铅锌矿区先锋植物野艾蒿对重金属的吸收与富集特征

采用野外采样系统分析法,研究了不同年限废弃地野艾蒿对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的富集与分布。结果表明,不同年限废弃地土壤中重金属的含量随着废弃年限的增加而减少,野艾蒿对Zn和Pb的富集量较大,不同年限废弃地中野艾蒿和土壤Cu、Zn和Pb的含量之间呈极显著正相关,野艾蒿对重金属的吸收、富集有随土壤中重金属含量升高而增加的趋势。野艾蒿的不同部位在不同年限废弃地中累积不同重金属的能力不同,除3 a废弃地野艾蒿中Pb的含量地上部分小于地下部分外,其他环境中重金属含量都表现为地上部分大于地下部分。野艾蒿对4种重金属都有不同程度的转运能力,Cu在不同年限废弃地的生物富集系数均为最大,野艾蒿对Cu、Cd转运能力较强。野艾蒿根系对Pb有弱的滞留效应为36.59%,对Cu、Cd、Zn没有滞留效应。综合分析结果表明,野艾蒿能吸收富集多种重金属并且具有耐重金属的特性,基于其具有生物量较大、生长速度快的特点,作为重金属污染的修复植物具有较好的应用前景。     

超积累植物吸收重金属机理的研究进展

综述了近十年来研究超积累植物吸收和储藏重金属的机理以及影响超积累植物吸收重金属的根际环境因素的进展，以期推动国内在这一国际热点领域的研究。     

超积累植物吸收重金属的生理及分子机制

超积累植物从根际吸收重金属 ,并将其转移和积累到地上部 ,这一过程包括跨根细胞质膜运输、从根表皮细胞向中柱的横向运输、从根系的中柱薄壁细胞装载到木质部导管、木质部长途运输、从木质部卸载到叶细胞 (跨叶细胞膜运输 )、跨叶细胞的液泡膜运输等主要环节和调控位点。本文就近十年来这方面的研究进展作一综述     

间作条件下超积累和非超积累植物对重金属镉的积累研究

通过温室盆栽试验,研究了超积累植物龙葵、非超积累植物黑麦草、苋菜分别与玉米间作条件下对重金属Cd的积累特性。结果表明,几种间作作物中地上部生物量最大的是龙葵,其次是苋菜,最小的是黑麦草,其中土壤Cd浓度为1.59 mg/kg时,龙葵地上部生物量分别是苋菜、黑麦草的2.41、10.6倍;土壤Cd浓度为1.92 mg/kg时,龙葵地上部生物量分别是苋菜、黑麦草的2.42、9.06倍,3种富集植物地上部生物量的差异达到显著水平。玉米间作条件下超积累植物龙葵各器官中Cd含量表现为叶茎籽粒根,即地上部大于根部;而苋菜中Cd含量表现为根茎叶,黑麦草中Cd含量表现为根部地上部,即非超积累植物Cd含量为根部大于地上部。土壤中Cd含量为1.59 mg/kg时,龙葵地上部Cd累积量分别为苋菜、黑麦草的28.0、59.9倍;龙葵的富集系数是苋菜、黑麦草的28.2、59.3倍,转运系数分别是苋菜、黑麦草的8.08、55.9倍。土壤中Cd含量为1.92 mg/kg时,龙葵地上部Cd累积量分别为苋菜、黑麦草的30.8、43.5倍;龙葵的富集系数分别是苋菜、黑麦草的29.4、41.4倍,转运系数分别是苋菜、黑麦草的7.98、53.6倍。综上可知,超积累植物龙葵对土壤中Cd的吸收与转运能力远远大于非超积累植物苋菜、黑麦草,龙葵是最理想的与玉米间作的Cd污染土壤修复的植物修复材料。     

超积累植物

本文介绍了超积累植物的概念、分类和研究意义，回顾了国外超积累植物的研究历史，概述了当今的研究现状和未来的发展趋势。     

超富集植物对稀土元素吸收转运解毒与分异的研究进展

稀土是重要的战略资源,在现代高科技行业和农业生产中发挥着重要的作用。随着稀土需求量的与日俱增,稀土矿山开发加剧,产生了大面积的稀土废弃尾砂地进而污染农田,对当地生态环境和居民健康构成威胁。植物采矿是指在金属污染地上种植超富集植物,在恢复植被和修复污染土壤的同时,还可通过收割地上部实现金属回收利用,是一种原位和低成本的污染土壤修复手段。探究超富集植物重金属富集机理是实现植物采矿的基础,但相对于Ni、Zn、As等超富集植物的研究,稀土超富集植物吸收转运和耐受稀土机制的研究仍然缺乏。本文结合近年国内外研究,从植物富集稀土的四个关键过程综述超富集植物对稀土的吸收、转运和分布解毒机制以及与稀土分异之间的关系,并提出超富集植物中稀土分异的概念模型。     

不同来源蜈蚣草吸收富集砷的特征及植物修复效率的探讨

蜈蚣草是一种As的超富集植物,在As污染土壤的植物修复上具有极大的潜力.对中国南方广泛分布的蜈蚣草及其生长的土壤的As含量、形态及土壤理化性质的调查分析表明,蜈蚣草生长的土壤As含量范围为33.7～1396 mg/kg,相应地,蜈蚣草地上部As含量范围为48.5～1104 mg/kg.除阳离子交换量(CEC)外,不同采样地区蜈蚣草生长土壤的理化性质指标,包括pH、总有机质(TOM)和质地均存在显著性差异,反映野外蜈蚣草可生长在不同性质的土壤上.基于回归分析的预测模型显示,蜈蚣草对As污染土壤的植物修复效率随土壤As含量的增加而逐渐降低,蜈蚣草较适用于轻度As污染土壤的修复,对于高As污染土壤,需结合其他修复措施.     

砷胁迫对不同砷富集能力植物叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用室内水培试验方法,研究了砷胁迫（0～50mgAs·L^-1）对砷超富集植物大叶井口边草（Pteris cretica vat．nervosa）和非砷超富集植物剑叶凤尾蕨（Pteris ensiformis）叶片的过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性以及丙二醛（MDA）含量和自由基0i·产生速率的影响,并研究了25mgAs·L^-处理下上述6种指标的时间动态。结果表明,随着砷浓度升高,除APX外,剑叶凤尾蕨叶片的CAT、POD和SOD活性受到很大抑制,而大叶井口边草叶片这3种酶的活性能够维持,特别是POD活性显著增加;大叶井口边草叶片的MDA含量降低,剑叶凤尾蕨则升高;剑叶凤尾蕨叶片中的O2^-·产生速率比大叶井口边草增加显著。从时间动态看,随处理时间的延长,大叶井口边草叶片中的CAT和APX活性先降低再升高,POD活性显著增加,SOD活性变化不显著;剑叶凤尾蕨叶片的POD和SOD活性显著降低,APX活性无显著变化,CAT活性则先降低后升高;两种供试植物叶片的MDA含量第6d时均出现明显下降,但大叶井口边草叶片中O2^-·的产生速率在第6d则显著增加,而后降至实验初始时的水平。总起来看,砷超富集植物大叶井口边草比非砷超富集植物剑叶凤尾蕨具有更强的抗氧化能力,并且POD在其抗氧化体系中起关键作用。     

锌胁迫对重金属富集植物黑麦草养分吸收和锌积累的影响

采用土培根袋试验研究了锌胁迫对重金属富积累植物黑麦草4个品种生长，N、P、K养分及Zn吸收积累的影响。结果表明，Zn在一定范围内（0～520mg／kg）促进了黑麦草生长，RTI（根系耐性指数）≥1.0（0～520mg／kg Zn^2＋）。在Zn^2＋≤260mg／kg（根系）或Zn^2＋≤520mg／kg（地上部）时，黑麦草吸收N、P、K并未受到抑制。植株地上部和根系最大N、P、K含量大多出现在生物量最大或次高的260，520mg／kg Zn^2＋处理中。黑麦草植株Zn含量随Zn胁迫的增加而增加，以泰德植株Zn含量和对Zn的转运率最高（其植株Zn地上部最大含量为583.9mg／kg DW，加Zn处理的S／R〉1）。     

红麻对Cu和Cu-EDDS的吸收和富集

生物可降解特性螯合剂[S,S]-乙二胺二琥珀酸(EDDS),被推荐用作污染土壤强化植物修复中的重金属活化试剂。我国能源经济作物红麻具有较高的地上生物产量,可望用于重金属污染土壤的植物吸取修复或稳定修复。通过水培试验研究了红麻对水培营养液中Cu及Cu-EDDS的吸收和富集效应。试验结果表明,能源植物红麻各组织中Cu的富集浓度依次为:根>叶>茎(皮)。扫描电镜-能谱分析表明,红麻根系从水培溶液中吸收的Cu主要经木质部导管向地上部运输。EDDS处理及Cu/EDDS摩尔比<1时,对红麻生长无急性植物毒性。红麻纤维皮层内Cu含量低于其他组织内的Cu含量,并低于纺织产品Cu含量标准(HJBZ30-2000)。预测在Cu污染土壤上种植红麻,可望实现红麻纤维的安全生产,同时有可能实现对轻度Cu污染土壤的植物稳定和吸取修复。     

Quantification of Dry-Matter Accumulation and Nutrient Uptake Pattern of Short Day Onion (Allium cepa L.)

Understanding the physiology of dry-matter accumulation and nutrient uptake pattern of an onion crop is an essential criteria for optimizing fertilizer practices. An experiment was conducted to estimate the dry-matter accumulation and nutrient uptake pattern of short day onion. The dry-matter accumulation and nutrient uptake followed the sigmoid growth curve pattern. Uptake of nitrogen and potassium was slow for the first 15 days followed by rapid uptake from 15 to 60 days after transplanting and accounted for 76.2–78.2% of total uptake. Takeup of phosphorus, sulfur, manganese, zinc, and copper uptake was greater during 30 to 75 days after transplanting and accounted for 64.9–70.6% of total uptake. The deficiency of nutrients during these period reduces the crop yield significantly. The dry-matter accumulation and nutrient-uptake pattern reported in this study provide an opportunity for optimizing quantity and timing of nutrient application through fertilizers for short day onions.     

Influence of Phosphate on the Arsenic Uptake by Wheat (Triticum durum L.) Irrigated with Arsenic Solutions at Three Different Concentrations

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - In the present paper, electrocoagulation (EC) has been employed for the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction of a distillery wastewater...     

Arsenic Accumulation in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties of Bangladesh: A Glass House Study

A glass house study was conducted to investigate the accumulation of arsenic in tissues of five widely cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties of Bangladesh namely BRRI dhan 28, BRRI dhan 29, BRRI dhan 35, BRRI dhan 36, BRRI hybrid dhan 1. Arsenic concentrations were measured in straw, husk and brown and polish rice grain to see the differential accumulation of arsenic among the rice varieties. The results showed that the concentrations of arsenic in different parts of all rice varieties increased significantly (p?<?0.05) with the increase of its concentrations in soil. The rice varieties did not showed significant differences in arsenic accumulation in straw, husk, brown and polish grain when the concentrations of arsenic in soil was low. However, at higher concentrations of arsenic in soil, different rice varieties showed significant differences in the accumulations of arsenic in straw, husk and grain. Significantly higher concentrations of arsenic in straw and husk of rice were observed in BRRI hybrid dhan 1 compared to those of other verities. The BRRI dhan 28 and 35 concentrated significantly higher amount of arsenic in brown and polish rice grain compared to those of other rice varieties. The results imply that arsenic translocation from root to shoot (straw) and husk was higher in hybrid variety compared to those of non-hybrid varieties. Arsenic concentrations in brown and polish rice grain of five rice varieties were found to follow the trend: BRRI dhan 28 > BRRI dhan 35 > BRRI dhan 36 > BRRI dhan 29 > BRRI hybrid dhan 1. The order of arsenic contents in tissues of rice was: straw > husk > brown rice grain > polish rice grain.     

大白菜与结球甘蓝种间异源多倍体的鉴定

利用异源多倍体作为桥梁材料是克服远缘杂交障碍,创制新种质和进行品种改良的一种重要途径.本研究对已获得的大白菜(Brassica campestrisL.ssp.pekinensis (Lour.) Olsson)与结球甘蓝(Brassica oleracea var.capitata L.)种间异源四倍体和异源三倍体,利用形态学、解剖学、分子标记及细胞学等方法进行比较鉴定.研究表明,多倍体在植株形态、花器官和气孔大小等方面均表现出巨大性和超亲优势,其中四倍体比三倍体表现普遍更明显.多倍体的气孔密度显著的低于双亲.多倍体花粉生活力比双亲降低,四倍体花粉活力为81.56％,三倍体的花粉活力仅有18.78％.多倍体自交结实性明显低于双亲,四倍体自交结实率仅为0.28％;四倍体作为母本与大白菜杂交结籽率比其反交要高,是反交的2.11倍,以三倍体为母本或父本时与大白菜杂交,结实均非常低,且三倍体自交未获得种子.相关序列扩增多态性(SRAP)标记结果表明,多倍体中包含了双亲的遗传信息,但分f标记并不能区分四倍体与三倍体.细胞学观察显示,四倍体的染色体数目为2n=4x=38,三倍体的染色体数目为2n=3x=29.大白菜-结球甘蓝异源多倍体的鉴定为进一步大白菜品种改良和新种质的创制提供了基础资料.     

Effect of Superphosphate and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus mosseae on Phosphorus and Arsenic Uptake in Lentil (Lens culinaris L.)

Arsenic (As)-contaminated irrigation water is responsible for high As levels in soils and crops in many parts of the world, particularly in the Bengal Delta, Bangladesh and West Bengal, India. While arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi markedly improve phosphorus (P) uptake, they can also alleviate metal toxicity. In this study, the effects of superphosphate and inoculation with the AM fungus Glomus mosseae on P and As uptake of lentil were investigated. Plant height, shoot dry weight, shoot/root P concentration, and shoot P content increased due to mycorrhizal inoculation. However, As concentration in roots/shoots and root As content were reduced, plant height, shoot dry weight, shoot/root P concentration/content, and root As concentration and content increased due to superphosphate application. Root P concentration decreased with increasing As concentration. It was apparent that As concentration and content in shoots/roots increased with increasing As concentration in irrigation water. Superphosphate interaction with G. mosseae reduced the role of mycorrhizal infection in terms of enhancing P nutrition and reducing uptake of potentially toxic As into plant parts. The role and relationship of mycorrhizal in respect of P nutrition and As remediation efficiency in plant parts was established. In conclusion, it was worth alluding to that lentil with AM fungal inoculation can reduce As uptake and improve P nutrition. However, in retrospect superphosphate increased P and As uptake and decreased the role of the mycorrhizal association. This resulted in stimulating increased P uptake while decreasing As uptake in lentil.     

Heavy Metal Accumulation in Soil Amended with Roadside Pond Sediment and Uptake by Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The effect of addition of roadside pond sediments on heavy metal contents of flooded rice paddies was studied to investigate the yield of rice and uptake of heavy metal by rice straw and grain. Sequential extraction of heavy metals on sediments shows that the percentage contribution of metals in the labile fraction follows the order lead (Pb, 48%) > copper (Cu, 42%) > zinc (Zn, 31%) > cadmium (Cd, 16%) > chromium (Cr, 9%) > nickel (Ni, 6%). The risk assessment code (RAC) for pond sediment revealed that Cr and Ni were found in the low-risk zone, Zn and Cd in the medium-risk zone, and Cu and Pb in the high-risk zone. However, though the heavy metal concentration in rice grain does not exceed the range acceptable for human consumption, it still represents a significant additional source of heavy metals in the diet. The addition of pond sediment significantly increased the rice yield over control. Therefore, pond sediment would be a valuable resource for agriculture if it is properly used.     

植物油脂包膜尿素的氮素释放及其对黑麦草养分吸收利用的影响

以环境友好的植物油脂为包膜材料制得2种包膜尿素,连续溶出试验以商品包膜尿素(CCU)为对照,测定POU1、POU2的氮素释放状况,盆栽试验设不施肥处理(CK)、不施氮处理(PK)、普通尿素处理(NU)、商品包膜尿素处理(CCU)、自制包膜尿素处理(POU1、POU2),研究新型包膜尿素对多年生黑麦草养分吸收及氮素利用状况的影响。溶出试验结果表明,POU1、POU2的氮素累积溶出量显著低于CCU(P<0.05),且POU2显著低于POU1(P<0.05);在等氮处理条件下,施用POU2处理的黑麦草地上部含氮量明显高于NU处理,甚至达到显著水平(P<0.05),3次刈割后,POU1、POU2处理的黑麦草地上部总干物量和氮、磷、钾总积累量显著高于NU处理(P<0.05)。另外,POU1、POU2处理的黑麦草氮肥表观利用率明显高于NU处理(P<0.05)或CCU处理。植物油脂包膜尿素,尤其是POU2,能改善黑麦草氮素营养状况,增加黑麦草地上部氮、磷、钾的吸收,促进黑麦草生长。说明植物油脂可以作为包膜材料,植物油脂包膜尿素可视为新型缓释尿素。     

Uptake and Accumulation Characteristics of Arsenic and Iron Plaque in Rice at Different Growth Stages

Arsenic (As) uptake by rice plants and its toxicity to human beings have caused worldwide concerns. Investigating the characteristics of As accumulation in rice in relation to root surface iron plaque during the whole growth of rice would provide important information for devising measures to mitigate rice As uptake in As-polluted areas. Uptake and accumulation characteristics of As in rice at different growth stages as well as iron plaque on rice root surfaces were investigated in a pot culture experiment in a greenhouse. The results showed that As concentrations in roots, stems, and leaves increased with rice growth, while As concentration in spikelets decreased with grain development: 53.63% of As content in leaves, 61.51% in spikelets, and 82.09% in stems were found at both the jointing and booting stages, which suggested that the two stages were the key stages of As uptake. Root surface iron plaque at different growth stages was extracted by DCB (dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate). DCB-extractable iron (Fe) and DCB-extractable As were significantly increased with rice growth (P < 0.001), and there was a significant positive correlation between DCB-extractable Fe and As (P < 0.001), indicating that iron plaque was very important to sequester As on rice root surfaces.     

Influence of lupin (Lupinus luteus L. cv. 4492 and Lupinus angustifolius L. var. zapaton) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) germination on microbial population and biogenic amines

Microbial population and bioactive amine profile and levels of two lupin species (Lupinus luteus L. cv. 4492 and Lupinus angustifolius L. var. zapaton) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds as affected by germination were investigated. Microbial population increased considerably mainly in the first stage of germination (2 days), then small changes in bacterial numbers were observed up to 5 days to levels between 7.8 and 8.9 log colony-forming units/g. Microorganisms belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family were dominant for the legumes tested. Ungerminated legume seeds contained putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine, and spermine. Bioactive amine levels found in fenugreek seeds were between 3- and 4-fold higher than those found in lupin seeds. The highest total amine levels were found in fenugreek seeds [162 mg/kg of dry weight (dw)], followed by L. angustifolius var. zapaton seeds (84 mg/kg of dw) and, finally, L. luteus cv. 4492 (46 mg/kg of dw) seeds. The concentration of individual amines showed a gradual rising trend during the germination period in all tested sprouts, reaching levels >3 times higher than those found in ungerminated seeds. After 5 days of germination, the fenugreek sprouts contained the highest amount of total bioactive amines. Tyramine was the predominant amine in both lupin varieties, whereas cadaverine was the main bioactive amine detected in fenugreek. The results of this work thus indicated that microbial population and biogenic amine levels in the studied lupin and fenugreek sprouts are not a risk for healthy consumers or for individuals with restricted activity of detoxification enzymes.