斯卑尔脱(T.spelta)小麦和莫迦小麦(T.macha)1BS染色体对K 型小麦不育系育性恢复和几个重要性状的影响

为了明确斯卑尔脱(T.spelta)小麦和莫迦小麦(T.macha)1BS染色体对K型小麦不育系育性恢复等的影响,利用1B/1R 小麦K 型不育系K3314A 、YS型小麦温敏雄性不育系YS3314和YM型小麦温敏雄性不育系YM3314进行秋播、春播试验,考察3种类型不育系育性对温度的反应,并分别与普通小麦品种(系) 90(13)21、L783、温6、陕354和邯6172杂交, 测定和比较其F1的恢复性、单倍体发生频率和几个重要农艺性状.结果表明,YS3314和YM3314秋播完全雄性不育,春播则自交结实,K3314秋播、春播皆雄性不育,说明T.spelta和T.macha的1BS染色体导入使K3314A 获得温敏特性.YM型小麦温敏雄性不育系比YS型小麦温敏雄性不育系和1B/1R 类型不育系更易恢复; YS型小麦温敏雄性不育系其杂交F1产生极少或不产生单倍体,且在单株有效穗数和有效小穗数等性状上具有明显的优势,YM型小麦温敏不育系则在穗粒数上具有明显的优势.     

斯卑尔脱（T.spelta）小麦和莫迦小麦（Lmacha）1BS染色体对K型小麦不育系育性恢复和几个重要性状的影响

为了明确斯卑尔脱（T．spelta）小麦和莫迦小麦（T．macha）1BS染色体对K型小麦不育系育性恢复等的影响,利用1B／1R小麦K型不育系K3314A、YS型小麦温敏雄性不育系YS3314和YM型小麦温敏雄性不育系YM3314进行秋播、春播试验,考察3种类型不育系育性对温度的反应,并分别与普通小麦品种（系）90（13）21、L783、温6、陕354和邯6172杂交,测定和比较其F1的恢复性、单倍体发生频率和几个重要农艺性状。结果表明,Y$3314和YM3314秋播完全雄性不育,春播则自交结实,K3314秋播、春播皆雄性不育,说明T．spelta和T．macha的1BS染色体导入使K3314A获得温敏特性。YM型小麦温敏雄性不育系比YS型小麦温敏雄性不育系和1B／1R类型不育系更易恢复;YS型小麦温敏雄性不育系其杂交F1产生极少或不产生单倍体,且在单株有效穗数和有效小穗数等性状上具有明显的优势,YM型小麦温敏不育系则在穗粒数上具有明显的优势。     

玉米C型胞质雄性不育系POD、CAT、SOD活性及POD酶谱分析

以玉米C型雄性不育系C478及其保持系478、恢复系H01为材料,对叶片以及雄穗小花的过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性和过氧化物酶同工酶谱进行比较研究。结果表明：玉米叶片在生长过程中,不育系与保持系和恢复系叶片中的POD活性有明显差异;CAT活性在抽雄期相差不大;不育系每个时期的SOD活性均显著高于保持系。玉米雄穗发育过程中,不育系雄穗小花的POD活性高于保持系和恢复系,不育系雄穗小花刚开始孕育穗长不超过5 cm(时期I)时CAT的活性显著高于保持系与恢复系,不育系雄穗小花孕育完全但没抽出(时期II)时SOD活性明显低于其保持系。玉米抽雄期和开花期的不育系与保持系、恢复系叶片中的酶谱差异明显。     

一个水稻育性相关基因在小麦雄性不育系中的表达

为了确定小麦中一个编码与水稻光温敏雄性不育有关的酶的基因（FJ803924）是否与小麦雄性不育系的育性有关,采用半定量PCR和电泳分析,测定了此基因在人工控温下生长的5种小麦（非1B/1R 类K型不育系732A 及其保持系732B、YS型温敏雄性不育小麦A3017、1B/1R 类K 型不育系K3314A 及其保持系3314B）不同时期幼穗中的表达量变化趋势。结果表明,此基因在高、低温处理下在732A和A3017中出现较明显的表达量差异,而在另外几种小麦中表达量变化差异不明显。此基因在不同小麦中的表达受温度影响的程度不同,与小麦育性的关系也不尽相同。     

5种细胞质雄性不育小麦败育过程中活性氧代谢保护酶的响应

为了解异质雄性不育小麦败育过程中活性氧代谢中几种保护酶的变化特点,以5种小麦雄性不育系U116A、Ju116A、Va116A、C6116A、K116A及其相应保持系116B为材料,分析了小麦雄性不育系在花药不同发育时期的过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性与保持系的差异。结果表明,不育花药的POD活性自单核早期后均比同一发育时期的可育花药高;自单核晚期开始,不育系CAT活性总体上呈下降趋势,而可育系则呈升高趋势;受试材料花药中SOD活性总体呈上升趋势,且不育系高于保持系。经差异分析,不育系U116A、Ju116A、Va116A、C6116A的败育关键期是单核晚期,而K116A的败育关键期则是单核晚期至二核期。以上结果说明,5种异质小麦雄性败育时期有所不同,并且雄性育性与POD、CAT和SOD活性密切相关。     

玉米光温敏雄性不育系CB1208-82的生理生化代谢研究

自交系"CB1208-82"是浙江大学新发现的玉米光温敏雄性不育材料,探究其雄性不育的生理生化机制,测定其不育株/可育株在雄穗不同发育时期叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的活性和O~(2-)产生速率、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、叶绿素、可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量。结果表明,从整体上看,不育株叶片中的抗氧化酶活性总是低于同期可育株,并且不育株叶片中的MDA和H_2O_2含量、O~(2-)产生速率高于同期可育株,说明叶片中抗氧化酶活性低、活性氧积累多可能是引起雄性不育的原因之一。不育株叶片中的叶绿素、脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量均低于同时期的可育株,特别是在雄穗发育初期可溶性糖含量显著低于可育株,说明光合效率低及营养物质缺乏可能会导致雄穗发育异常。     

河南主推小麦品种对低温胁迫的生理响应及耐寒性分析

为探讨不同小麦品种对春季低温胁迫的响应,以郑麦366、郑麦7698、矮抗58等12个河南省主推小麦品种为试验材料,研究了拔节期低温(-6℃)和孕穗期低温(0℃)处理对不同小麦品种叶片生理指标、产量及其构成要素的影响,分析了寒害级别与各生理指标增幅之间的相关性。结果表明,幼穗发育进程慢的强耐寒性小麦品种的叶片中可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在低温条件下的增幅大于幼穗发育进程快的弱耐寒性品种,丙二醛(MDA)含量的增幅表现出相反的趋势。拔节期和孕穗期低温处理,使供试小麦品种的有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重以及产量均下降,拔节期低温对有效穗数和千粒重的影响更为严重,孕穗期低温对穗粒数和产量的影响更为严重。拔节期低温引起的小麦叶片可溶性蛋白含量、脯氨酸含量、SOD活性、CAT活性和MDA含量的增幅与小麦所受寒害级别呈显著或极显著相关;孕穗期低温引起的小麦叶片可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性和MDA含量的增幅与小麦所受寒害级别呈显著或极显著相关。这些结果说明,不同小麦品种的耐寒性强弱在拔节期和孕穗期的表现并不一致,与寒害水平显著相关的生理指标也有差异,应结合两个时期的综合表现评价小麦品种春季的耐寒性。     

温光敏核雄性不育小麦花药中保护酶活性的变化

为了揭示温光型核雄性不育小麦花粉败有的生化机制1，比较研究了温光型细胞核雄性不育小麦C49S的不育和可育花药在不同发育时期的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），过氧化氢酶（CAT），过氧化物酶（POD）的活性丙二醛（MDA），可溶性蛋白质含量的变化。结果表明，温光型核雄不育小麦不育花药SOD活性在花粉母细胞减数分裂期至小孢子早期的下降速率是可育花药的4．34－4．35倍，在成熟花粉期，可育花药的活性比不育花药高1－2倍，不育花药的CAT活性从花粉母细胞到小孢子中期有一定程度的下降；发育早期，不育花药MDA含量极显著高于可育花药；在花药发育的整个过程中，不育花药的POD活性一直比同一发育时期的可育花药高；可育花药中的可溶性蛋白质含量显著高于不育花药。以上结果说明，温光型核雄不育小麦C49S在早播低温短日照条件下，花药中有机自由基酶保护系统遭到破坏，花药中膜酯过氧化作用加剧，生化代谢出现异常，是其花粉败育的重要原因。     

玉米C型胞质雄性不育系C联848败育的生理机制初探

以玉米C型雄性不育系C联848及其保持系H19为研究对象,对两者叶片中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶的活性,丙二醛含量进行研究比较。结果表明,C联848的花药都不外露,形状瘦小萎缩,饱满度较差,剥开花药未发现花粉粒存在,通过碘染镜检未发现可育花粉粒,不育系C联848经多年多季种植,在不同世代,未发现有可育植株存在。在生长发育的各个时期不育系叶片中超氧化物酶(SOD)活性都低于保持系。从苗期至拔节期,不育系与保持系叶片中过氧化物酶(POD)活性都略有上升,差异并不显著;当玉米由营养生长转入生殖生长,不育系叶片中的POD活性迅速上升,且与保持系差异显著,并且不育系叶片中的POD活性始终都高于保持系;在玉米转入生殖生长后,不育系叶片中的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增长缓慢,远低于保持系中CAT的活性,且在吐丝期两者差异最为显著。玉米生长发育的各个时期,不育系叶片中的丙二醛(MDA)含量均高于保持系,在抽雄期差异最为显著。     

非1B/1R和1B/1R类型K型小麦雄性不育系幼穗部分生理指标的变化

为了揭示非1B/1R及1B/1R类型K型小麦雄性不育系雄性败育的生化机制,在不同发育时期对K型非1B/1R小麦雄性不育系KTSP3314A及同型保持系TPS3314B与K型1B/1R小麦雄性不育系K3314A及同型保持系3314B幼穗中游离氨基酸总量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖和淀粉含量进行了测定.结果表明,非1B/1R类型的K型不育系幼穗的这些生理指标与1B/1R类型K型小麦雄性不育系的变化不同.1B/1R类型不育系除可溶性糖含量在整个发育时期与其同型保持系差别不明显外,其它物质的含量在单核小孢子时期均差异明显;非1B/1R类型不育系这四种物质含量在二核小孢子时期均差异较大.由此说明,这两类K型不育系的雄性败育进程有所不同,非1B/1R类型K型不育系的雄性败育时间晚于1B/1R类型K型不育系,并在雄性败育的过程中伴随着部分生理指标的变化.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.