Structure of the receptor for insulin-like growth factor II: the puzzle amplified

The insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is a polypeptide hormone with structural homologies to insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). In contrast to these other hormones, the in vivo function of IGF-II is not known. Although IGF-II can stimulate a broad range of biological responses in isolated cells, these responses have usually been found to be mediated by the insulin and IGF-I receptors. Recently, the receptor for IGF-II was found to also be the receptor for mannose-6-phosphate. Since this latter receptor has been implicated in targeting of lysosomal enzymes, the question is now raised of whether the same protein can also mediate metabolic responses to IGF-II.     

Bovine growth hormone: human food safety evaluation

Scientists in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), after reviewing the scientific literature and evaluating studies conducted by pharmaceutical companies, have concluded that the use of recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbGH) in dairy cattle presents no increased health risk to consumers. Bovine GH is not biologically active in humans, and oral toxicity studies have demonstrated that rbGH is not orally active in rats, a species responsive to parenterally administered bGH. Recombinant bGH treatment produces an increase in the concentration of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in cow's milk. However, oral toxicity studies have shown that bovine IGF-I lacks oral activity in rats. Additionally, the concentration of IGF-I in milk of rbGH-treated cows is within the normal physiological range found in human breast milk, and IGF-I is denatured under conditions used to process cow's milk for infant formula. On the basis of estimates of the amount of protein absorbed intact in humans and the concentration of IGF-I in cow's milk during rbGH treatment, biologically significant levels of intact IGF-I would not be absorbed.     

胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ

胰岛素样生长因子 I(IGF-I)分子量约7000道尔顿,IGF-I 结合蛋白对 IGF-I具有保护和调节作用.卵泡颗粒细胞 IGF-I 的分泌受促性腺激素、雌二醇、卵泡大小、各种生长因子及颗粒细胞自身的调节.在卵泡,IGF-I 刺激卵泡颗粒细胞的代谢、增生、分化,甾体激素的生成及受体的诱导,并对膜-间质细胞具有旁分泌作用.     

Insulin-like growth factors: a role in growth hormone negative feedback and body weight regulation via brain

Intracerebroventricular administration of ILA's, a preparation enriched in insulin-like growth factors, caused a marked decrease in growth hormone secretory episodes and in body weight associated with reduced food intake over 24 hours. Central injection of insulin and bovine serum albumin had no such effects. These findings suggest that insulin-like growth factors play a role in growth hormone negative feedback and body weight regulation at the level of the central nervous system.     

鸭发育早期下丘脑-垂体生长轴相关基因mRNA的表达特异性分析

【目的】选择生长速度不同的高邮鸭和金定鸭为试验模型,3种不同品种鸭胚胎期和出雏早期下丘脑垂体生长轴相关基因的表达规律及其与体重和肝重的相关性。【方法】采用实时荧光定量PCR方法研究鸭13、17、21、25、27胚龄和出雏后7日龄下丘脑生长激素释放激素（growth hormone release hormone,GHRH）与生长抑素（somatostatin,SS）、垂体生长激素（growth hormone,GH）和肝脏生长激素受体（growth hormone receptor,GHR）与胰岛素样生长因子（insulin-like growth factors,IGFs） mRNA的表达规律。【结果】证实鸭下丘脑GHRH与SS、垂体GH和肝脏GHR与IGF-I在13胚龄已有表达;除了SS在鸭发育早期维持一个低表达状态外,其它的4种基因均呈现极显著的品种和时间特异性;除了GH外,发现鸭早期发育过程中GHRH、GHR和IGF-I mRNA的表达受到品种和日龄的交互作用的极显著影响。与鸡以往的研究相比,禽类胚胎期下丘脑垂体生长轴相关基因mRNA的表达存在着种属差异。本试验发现鸭早期发育过程中,体重和肝重的变化也呈现极显著的品种和时间特异性,且与下丘脑垂体相关基因的表达呈现不同程度的线性相关。【结论】结果提示下丘脑垂体生长轴基因 mRNA的表达可能在鸭早期发育过程中发挥着重要作用,遗传背景的差异可以导致鸭发育早期体重的差异生长和相关基因的差异表达。     

Differentiation of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts to adipocytes induced by transfection of ras oncogenes.

Mammalian 3T3-L1 cells differentiate into adipocytes after continuous exposure to pharmacological doses of insulin or physiological doses of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1). Expression of transfected ras oncogenes led to differentiation of these cells into adipocytes in the absence of externally added insulin or IGF-I. Cells transfected with normal ras genes or the tyrosine kinase trk oncogene did not differentiate. Transfection with a dominant inhibitory ras mutant resulted in inhibition of differentiation. Exposure of untransfected 3T3-L1 cells to insulin stimulated formation of the active Ras.GTP complex. These observations indicate that Ras proteins participate in signal transduction pathways initiated by insulin and IGF-I in these cells.     

Effects of Dietary Lysine on Growth Performance,Serum Concentrations of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I （IGF-I） and IGF-I mRNA Expression in Growing Rabbits

The effects of dietary lysine on production performance,serum concentrations of metabolites,growth hormone （GH）,insulin-like growth factor-I （IGF-I） and IGF-I mRNA expression in growing rabbits were examined.One hundred weaned New Zealand rabbits were allocated to individual cages and randomly offered a diet containing 5.5 （L1）,6.5 （L2）,7.5 （L3）,8.5 （L4）,or 9.5 g （L5） lysine per kg diet.The results showed that the average daily gain （ADG） of the rabbits from L3,L4 or L5 was higher than those from L1 or L2 （P 〈 0.05）.The feed gain ratio （F/G） in the rabbits from L4 or L5 was lower than those from L1 or L2 （P 〈 0.05）.Dietary lysine did not affect serum concentrations of total protein （TP）,glucose,insulin （INS）,and growth hormone （GH） （P 〉 0.05）.The quadratic effects of lysine on the serum urea nitrogen （SUN） concentration was detected （P = 0.035）.Serum IGF-I concentrations had a trend to increase quadratically with the increasing dietary lysine （P = 0.07）.A significant correlation was found between serum IGF-I concentrations （x,ng mL-1） and ADG （y,g kg-1）： y = -0.017x2 ＋ 1.984x ＋ 20.87 （R2 = 0.8982,P = 0.003）.The relative abundance of hepatic and muscular IGF-I mRNA tended to increase with increasing dietary lysine levels （P = 0.053 and 0.082,respectively）.Providing the diets mainly consisted of corn,wheat bran and peanut vine,the most appropriate dietary lysine level for growing meat rabbits from weaning to 70 d old was found to be 8.5 g kg-1,and IGF-I may be an important factor controlling growth of weaned rabbits.     

人胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ基因农杆菌工程菌株的构建

采用固相亚磷酸三酯法人工化学合成了人胰岛素样生长因子－Ⅰ（ｈｕＩＧＦ－Ｉ）基因的４条寡核苷酸 片段，再通过片段１、２与３、４末端互补配对和Ｋｌｅｎｏｗ酶促补平及酶切连接成为完整的ｈｕＩＧＦ－ＩＤＮＡ片段，用 ＥｃｏＲ　Ｉ／ＰｓｔＩ酶切后克隆于 ｐＧＥＭ Ｔ－Ｅａｓｙ Ｖｅｃｔｏｒ，经测序证明所得 ＤＮＡ序列与设计的序列完全一致；选用植物 偏爱密码子校正了启始密码子ＡＴＧ下游的６个密码子，并在ＡＴＧ处增加Ｋｏｚａｋ序列后，插入ｐＢＩ１２１的ＢａｍＨＩ／ ＳａｃＩ位点，构建了以 ３５Ｓ为启动子的植物表达载体；以 Ｈｉｎｄ ＩＩ／ＥｃｏＲＩ切下“３５Ｓ－Ｋｏｚａｋ－ＩＧＦ－Ｉ－ＮＯＳ（ｔｅｒ．）”插入 ｐＣＡＭＢＩＡ２３００之Ｈｉｎｄ ＩＩ／ＥｃｏＲ　Ｉ位点，构建成ｈｕＩＧＦ－Ｉ植物表达载体；通过ＣａＣｌ２直接转化法将表达载体导入农 杆菌ＥＨＡ１０５（Ｒｉｆ．ｒ），并以菌落原位杂交技术和 ＤＮＡ ｄｏｔ ｂｌｏｔ对重组农杆菌进行了筛选，所获得的重组农杆菌菌株为培育ｈｕＩＧＦ－Ｉ豆药用植物奠定了基础。     

Thyroid hormone induction of an autocrine growth factor secreted by pituitary tumor cells

Thyroid hormones stimulate the rate of cell division by poorly understood mechanisms. The possibility that thyroid hormones increase cell growth by stimulating secretion of a growth factor was investigated. Thyroid hormones are nearly an absolute requirement for the division of GH4C1 rat pituitary tumor cells plated at low density. Conditioned media from cells grown with or without L-triiodothyronine (T3) were treated with an ion exchange resin to remove T3 and were tested for ability to stimulate the division of GH4C1 cells. Conditioned medium from T3-treated cells was as active as thyroid hormone at promoting GH4C1 cell growth but did not elicit other thyroid hormone responses, induction of growth hormone, and down-regulation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptors, as effectively as T3 did. A substance or substances associated with T3-induced growth stimulatory activity migrated at high molecular weight at neutral pH and was different from known growth-promoting hormones induced by T3. The results demonstrate that thyroid hormones stimulate the division of GH4C1 pituitary cells by stimulating the secretion of an autocrine growth factor.     

Effect of N-methyl-aspartate and Betaine on Growth Performance and Correlation Between Growth Hormone, Growth Performance and Carcass Composition in Finishing Pigs

［1］Etherton T D. Anabolic effects of porcine somatotropin on pig growth in: Designing foods: Animal product options in the marketplace. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 1988:194 - 202. ［2］XU Z R, et al. Effect of betaine on carcass characteristics and approach to mechanism of the effect in finishing swine. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 1998, 29(5) :397 - 405. (in Chinese) ［3］Knight C D, et al. The performance and carcass composition responses of finishing swine to a range of porcine somatotropin doses in a l-week delivery system. J. Anim. Sci. 1991, 69:4678 - 4689. ［4］Zhou S W, et al. Effect of the recombinant porcine somatotropin on weight gain and carcass composition in swine. Journal of Beijing Agricultural University, 1993, 19: 93 97. (in Chinese) ［5］Danghaday W H. Double effect of growth hormone. Nature,1972..235 - 237. ［6］Estienne M J, et al. N-methyl-D, L-aspartate induced growth bermine secretion in barrows: possible mechanisms of action. J.Anim. Sci. 1996, 74:597- 602. ［7］Barb C R, et al. Aspartate and glutamate modulation of growth bormone secretion in the pig: Possible site of action. Domest.Anim. Endocrinols. 1996, 13:81 - 90. ［8］Lindstrom P, et al. Effect of N-methyl-D, L-aspartate on isotated rat somatotrophs. Endocrinology, 1992, 131: 1903 -1907.     

鸭发育早期骨骼肌异步发育和IGF-I/MSTN-A mRNA表达的相关性

【目的】选择生长速度不同的高邮鸭和金定鸭为试验模型,比较2个不同品种鸭胚胎期和出雏早期骨骼肌中胰岛素样生长因子I（insulin-like growth factor I,IGF-I）、肌肉生长抑素A（myostatin A,MSTN-A）mRNA的表达规律及其与胸浅肌和腓肠肌（简称为胸腿肌）发育模式的相关性。【方法】在鸭13、17、21、25、27胚龄和出雏后7日龄时,记录体重、胸浅肌（PM）和腓肠肌外侧头（LM）的重量,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法研究骨骼肌中IGF-I和MSTN mRNA的表达规律。【结果】本试验证明鸭早期发育过程中,体重和骨骼肌重的变化呈现极显著的品种和时间特异性;鸭胚胎期胸/腿肌的IGF-I和MSTN-A mRNA的表达与体重、胸/腿肌重均呈极显著的负相关,各自与胸/腿体指数则呈反式的相关性（正/负）,均在13胚龄有一个表达高峰,IGF-I和MSTN-A mRNA表达之间存在极显著的正相关;鸭PM中IGF-I mRNA表达转折点的出现时间与胸肌绝对生长和相对生长变化趋势是吻合的,而LM中IGF-I mRNA的表达与腿肌生长和肌纤维特性变化均不相符;鸭胚胎期MSTN-A mRNA的表达趋势与骨骼肌生长和肌纤维数量形成高峰同步;胸腿肌中IGF-I/MSTN-A mRNA表达比值的变化趋势和肌纤维特性变化吻合,PM中的IGF-I/MSTN-A mRNA表达比值的差异点和PM重量出现品种差异的时间点一致。【结论】在胚胎发育中后期和出雏后早期,鸭的胸腿肌呈现异步发育模式,骨骼肌中IGF-I和MSTN mRNA表达的相对水平参与骨骼肌生长速率的调节。     

甲基氨基酸对肥育猪生长性能和生长激素本关指标的影响

饲粮中添加50mg/kg N－甲基天冬氨酸（NMA）和1750mg/kg甜菜碱均明显加速了肥育猪生长，改善了胴体组成，并显著提高了肥育猪血清内源性GH和IGF－I水平，相关性分析表明，两种物质引起的内源性GH变化与猪的生长性能与胴体组成及血清尿素氮、游离脂肪酸和脂肪酶，呈现极强相关性（P＜0.01），IGF－I亦呈现相似相关性。由此可见，通过添加这两种物质可以提高血清中内源性GH水平，从而促进了猪生长，改善胴体组成。     

GXC对断奶仔猪血清IGF-I水平和肝脏IGF-I mRNA表达的影响

    选择36头"杜长大"三元杂交断奶仔猪,按饲养试验要求分为2组,分别饲喂不含和含有0.15%β-葡聚糖、木聚糖复合酶(GXC)的大麦型饲粮,进行为期28 d的饲养试验,研究大麦型饲粮中添加β-葡聚糖、木聚糖复合酶对其血清IGF-I水平和肝脏IGF-I mRNA表达的影响.结果表明,添加复合酶组日增重提高13.99%(P＜0.05),料重比降低6.32%(P＜0.05),日采食量虽有升高趋势,但差异不显著(P＞0.05);添加β-葡聚糖、木聚糖复合酶显著增加断奶仔猪血清IGF-I水平和肝脏IGF-I mRNA丰度,比对照组分别提高43.91% (P＜0.01)和33.43% (P＜0.01).结果提示,添加β-葡聚糖、木聚糖复合酶不仅能够改善断奶仔猪对大麦型饲粮的利用效率,而且还影响血清IGF-I水平和肝脏IGF-I mRNA表达,从而提高仔猪对饲料的转化效率,促进其生长.     

绵羊肌肉IGF-I.基因表达的发育性变化研究

生长激素（GH）在动物体内主要有两种作用方式：（1）GH与肝脏等靶器官上的GHR结合,产生胰岛素样生长因子（IGF）,随后IGF以内分泌方式进入血液,与胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白（IGFBP）结合后到达靶器官,作用于胰岛素样生长因子受体（IGFR）,从而调节动物生长发育。②GH直接作用于靶器官GHR,通过旁分泌或自分泌IGF直接影响细胞的代谢,从而调节机体的生长发育。GH可作用于骨骼肌GHR,产生旁分泌或自分泌的IGF-I调节肌肉的生长发育,或直接影响细胞的代谢。笔者采用实时定量PCR法,以处于生长发育早期的雄性哈萨克羊和雄性新疆细毛羊为研究对象,检测了IGF-I基因在肌肉中表达情况。     

不同光色对马岗鹅生长发育的影响

为研究不同波长的光处理对肉鹅生长性能及相关激素的影响,以０日龄马岗鹅为研究对象,分别采用白色（对照）、４８０ｎｍ蓝色和６６０ｎｍ红色ＬＥＤ灯照明,在第７、３５和６３天记录鹅的体质量和体尺,并翅下采血检测血清中的相关激素水平．结果发现,在第６３天,蓝光处理鹅体质量显著低于红光组（Ｐ＜０.０５）;处理间体尺指标在整个试验期只有胸深差异极显著（Ｐ＜０.０１）,试验第７天的体斜长、第３５天的背宽和第６３天的胫围差异极显著（Ｐ＜０.０１）．红光组肾上腺素（Ａｄｒｅｎａｌｉｎｅ,ＡＤＲ）水平显著性低于其他两组,血清生长激素（Ｇｒｏｗｔｈ ｈｏｒｍｏｎｅ,ＧＨ）、胰岛素样生长因子１（Ｉｎｓｕｌｉｎ ｌｉｋｅ ｇｒｏｗｔｈ ｆａｃｔｏｒ １,ＩＧＦ-１）和三碘甲状腺原氨酸（Ｔｒｉｉｏｄｏｔｈｙｒｏｎｉｎｅ,Ｔ３）各处理间差异不显著性（Ｐ＞０.０５）．研究结果表明,鹅在不同时期对蓝光和红光的敏感性不同,与白光对比,在试验后期蓝光抑制鹅生长,红光促进鹅生长．     

绵羊肌肉IGF-I基因表达的发育性变化研究

[目的]研究哈萨克羊和新疆细毛羊肌肉中胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ(Insulin-like growth factorⅠ,IGF-I)基因在发育早期的表达,为绵羊早期生长发育的研究提供资料。[方法]采用实时定量PCR检测2个品种羊在2、30、60、90和120日龄时肌肉中IGF-ImRNA的水平,并用SPSS软件进行统计分析。[结果]绵羊肌肉IGF-ImRNA的表达量随着日龄的增加呈现出先升后降的趋势,哈萨克羊肌肉IGF-ImRNA的峰值出现于30日龄,新疆细毛羊出现于60日龄;哈萨克羊的表达量在2日龄和90日龄时与新疆细毛羊差异不显著(P>0.05),在30~60日龄期间极显著低于新疆细毛羊(P<0.01)。[结论]雄性哈萨克羊和新疆细毛羊肌肉IGF-I mRNA表达具有相似发育性变化模式,但是表达量存在品种间差异。     

湖北白猪IGF-I基因的克隆及序列分析

[目的]以湖北白猪肝脏作为试验材料,克隆出湖北白猪胰岛素生长因子（IGF-I）基因,并对其序列进行分析。[方法]采用Trizol法从湖北白猪的肝脏中提取总RNA,将其作为RT反应的模板,用P2（5＇-CAGGTAACTCGTGCAGAGCAAAGGA-3＇）引物合成IGF-I基因cDNA第一链,以其产物为模板,再以P1（5＇-CCCATCTCCCTGGATTTCTTTTTG-3＇）和P2为上下游引物扩增到大小约为607 bp的产物,并将其克隆至pCRII载体上,经蓝白斑筛选、酶切、测序。[结果]经筛选、酶切、序列分析,表明该片段为IGF-I基因的cDNA克隆,它由607个核苷酸组成,其中1～145位是5＇端非翻译区,从第146位ATG起始密码子开始至第538位TAG终止密码子5,39～607位是3＇端非翻译区,包含一完整的ORF,该ORF共有393核苷酸,编码一个推断由130个氨基酸组成的多肽。与GenBank中的序列比较,该序列与Muller等报道的猪IGF-I基因编码序列完全同源。[结论]成功克隆了湖北白猪IGF-I基因,并对其进行序列分析,证实了IGF-I基因的高度保守性,为采用转基因技术对湖北白猪进行育种奠定了基础和提供了技术依据。     

Fetal brain growth: selective action by growth hormone

Growth hormone was administered to pregnant rats maintained under dietary control, and fetal and placental growth and nutrition were examined. Growth hormone had a selective action on brain growth that could not be attributed to nutrient mobilization but suggested a trophic factor which is unique to the brain.     

The generation of insulin-like growth factor-1--sensitive cells by growth hormone action

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a mitogenic polypeptide, is usually considered the sole effector by means of which growth hormone increases tissue mass. However, growth hormone, but not IGF-1, directly promotes the differentiation of cultured preadipocytes to adipocytes. Adipocytes newly differentiated from precursor cells in response to growth hormone were shown to be much more sensitive to the mitogenic effect of IGF-1 than the precursor cells. The result of IGF-1 action is therefore a selective multiplication of young differentiated cells (cloned expansion). This supports the concept of a dual effector system in which the preferred target cells of IGF-1 action are created by the direct action of growth hormone.     

Male contraception; synergism of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog and testosterone in suppressing gonadotropin

Long-term administration of either superactive analog's of gonadotropin-releasing hormone or of testosterone suppresses gonadotropin secretion in male animals and humans. Testosterone administered in combination with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog further suppresses serum gonadotropin levels in male rats. This observation indicates synergistic activity and suggests that the gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog and testosterone act at independent sites within the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The primary actions of superactive analog are probably mediated by changes at a postreceptor site in the pituitary gonadotropin-secreting cells.