口蹄疫O-A-Asia Ⅰ型三价灭活疫苗免疫效力和最小免疫剂量的研究

为确定口蹄疫O-A-AsiaⅠ型三价灭活疫苗的安全性和免疫效果，按OIE口蹄疫疫苗效检标准和我国口蹄疫灭活疫苗质量标准，对实验室条件下制备的4批疫苗进行了安全性试验、免疫效力试验、免疫持续期试验、疫苗保存期试验和最小免疫剂量试验。结果显示，4批疫苗均对靶动物和实验动物安全，无任何毒副反应；对O、A、AsiaⅠ型口蹄疫的平均免疫效力分别为4．73、6．84和8．10PD50／头份；一次接种的有效免疫期达6个月；2～8℃下的疫苗保存期为12个月；适宜的免疫剂量为，6月龄以上牛每头3．0mL，6月龄以下牛每头1．5mL。该疫苗对接种动物安全，免疫效果良好，一次接种可同时预防O、A、AsiaⅠ型3个血清型的口蹄疫。     

乳牛乳腺炎多联疫苗的研制及其临床应用效果

从全国各地奶牛场采集的256份临床型乳腺炎病乳中分离鉴定出了13株金黄色葡萄球菌、32株无乳链球茵和27株停乳链球菌；采用血清学交叉免疫试验，筛选出了毒力及交叉免疫原性强的3种茵的优势菌株。采用这些菌株和一系列新工艺和新方法，研制出了乳牛乳腺炎灭活多联疫苗。建立了用奶山羊进行制苗菌株毒力复壮及用ELISA进行抗体检测的方法，进行了免疫剂量及注射部位的筛选试验以及疫苗安全性、免疫持续期、效力及田间扩大试验。结果表明，该灭活多联疫苗对乳牛具有安全高效的特点，经肌肉或后海穴免疫1次，每次5mL，免疫持续期可达4个月；且后海穴的免疫效果优于肌肉注射，可使临床型乳腺炎发病率降低49．22％～59．86%。     

鸽新城疫灭活疫苗的研制及免疫效果研究

利用近年来分离到的鸽Ⅰ型副黏病毒ND32株进行鸽新城疫油乳剂灭活疫苗的研制,并对制备疫苗的性状、安全性、免疫效力等进行检验,结果表明制备疫苗的各项指标均符合生物制品通则的要求,对疫苗的最小免疫剂量、抗体产生及免疫持续期、与同类产品的交叉攻毒保护对比效果进行了进一步试验,结果表明疫苗的最小免疫剂量为0.15 mL/只,疫苗以0.3 mL/只免疫剂量进行一次免疫,免疫持续期为3个月,以0.3 mL/只免疫剂量进行二次免疫,免疫持续期可达6个月.交叉攻毒保护对比试验结果表明所制备的鸽新城疫灭活疫苗对鸽Ⅰ型副黏病毒ND32株和鸡新城疫病毒北京株(CVCC AV1611)的攻毒保护效果均优于鸡新城疫(La Sota株)灭活疫苗.     

牛口蹄疫AsiaⅠ型灭活疫苗研究——疫苗效力、免疫持续期及安全性等检验

用选出的制苗用种素AsiaⅠ L/96的不同代次BHK-21细胞传代毒试制疫苗3批，共13.1L，在室内用健康牛进行了效力试验，保护率均达100%（5/5、5/5、5/5），对照牛全部发病（3/3、3/3、3/3）；免疫持续期测定2批次，免疫后6个月的牛血清中和抗体效价为1：20-1：120，8个月为1：8-1：60，经强毒攻击保护率达65%；保存期效力试验2批次，在2-8℃保存1a，对该疫苗的效力无影响；最小免疫剂量为每头3mL，注射免疫牛2322头，安全性良好，无不良反应。     

鸡新城疫病毒B95株免疫研究

本试验采用鸡胚增殖培养鸡新城疫B95株病毒，经对培养的尿囊液病毒价达EID5010^7.75。无菌性检验和安全性检验均符合疫苗要求，将其选作试验用疫苗进行了试验，结果表明，该苗滴鼻点眼免疫的最小剂量为10^5.75，拌料免疫最小剂量为10^6.75，以B95株疫苗滴鼻点眼免疫的鸡，在免疫后5天时就可产生坚强的免疫力，免疫期可达4个月，同居接触免疫鸡能获得了良好的免疫效果，攻毒总保护率与滴鼻点眼免疫差异不显著，拌料免疫效果良好，与NDV滴鼻点眼免疫差异不显著，B95株苗在0－4℃条件下保存4个月，免疫攻毒保护率达80％，在室温下保存2个月，免疫攻毒保护率达100％。     

鸡新城疫病毒B_(95)株免疫研究

本试验采用鸡胚增殖培养鸡新城疫B95 株病毒。经对培养的尿囊液病毒价达EID50 107.75。无菌性检验和安全性检验均符合疫苗要求 ,将其选作试验用疫苗进行了试验。结果表明 ,该苗滴鼻点眼免疫的最小剂量为105.75,拌料免疫最小剂量为106.75。以B95 株疫苗滴鼻点眼免疫的鸡 ,在免疫后5天时就可产生坚强的免疫力 ,免疫期可达4个月。同居接触免疫鸡能获得了良好的免疫效果 ,攻毒总保护率与滴鼻点眼免疫差异不显著。拌料免疫效果良好 ,与NDV滴鼻点眼免疫差异不显著。B95 株苗在0～4℃条件下保存4个月 ,免疫攻毒保护率达80% ;在室温下保存2个月 ,免疫攻毒保护率达100%。     

牛环形泰勒焦虫石榴体细胞培养疫苗一年零七个月的免疫持续期试验报告

牛环形泰勒焦虫石榴体细胞培养疫苗经过扩大区域试验试用几年,安全性与免疫性能良好。我们在1979年曾证明其免疫持续期至少有七个月。为进一步探讨该疫苗的免疫持续期,又进行了一年零七个月的免疫持续期试验。     

鸡大肠杆菌病中草药佐剂多价灭活苗的研制Ⅱ.疫苗免疫产生期、免疫持续期及保存期试验

对鸡大肠杆菌中草药佐剂多价灭活苗进行了免疫产生期、免疫持续期、疫苗保存期试验。研究表明 :雏鸡接种该疫苗 3～ 5d后便产生免疫力 ,到 9d时抗体产生水平已经很高 ;以免疫攻毒保护率不低于 80 %为标准 ,疫苗的免疫持续期可在 7个月以上 ;以物理性状合格和免疫攻毒保护率不低于 80 %为标准 ,疫苗置 4℃时保存期为 18个月 ,2 5℃保存 6个月为宜。     

仔猪水肿病蜂胶佐剂多价灭活苗的研制Ⅱ免疫保护期和疫苗保存期试验

对仔猪水肿病蜂胶佐剂多价灭活苗进行了免疫产生期、免疫持续期和疫苗保存期试验。研究表明 :仔猪接种该疫苗 5～ 7d后便产生免疫力 ,到第 9天时抗体产生水平已经很高 ;以免疫仔猪攻毒后的存活率不低于 95%为标准 ,疫苗的免疫持续期可达 9个月以上 ;以物理性状合格和免疫仔猪攻毒后的存活率不低于95%为标准 ,疫苗置 4℃时保存期为 1 8个月 ,2 5℃保存 9个月为宜     

禽流感灭活疫苗（H5N1亚型，Re-6株）现地应用的安全性及效力

禽流感灭活疫苗（HSNl亚型，Re－6株）在梅河地区应用后，我们对疫苗的安全性和效力性进行了试验。安全性试验中，对蛋鸡进行了大剂量注射（1mL），在观察期间内未见不良临床反应，统计2个月的产蛋率，和未注苗组无明显差异；效力试验中，对蛋鸡免疫0．5mL疫苗，在免疫后的2个月内，不同时间采血进行了抗体效价测定，在3周后，抗体效价平均在5log2以上，在3个月抗体平均值一直持续7log2以上。从以上结果表明，禽流感灭活疫苗（H5N1亚型，Re-6株）具有良好的安全性和免疫原性。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -