水分和铅交互胁迫对紫穗槐苗木光合特性和水分利用效率的影响

通过盆栽实验研究1 a生紫穗槐(Amorpha fruticosa)在不同水分处理(土壤相对含水率为40％,60％,80％,100％)及重金属铅胁迫水平(0,1 000,2 000,4 000,6 000 mg/kg)交互作用下叶绿素含量、净光合速率和水分利用效率的变化.结果表明:在水分和铅交互胁迫下,紫穗槐叶绿素含量变化无明显规律可循,铅含量＜4 000 mg/kg时,不同水分胁迫条件下紫穗槐叶绿素含量呈逐渐下降趋势,铅含量＞4 000 mg/kg时,不同水分胁迫条件下紫穗槐叶绿素含量呈逐渐上升趋势.水分和铅交互胁迫下,紫穗槐净光合速率呈下降趋势,铅含量＜2 000 mg/kg时,不同水分胁迫条件下紫穗槐净光合速率逐渐上升,铅含量＞2 000 mg/kg时,不同水分胁迫条件下紫穗槐净光合速率逐渐下降.在水分和铅交互胁迫下,紫穗槐水分利用效率呈上升趋势,土壤相对含水率为40％(重度水分胁迫)时,紫穗槐水分利用效率最大.     

基于主成分分析法的枫香耐铅性及土壤修复潜力研究

探究枫香(Liquidambar formosana Hance)对铅污染土壤的修复作用,为缓解土壤铅危害和枫香在重金属污染地推广种植提供科学参考,以1年生枫香幼苗为试材,设置6个Pb~(2+)浓度(分别为0,100,300,500,800,1 000 mg/kg)对各Pb~(2+)浓度环境下枫香幼苗的生理特性和积累特性进行研究,并采用主成分分析法对枫香的12个生理指标进行筛选以及耐性评价。结果表明,随着Pb~(2+)的增加,枫香幼苗叶片的生物量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、游离脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)均呈上升—下降趋势,表现出"低促高抑";丙二醛(MAD)含量则呈上升趋势;叶绿素a和叶绿素b均呈下降趋势,但是叶绿素a的下降趋势不显著;净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、CO_2浓度(C_i)和蒸腾速率(T_r)均呈上升—下降趋势。枫香地下部分的铅含量地上部分的铅含量,转移系数在T2、T3时较大,富集系数与胁迫浓度呈负相关。主成分分析结果表明,提取的2个主成分积累贡献率高达92.462%,说明这2个主成分可以反映大部分信息,游离脯氨酸、净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度、蒸腾速率和SOD活性为简化后的6个指标。由主成分得分得出,枫香幼苗耐铅性高低排序为T3T4T2T1T5T6。综合表明,枫香幼苗对重金属铅具有一定的耐受能力、富集和转移能力,可为重金属污染较重的地区引种枫香和缓解土壤重金属污染作一定的理论依据。     

铅胁迫对紫穗槐光合作用及生理生化特征的影响

以紫穗槐幼苗为材料,通过盆栽试验,研究不同浓度(0、100、300、600 mg·kg~(-1))铅(Pb)胁迫条件下,紫穗槐叶片中的丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性等生理指标和光合作用参数以及叶绿素荧光参数对Pb胁迫的响应。结果表明:紫穗槐叶片中MDA含量和电解质外渗率随着Pb胁迫程度的增加呈升高趋势,Pb胁迫提高了紫穗槐叶片中抗氧化酶SOD、POD的活性;100 mg·kg~(-1)Pb胁迫处理下,紫穗槐净光合速率(Pn)显著高于对照组;Pb胁迫浓度达到300 mg·kg~(-1)时,紫穗槐抗氧化酶活性、相对叶绿素含量(SPAD值)显著升高;600 mg·kg~(-1)Pb胁迫下CAT活性开始有所降低,光合作用降低主要受非气孔限制因素的影响,对紫穗槐叶绿素荧光特性未造成严重损伤。说明紫穗槐对环境中Pb(600 mg·kg~(-1))污染的耐受能力较强。     

重金属铅镉短期胁迫对蓬莱蕉生理生化指标的影响

为了探讨蓬莱蕉在Pb、Cd胁迫下的生理变化规律,采用盆栽试验研究土壤重金属Pb、Cd单一及其复合胁迫对蓬莱蕉部分生理指标的影响。结果表明:(1)相同处理水平下,随着处理时间的延长,重金属Pb、Cd单一和复合胁迫下,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量降低,超氧化物歧化酶活性下降,游离脯氨酸、丙二醛含量增加,过氧化氢酶活性升高。在Pb单一胁迫下,总叶绿素含量先升后降,过氧化物酶活性升高;在Cd单一胁迫和Pb、Cd复合胁迫下,总叶绿素含量和过氧化物酶活性先升后降。(2)随着处理浓度的增加,重金属Pb、Cd单一和复合胁迫下,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸和丙二醛含量增加,过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性升高,而总叶绿素含量则表现为下降趋势。说明蓬莱蕉在一定重金属胁迫范围内,可通过增加叶片渗透调节物质和诱导活性氧清除系统,以减少由于胁迫带来的代谢失衡对植株的伤害。     

土壤水分胁迫对大叶黄杨和月季光合生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同水分条件下月季和大叶黄杨的光合生理特性.结果表明:(1)随着水分胁迫的加重(W1→W2→W3),月季和大叶黄杨的主要光合参数净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)日均值均呈逐渐降低趋势;大叶黄杨的WUE逐渐降低,月季先升高后降低;月季的气孔导度(Gs)逐渐降低,大叶黄杨在中度控水处理(W2)时的Gs高于轻度控水处理(W1);月季的胞间CO2浓度(Ci)先降后升,而大叶黄杨有逐渐增加的趋势.(2)水分胁迫下,两植物叶绿素荧光参数Fo升高,最大荧光(Fm),可变荧光(Fv),Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo降低,但大叶黄杨的参数变幅均大于月季.(3)两植物主要光合参数的日变化曲线有明显不同,CK和W1时,月季的Pn和Tr为"双峰"型,大叶黄杨为"单峰"型.(4)水分胁迫下,各荧光参数和光合作用参数变化均表明,大叶黄杨对土壤水分胁迫更为敏感.     

硒对铬胁迫下茄子生理特性及铬吸收的影响

为探讨硒对茄子中铬胁迫的缓解作用,采用土培盆栽方式,研究了不同铬胁迫水平下,施加不同浓度的硒对茄子生长、生理特性及铬吸收的影响。结果表明,随着铬浓度增加,单一铬处理植株生长明显受到抑制,铬毒害表现为株高、根长、根、茎、叶干重及叶绿素含量受抑制。随着铬浓度的增加,叶片中的叶绿素和可溶性蛋白呈下降趋势,丙二醛(MDA)含量呈上升趋势,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈先上升后下降的趋势。铬硒混合处理结果表明硒有减轻茄子铬毒害的作用,不同浓度的铬胁迫下,施加不同浓度的硒缓解效果不同,10,20,40,80mg/kg的铬处理下,分别施用12,24,48,48mg/kg的硒缓解效果较好,茄子的株高、根长、生物量均有所增加,叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量显著提高,丙二醛含量和植株体内铬的积累降低。     

Cu与模拟酸雨复合污染对酸模生理生化特性的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了Cu(0～1 500 mg/kg)和酸雨(pH为2.5～5.6)复合污染对酸模(Rumex aceto-saL.)生理生化特性的影响。结果表明,随着土壤Cu浓度和酸雨强度的增加,酸模的生物量和叶绿素含量逐渐下降;酸模根和地上部Cu的积累量都随土壤Cu浓度的增大而增加,分布规律为根茎叶,且酸雨能促进酸模对Cu的吸收;酸模叶中丙二醛含量(MDA)随Cu含量和酸雨强度的增大而增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性分别在Cu浓度为6 000 mg/kg和10 000 mg/kg范围内呈现上升趋势,表现出较强的适应能力,在高Cu浓度范围内酶活性下降,且酸雨能促进MDA含量和抗氧化酶活性的变化。从生理生化指标的反应可以看出,酸模对Cu和酸雨有很强的耐受能力,在酸雨地区Cu污染土壤的修复中具有很好的应用潜力。     

不同浓度Cr~(6+)处理下芹菜的铬累积量及生理特性

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度(0、5、15、40、60mg·kg-1)K2CrO4胁迫下芹菜生物量、各器官中铬累积量和叶片Vc、硝酸盐含量变化及铬胁迫对芹菜游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量等生理特性的影响。结果表明:(1)在低浓度铬(5mg·kg-1)处理下芹菜生物量无显著变化,而中、高浓度铬(40、60mg·kg-1)处理下芹菜地上部和根部干重极显著降低(P0.01),根冠比升高,耐性指数(TI)下降。(2)不同浓度Cr6+处理下芹菜地上部和根部铬含量均极显著增加(P0.01),根部对铬有较强的滞留作用;不同浓度处理下各器官对铬的积累量均为:根叶茎。(3)随着Cr6+处理浓度增加,芹菜叶片中丙二醛(MDA)、Pro、可溶性糖、硝酸盐含量呈增加趋势;叶绿素、Vc含量及根系活力呈现下降趋势;可溶性蛋白含量在低浓度下升高,在高浓度下逐渐降低。低浓度(5mg·kg-1)Cr6+处理对芹菜未产生明显影响,中、高浓度(40、60mg·kg-1)Cr6+处理对芹菜生长发育造成一定伤害。     

铬胁迫对烤烟生长和生理生化指标的影响

本文采用盆栽试验,研究了不同的重金属铬浓度(0、2、40、60、80mg·kg-1)对烤烟K326生长发育和某些生理生化指标的影响,分别测定移栽后25、50、75d烟株主要农艺性状(包括株高、叶片数、节距、茎围、最大叶长叶宽)、生物量、烟叶叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。结果表明:随着铬浓度增加,烟株主要农艺性状和生物量呈明显下降的趋势,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量也呈下降的趋势,POD和SOD活性显著下降,随着生育期延长,烟株主要农艺性状逐渐增大,烟叶叶绿素含量呈下降的趋势,SOD活性呈明显上升的趋势,POD活性在移栽50d时最高。     

采煤沉陷区NaHCO_3盐胁迫对文冠果叶片生理特性的影响

以NaHCO_3盐水灌溉30天后的文冠果叶片为材料,测定了细胞膜相对透性(RCM)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性糖(SS)含量、可溶性蛋白质(SP)含量和叶绿素(Chl)含量,综合评价了不同浓度盐胁迫对文冠果抗盐性的影响。结果表明:随着NaHCO_3盐胁迫浓度的增大,文冠果细胞膜相对透性由28.79%增加到了69.19%;不同浓度NaHCO_3盐胁迫下,叶片MDA含量均有不同程度的增大;随着NaHCO_3盐胁迫浓度的增大,POD活性先增加后减小再增加,SOD活性先减小后增加再减小;NaHCO_3盐胁迫下,文冠果叶片的SP含量随盐胁迫浓度的增大先增加后减小,均低于对照,SS浓度随着盐胁迫浓度增加呈先增加后减小的趋势,均高于对照,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量均呈先逐渐下降后又升高趋势;随着NaHCO_3盐胁迫浓度的增加,文冠果综合抗盐能力先减弱后增强再减弱,文冠果最大耐盐浓度为0.6%。     

Water Lettuce Pistia stratiotes L. Response to Lead Toxicity

The effects of one of the most toxic heavy metals, lead (Pb), applied in two different concentrations and combined with chelate application were investigated on the water macrophyte (Pistia stratiotes L.) physiology. The influences were observed by the chlorophyll and free amino acid content determination. Also the lead accumulation in macrophyte biomass was investigated to assess the potential efficiency of this plant for rhizofiltration of highly Pb-polluted water. Na EDTA and Na citrate were used as chelates and Pb(NO₃)₂ as lead supplement. The application of organic chelates simulated conditions of an induced phytoextraction process. Statistical analyses were performed as a one-way ANOVA with a subsequent Tukey HSD test at a level of P < 0.05. Pb contents in both root and leaf tissues gradually increased with increasing Pb concentrations in the nutrient solution. More lead was accumulated in leaves than in roots within all treatments. The total chlorophyll content decreased with increased Pb concentration and with a higher content of chelates. The chelate addition increased the total amino acid content in leaves but decreased the total amino acid content in roots. The addition of lead with chelates decreased the dry biomass weight. However, water macrophyte showed extremely high lead accumulation in biomass in the short term (up to 8 days) and this accumulation potential could be used for relatively fast and effective decrease of high concentration of this risk element in contaminated water or sewage.     

Bioaccumulation of Lead and the Effects of Lead on Catalase Activity,Glutathione Levels,and Chlorophyll Content in the Leaves of Wheat

Soil contamination with heavy metals can lead to losses in agricultural yield and affect human health as the metals enter the food chain, which has become a worldwide problem. Compared with other heavy metals, lead (Pb) contamination is high because of its long persistence in soil and highly toxic effects on crop production and human health. Wheat is the world's most widely grown cereal and can be cultivated in a wide range of soils. Recently, wheat has been grown widely in northern China. The aims of the present studies are to investigate the effect of Pb on antioxidative metabolisms and chlorophyll synthesis of wheat ‘Jinan No. 17.’ Moreover, calcium ion (Ca²⁺) levels and bioaccumulation of Pb in the leaves of wheat were investigated. The soil was artificially contaminated with different concentrations of Pb [0, 100, 500, and 2000 Pb mg kg^?1 dry weight (DW) soil as lead nitrate, Pb(NO₃)₂]. The catalase (CAT) activity and glutathion (GSH), chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents in the leaves of wheat were analyzed with a spectrophotometer at different stages of wheat growth. Calcium levels and bioaccumulation of Pb in the leaves of wheat were studied with inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SF-MS). The results indicated that Pb stress can increase the content of GSH in leaves of wheat, thereby affecting the activity of CAT. Both low and high concentrations of Pb stimulated chlorophyll synthesis at early stages of wheat growth and inhibited chlorophyll synthesis at later stages of wheat growth. Furthermore, Ca and Pb in leaves of wheat increased with increasing concentrations of Pb on day 34 as determined with ICP-SF-MS.     

黄杨叶色特性初步研究

通过对3个黄杨品种(大叶黄杨、金心黄杨、金边黄杨)的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花色苷进行测定和分析,认为金心黄杨和金边黄杨的黄色部分不是由类胡萝卜素的绝对含量增加或类胡萝卜素与叶绿素比值的提高形成的,而是由于黄色部分总色素特别是叶绿素含量降低而造成的。     

Evaluation of the Suitability of Sewage and Recycled Water for Irrigation of Ornamental Plants

The present study was conducted to evaluate the potential benefits and risks of the sewage water and recycled treated water on three ornamental plant species, including Umbrella plant (Cyperus alternifolius), Euonymus (Euonymus japonicas), and Dracaena (Cordyline terminalis). Plants in the pots were irrigated with equal volumes of water in 2-day intervals. Treatment plants were analyzed for sodium (Na), potassium (K), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and lead (Pb) concentrations, in roots and shoots. The experiment was conducted by using a completely randomized design (CRD) with five replications. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance technique and least significance difference (LSD) test was applied at 5% probability level. Plants species performed better in sewage water after recycled water, in terms of growth, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, and leaf thickness, which proved sewage water accelerates the growth and development of ornamental foliage plants, but plants irrigated with this water exhibited greater concentration of Pb than other treatments.     

Lead uptake,distribution, and remobilization in cucumber

Mobility and distribution of lead (Pb) were investigated in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) grown in solution culture. Based on the observation that Pb uptake is influenced by the chemical form of iron (Fe) (complexed or ionic) in the solution, Fe distribution was also determined. Iron concentration was even in the stem (separated to internodes) and petioles but slightly increased at the shoot tip while Pb concentration decreased upwards. In the leaves Fe concentration decreased upwards (whereas in the control it increased a little at the youngest leaves) while Pb concentration increased to the largest leaves then decreased towards the shoot tip. It is suggested that the distribution of Pb in cucumber is passive process and it accumulates in the apoplast while Fe distribution is determined by the requirements of synthetic processes in young or photosynthesizing tissues. Lead probably lowers Fe transport into the symplast in the leaves causing slight chlorosis at the youngest leaves. In the plants that were loaded with Pb, decapitated and rooted again in Pb‐free culture solution we found no significant remobilization of Pb which supports that Pb binds strongly to the binding sites in the apoplast or is detoxified in an immobile form.     

铅胁迫对芦竹抗氧化酶活性的影响

研究了在不同浓度Pb2+胁迫下,芦竹(Arund donax Linn.)体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)3种抗氧化酶活性随时间的变化情况。结果显示,芦竹遭受Pb2+胁迫初期,3种酶活性较对照值有明显增高;随着污染浓度加大和时间延长,3种酶活性又出现下降,降低程度与受污染浓度和时间有关。Pb2+胁迫初期,芦竹幼苗体内的抗氧化能力增强,表现出对抗氧化酶的激活效应,但随着植物生长,Pb2+在植物体内迁移,其叶片内抗氧化能力降低,表现出对抗氧化酶的抑制效应。抗氧化酶活性产生的效应强弱及维持期长短与Pb2+胁迫浓度有关,胁迫初期一般是Pb2+浓度高,抗氧化酶活性升高明显;胁迫后期Pb2+浓度低,活性维持期长。Pb2+胁迫对过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶的影响没有超氧化物歧化酶的影响显著,但3种酶活性的变化趋势基本一致。     

铅胁迫对杨梅生理特性的影响

通过水培试验,研究了不同浓度的铅胁迫对杨梅（Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.）叶片的叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量以及根系活力的影响。结果表明,在2 mmol·L^-1低铅条件下,杨梅叶片叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白质含量在30 d内与对照相比无显著性差异;叶片可溶性糖和MDA含量在2 mmol·L^-1低铅处理第10 d即比对照显著增加;根系活力在2 mmol·L^-1低铅胁迫处理20 d后比对照显著降低;叶片SOD和POD活性在2 mmol·L^-1低铅胁迫下活性随着处理时间的延长而呈先升后降的变化趋势,在低铅处理第20 d SOD 和POD活性达到最大。在6 mmol·L^-1高铅胁迫下,杨梅叶片的叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、SOD活性、POD活性、MDA含量以及根系活力均随着处理时间的延长而不断降低;而叶片可溶性糖含量在高铅处理30 d时比对照有所增加。综上所述,杨梅在低铅条件下可诱导活性氧清除系统以及叶片可溶性糖含量增加以减少由于铅胁迫带来的活性氧代谢失衡和缺水对植株的伤害。     

Effects of Lead,EDTA, and IAA on Nutrient Uptake by Alfalfa Plants

ABSTRACT

The element concentrations of alfalfa plants exposed for 10 d to 40 mg lead (Pb) L^{? 1} from lead nitrate [Pb(NO₃)₂] alone, or combined with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), was determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Indole-3-acetic acid at 10 μ M and Pb/EDTA/IAA at 10 μ M increased potassium (K) concentration in roots by 87% and 94%, respectively (P < 0.05). However, IAA at 100 μ M decreased K concentration in leaves (P < 0.05). Plants exposed to 100 μ M IAA, Pb/IAA at 100 μ M, and Pb/EDTA/IAA at 100 μ M had, respectively, 30%, 55%, and 40% more sulfur (S) in leaves than control plants (P < 0.05). Lead and Pb/IAA reduced Ca concentration in stems and leaves (P < 0.05). Conversely, Pb and Pb/EDTA increased Cu concentration in roots and stems. IAA at 100 μ M, Pb, and Pb/EDTA/IAA decreased Zn concentration in roots (P < 0.05). Manganese (Mn) and molybdenum (Mo) concentration in roots and stems was lower in plants treated with Pb and Pb/IAA (P < 0.05). Pb and Pb/IAA reduced (P < 0.05) the iron (Fe) concentration in roots. However, the addition of EDTA and IAA at 10 μ M reduced the negative effects of Pb on Fe absorption.