从垂体中分离出它们的混合体,1938年Hartman和Beng确定LH为糖蛋白。此后,经过大量的工作,到1972年,几个实验室分别报告了人、猪、牛、羊的LH和FSH的结构及其特性。研究表明:LH对雌性具有促进黄体发育、成熟及合成和分泌孕酮及雌二醇的作用;对雄性作用于间质细胞,促进睾酮的生     

体外无血清培养牛垂体细胞分泌催乳素的调节—性腺激素的作用

本实验对牛垂体混合细胞进行24小时体外无血清培养,对其分泌催乳素的功能进行了观察,并分别在培养介质中加入0、1、10、100ng/ml的孕酮、脱氢表雄酮、雄烯二酮、雌二醇和睾酮,用放射免疫测定法测定培养液介质中催乳素含量,以研究这些性腺激素和中间产物对垂体细胞分泌催乳素的影响。结果表明:孕酮对离体牛垂体细胞无血清培养条件下分泌催乳素的功能没有影响。而脱氢表雄酮、雄烯二酮、睾酮和雌激素均引起催乳素分泌量显著升高,说明这些性腺类固醇激素对牛垂体细胞离体培养分泌催乳素具有促进作用,可能是垂体前叶催乳素分泌调节的重要组成部分。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物尿液中11种β-受体激动剂残留量的不确定度评估

采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物尿液中11种β-受体激动剂残留量,对标准溶液、体积、质谱峰面积、浓缩过程及回收率等测定不确定度因素进行了分析,通过评定各不确定度分量及标准不确定度,得出11种β-受体激动剂的扩展不确定度在0.7 ～ 1.1 ng/mL范围内.由各因素对合成不确定度的贡献比分析可知,影响较大的因素为试验回收率及标准溶液浓度.     

电感耦合等离子-质谱法测定饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅

应用电感耦合等离子-质谱技术(ICP-MS),建立饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅等元素的测定方法。对饲料样品的前处理方法、仪器工作参数和11种元素标准曲线进行优化;并以加标回收、分析方法比对和重复测试说明方法的准确性和精密性。方法在0～1 000 ng/ml范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.557 7～5.072 ng/ml,具有良好的精密度,其回收率在88.1%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。同时与原子吸收和原子荧光方法进行比对,测定结果相近。所建立的方法简单、快速,可替代原子吸收和原子荧光方法测定饲料中的11种金属元素,为饲料的质量控制提供理想的元素分析方法。     

Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium

In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.     

文山黄牛的现状与保种措施

文章阐述了文山黄牛的品种特性、现状和保种措施。文山牛保种可采用原产地活体保种,迁地活体保种和现代生物技术保种等多种方式。文山牛体型较大,性情温顺,产肉性能好、活动敏捷、结构紧凑、肌肉强健、肉品质优良、耐粗饲、适应性广、繁殖力和抗病力均较强等特点。文山牛是云南省一个地方良种,种质资源保护刻不容缓。     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

Concentrations of strontium,barium, cadmium,copper, zinc,manganese, chromium,antimony, selenium,and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age,gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.