桑沟湾不同区域养殖栉孔扇贝的固碳速率

测定桑沟湾深水区、浅水区栉孔扇贝固碳量,并进行固碳速率的标准化处理,增加了与陆地生态系统固碳率的可比性,分析了栉孔扇贝在不同养殖区的固碳速率及其主要控制因素。研究显示,对于同一养殖种类,深水区生物固碳的速率比浅水区高两倍。不同区域,贝类壳碳及软体部中碳的含量没有显著性差异,导致区域性差异的主要原因是由于生长速度、养殖密度及存活率的不同而导致单位面积的产量存在差异。养殖栉孔扇贝的固碳速率可与森林相媲美。另外,贝类的养殖活动与浅海生态系统的碳循环之间关系复杂,需要加强贝类的摄食、呼吸、生物沉积、钙化等整个生理生态学过程研究。     

栉孔扇贝对春季桑沟湾颗粒有机物的摄食压力

由于养殖密度和产量较高,滤食性扇贝的养殖活动对海洋碳循环的影响引起人们的关注。不仅收获贝类能够从海域中移出大量的颗粒有机碳（particle organic carbon,POC）,而且,在贝类养殖过程中（滤食、呼吸、排粪等生理活动）也对养殖海区的POC产生较大的影响。目前,国内、外学者就贻贝养殖的碳氮通量、虾夷扇贝的碳收支情况、生物沉降及其对底栖生物群落的影响、养殖贝类对浮游植物和悬浮颗粒物的摄食等方面进行了广泛的研究。但是,养殖栉孔扇贝对我国主要养殖海区桑沟湾POC的摄食压力未见报道。     

栉孔扇贝对春季桑沟湾颗粒有机物的摄食压力

中华鳖（Trionyx sinensis）是我国和东南亚地区的主要特种水产养殖品种之一。浙江省是开展中华鳖工厂化养殖较早的地区。目前约占全国产量的60％以上。但随着集约化程度的提高，水质恶化等因素，导致其免疫机能衰退，疾病发生日趋严重，阻碍了养鳖业的进一步发展。其中以嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila）引起的中华鳖出血性败血症尤为严重。传统上主要依靠抗生素、含氯剂等药物防治该病，虽能在一定程度上起到防治作用，但是随着药物大量、长期的使用会造成环境污染、细菌耐药性和药物残留的产生。     

桑沟湾栉孔扇贝大规模死亡原因分析

在对桑沟湾发生的栉孔扇贝大规模死亡现象进行现场调查研究基础上，从种质、生态、环境等方面对死亡原因进行了分析。认为其主要原因是栉孔扇贝生殖盛期能量大量消耗，降低了抵抗外界不利环境和疾病的能力；而种质退化、高温、养殖密度过高、附着生物及疾病也是造成扇贝大规模死亡的诱发原凼。     

桑沟湾贝藻养殖区附着生物群落季节演替研究

从2007年5月～2008年4月,采用悬挂试网和直接从海区采集栉孔扇贝养殖笼样品两种方法,对桑沟湾贝藻养殖区的附着生物群落结构和季节演替规律进行了研究。结果显示,桑沟湾附着生物群落结构复杂,本实验鉴定的大型附着生物23种,玻璃海鞘、柄海鞘和紫贻贝是群落中的优势种。附着生物的生物量呈现明显的季节变化特征,试网上附着生物湿重与温度变化相关,生物量为0.003～1.21kg/m2,其中2月和8月分别具有最小和最大值。栉孔扇贝养殖笼的附着生物生物量9月为1.94kg/笼,之后随温度下降而减少,10月为0.99kg/笼,之后又有所上升,11月份为1.03kg/笼。生物量变化主要是由于优势种的演替引起的,随温度下降海鞘类逐渐消退,贻贝等成为优势种。     

胶州湾栉孔扇贝大规模死亡的流行病学调查

2 0 0 0年 1月 - 12月 ,跟踪调查了胶州湾养殖栉孔扇贝大规模死亡情况 ,对养殖海域环境因子进行了测定 ,并对大规模死亡期间发病栉孔扇贝进行了病理学观察。调查结果显示 ,胶州湾养殖栉孔扇贝大规模死亡呈暴发性并集中在 7月下旬的高水温期。发病高峰期在 7月 2 1日至 7月 2 7日 ,最高时点患病率达 14 .5 % ,7月份的月死亡率为 5 8.0 %。至 8月 3日累积死亡率达 90 .0 % ,患病贝死亡率接近 10 0 %。发病期扇贝壳高平均为 5 .0± 0 .9cm。,养殖栉孔扇贝半数死亡时间在 7月 2 3日。通过对水环境因子、病原性生物因子的调查分析及病理学观察表明 ,栉孔扇贝的大规模死亡可能是由生物性因子 (病毒 )所致 ,而与环境中理化因子可能无直接的相关关系     

6-DMAP诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育二倍体机理研究

采用多聚甲醛固定、免疫荧光染色的方法,在荧光显微镜下对栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)正常发育受精卵和6-DMAP第二极体抑制型雌核发育卵受精过程中纺锤体变化以及雌雄原核的移动过程进行了观察。结果显示,正常发育受精卵内微管能聚合形成纺锤体并牵引中期染色体移向两极,依次排出第一极体、第二极体,雌雄原核融合为合子核,进行第一次卵裂。雌核发育受精卵内,随6-DMAP处理时间的延长,星体微管消失,纺锤体被拉长变得扁平,最终导致中期纺锤体解散,第二极体的形成被抑制;6-DMAP处理过程中,受精卵中的精核始终处于皮层区域,不能形成雄原核,雌原核和精核几乎不移动,去除6-DMAP后,雌原核和精核恢复移动,但移动速度与对照组相比要慢。     

异源精子诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育二倍体适宜参数的探索

采用照射强度为1500μw/cm2的紫外线对长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)精子照射60s,将处理后的精子分别与长牡蛎和栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)的卵子进行受精试验,受精后11.5h用浓度为60mg/L的6-DMAP对栉孔扇贝受精卵分别持续处理15、20、25、30min,运用热滴片法对各实验组进行倍性检测。结果表明,长牡蛎同源单倍体组中单倍体率为75.6%;栉孔扇贝异源单倍体组中单倍体率为14.7%,最佳药物持续处理时间为20min,其二倍体率为24.1%;异源诱导栉孔扇贝单倍体组和二倍体组中胚胎均可以发育到D形幼虫期,其单倍体组中的D形幼虫率为5.0%,20min药物加倍二倍体组D形幼虫率最高为6.1%。本实验结果为异源精子诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育提供了诱导参数依据。     

烟台四十里湾养殖海区影响栉孔记贝肥满度和生长因素的研究

1997年6月－1998年5月用现场方法测定了烟台四十里湾海区栉孔扇贝Chlamys(Azumapecten)farreri肥满度和生长度与TPM（总颗粒物质）和POM（颗粒有机物）现存量，饵料质量POM／TPM，Q）栉孔扇贝同位化率（AE）和同化量（AR）的关系，结果表明；（1）TMM对软体部干重的瞬时生长率IGR2并没有影响，而没有影响，而对于干贝指数IA，干内脏指数IV以及壳高的瞬进生长率IGR1却有显明的影响，其中，IA和IV与TPM呈正相关关系，回归议程分别为IA＝5.2149(TPM)^0.2478,IV=5.262(TMM)^0.4405,而ＩＧＲ１与ＴPM 负相关关系，回归议程分别为ＩＧＲ＝６.0756(TPM)^-0.4405, 而ＩＧＲ１与ＴＰＭ呈负相关关系，回归方程分别为ＩＧＲ＝６.0756(TPM)^-2.436,(2)POM对栉孔扇贝所有的肥满度指标和瞬时生长率指标均有明显的影响，并且都呈正相关关系，回归议程分别为ＩＡ＝６.1278(POM)^0.2749,IV=7.1837(POM)60.6086,IGR1=0.1160(POM)^1.8586,IGR2=0.1708(POM)^2.4994,(3)Q对ＩＶ没有明显的影响，而对于ＩＡ以及所有瞬时生长率指标都有明显的影响，,回归方程分别为ＩＡ＝８.2881(Q)^0-3211,IGR1=1.8428(Q)^1.7807,IGR2=6.4216(Q)^2.0404.(4)AE只对ＩＡ和ＩＧＲ１有显著影响，回归议程分别为ＩＡ＝２０.7280(AE)^-0.3137,IGR1=0.0068(AE)^1.1193,AE对于ＩＧＲ１有显著影响，（５）ＡＲ对于栉孔扇贝的肥满度和瞬时生长率指标都有显著影响，并且都呈正相关关系，回归方程分别为ＩＡ＝７.0289(AR)^0.2052,IV=9.1800(AR)^0.2868,IGR1=0.5357(AR)^1.0351,IGR2=1.5236(AR)^1.0386.     

栉孔扇贝在镉污染胁迫下消化盲囊组织的转录组分析

镉(Cd)作为生物非必需、毒性极强的蓄积性重金属,易通过食物链进入人体,严重威胁人类健康。扇贝相对于其他贝类具有特异性蓄积镉的能力,成为水产品安全领域关注的焦点。为了阐释扇贝高蓄积镉的分子机制,本研究以镉胁迫的栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)消化盲囊组织为研究对象,通过转录组测序技术进行基因转录水平分析。通过比较转录组拼接获得105071个unigene和3800个差异基因,对所得unigene进行功能注释,发现这些基因集中在蛋白绑定、细胞黏附、免疫应答、细胞凋亡和能量代谢等方面。对这些蛋白的分子功能进行注释,发现该类蛋白主要属结合蛋白(40.45%)、催化活性蛋白(34.27%)和转运蛋白(5.62%)。这些功能基因和预测通路为理解扇贝体内解毒和免疫系统奠定了基础。获得的转录组数据为深入研究双壳贝类应对海洋污染物的分子机制提供了丰富的基因资源。     

烟台四十里湾栉孔扇贝、海带和刺参负荷力的模拟测定

利用模拟养殖系统,实测了四十里湾海区对栉孔扇贝（Ｃｈｌａｍｙｓ ｆａｒｒｅｉ）、海带（Ｌａｍｉｎａｒｉａ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）和刺参（Ａｐｏｓｔｉｃｈｏｐｕｓ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）的负荷力。结果表明,模拟养殖系统,单养和贝藻参混养系统对栉孔扇贝的负荷力分别为１８４．６和２０１．７ｇ／ｍ＾２;混养系统对海带和刺参的负荷力分别为１０６．８和７４７．７ｇ／ｍ＾２。该海区对单养和贝藻参混养系统栉孔扇贝的负荷     

四十里湾栉孔扇贝的生长余力和C、N、P元素收支

运用生物沉积法在四十里湾养殖海区现场对栉孔扇贝 (Chlamysfarreri)的生长余力和C、N、P元素收支进行研究。结果表明 ,四十里湾不同海区生长余力SSFG差别很大。Ⅰ龄栉孔扇贝SSFG为 - 0 .74～ 2 4 .0 8J/ (ind·h) ,SSFG与饵料浓度CPOM 呈正相关关系。SSFG负值的出现主要与低饵料浓度有关。C、N、P的生长余力 (SSFG C、SSFG N、SSFG P)分别与CPOC、CPON和CPP呈正相关关系。在N的生长余力SSFG N计算中 ,如果仅考虑NH4 N排泄 ,而不考虑其他形态N的排泄 ,就可能产生相当大的偏差 ,偏差范围为 11%～ 36 % ,SSFG N越低 ,产生的偏差就越大。在饵料不足、扇贝生长受到限制的环境下计算SSFG N时 ,必须考虑其他形态N的排泄。在栉孔扇贝浅海养殖中 ,养殖密度和规模过大显然会影响扇贝本身的生长。     

Growth,survival and immune activity of scallops,Chlamys farreri Jones et Preston,compared between suspended and bottom culture in Haizhou Bay,China

We examined the growth, survival and immune response of the scallop, Chlamys farreri, during a 1‐year period in deep water of Haizhou Bay. Scallops were cultured using two methods: (1) in lantern nets at a 5 m depth and (2) in a bottom culture system (sleeves) on the seabed at about a 25 m depth. Shell heights, meat dry weight and immune activities in the haemolymph (superoxide dismutase and myeloperoxidase) were measured bimonthly or quarterly from July 2007 to June 2008. Survival was measured at the end of the study and environmental parameters in the experimental layers were monitored during the experiment. The growth and immune activities of scallops were lower when the water temperature was high, which was consistent with the main mortality occurring in summer. The growth and immunity of scallops were higher in the suspended culture than in the bottom culture during the experiment, with the exception of shell growth during the last study period. Survival of scallops in the suspended culture (54.6±12.3%) was significantly lower than that in the bottom culture (86.8±3.5%) at the end of this study. We conclude from our results that the high mortality of C. farreri can be prevented by culturing them in a bottom culture system before November of the first year, and then transferring them to a suspended culture to improve scallop production.     

桑沟湾春季海–气界面CO2交换通量及其与养殖活动的关系分析

为研究不同养殖活动对海–气界面CO2交换通量(F)的影响,于2014年5月采用走航式CO2分压仪对中国北方典型的多营养层次混合养殖海域—桑沟湾养殖区的表层水CO2分压(pCO2)进行了大面调查,并通过数据计算桑沟湾海区的F值。在调查过程中,选择在网箱养殖区、贝类养殖区、藻类养殖区等区域内进行24 h定点连续观测。探讨了春季桑沟湾海–气界面CO2的交换通量及其主要影响因素。大面调查结果显示,桑沟湾内海水中pCO2总体变化趋势是由湾内向湾外递减,网箱养殖区海水中pCO2远远高于其他区域。在大面调查中,贝类、藻类、贝藻混养、网箱养殖区的F值分别为(–1.02±0.83)、(–15.40±1.28)、(–4.32±1.41)、8.14 mmol/(m2·d)。定点连续监测显示,藻类、贝类、网箱养殖区的pCO2 24 h平均值分别为(320±14)、(330±10)、(413±37) μatm。研究表明,光合作用是海–气界面CO2交换通量的主要影响因素之一,不同养殖区之间的海–气界面CO2交换通量差异显著。影响各养殖区海–气界面CO2交换通量日变化规律的影响因子与走航调查结果一致。养殖活动是影响海–气界面CO2交换通量的主导因素。     

Seeding nets with neutral spores of the red alga Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kützing for use in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA)

Nets in traditional Porphyra mariculture are seeded with conchospores derived from the conchocelis phase, and spend a nursery period in culture tanks or calm coastal waters until they reach several centimeters in length. Some species of Porphyra can regenerate the foliose phase directly through asexual reproduction, which suggests that the time, infrastructure, and costs associated with conchocelis culture might be avoided by seeding nets with asexual spores. Here, we present work from a short-term mariculture study using nets seeded with asexual spores (neutral spores) of a native Maine species of Porphyra. Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kützing was selected for this proof of concept research because of its reproductive biology, abundance across seasons in Maine, and evidence of its promise as a mariculture crop. We studied the maturation, release, and germination of the neutral spores to develop an appropriate seeding protocol for nets, followed by development of a nursery raceway to provide an easily manipulated environment for the seeded nets. Neutral spores were produced throughout the year on the central Maine coast; however, there was a temporal variability in the number and survival of released neutral spores, depending upon thallus position in the intertidal zone. Small thalli were strictly vegetative, but most thalli reproduced by neutral spores; sexual reproduction was absent. Neutral spores germinated quickly at 10 and 15 °C, but germination was delayed at 5 °C. Unlike some algal zygotes and spores, neutral spores of P. umbilicalis required light to germinate; however, irradiances of 25 and 100 μmol photons m^− 2 s^− 1 were equally sufficient for germination. Rafts of seeded nets were deployed in Cobscook Bay, Maine, at two distances from salmon aquaculture pens and at a control site on a nearby, fallow aquaculture site (no salmon). There was no difference in nitrogen content of harvested thalli; however, both the density and the surface area of harvested thalli were different among the sites. The possible causes of these differences are discussed in the context of potential use of P. umbilicalis in IMTA.     

Seasonal variations in growth and clearance rate of the Zhikong scallop <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chlamys farreri</Emphasis> suspended in the deep water of Haizhou Bay,China

The growth and survival of the Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri suspended in deep water of Haizhou Bay were studied from July 2007 to June 2008, and the biodeposition method was used to estimate the clearance rate of C. farreri under field conditions. Results showed that the scallop grew fast during all the culture time, with the exception of summer. The condition index of the scallop increased with time and reached the highest value in spring of the second year. The survival of scallops was 60.8 ± 3.9% at the end of this study, mortality occurring mainly during the summer and autumn of the first year. The clearance rate fluctuated obviously with season,with the highest value in September 2007, and the lowest value in March 2008. Factors accounting for variations in growth and clearance rate of scallops are also discussed.     

Water quality,Vibrio density and growth of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in an integrated biofloc system with red seaweed Gracilaria birdiae (Greville)

An indoor trial was conducted for 42 days to evaluate water quality, Vibrio density and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei in an integrated biofloc system (IBS) with Gracilaria birdiae. Four treatments were used, each in triplicate: Control (monoculture shrimp); IBS 2.5 (L. vannamei and 2.5 kg wet weight seaweed m^?3); IBS 5.0 (L. vannamei and 5.0 kg wet weight seaweed m^?3) and IBS 7.5 (L. vannamei and 7.5 wet weight seaweed m^?3). Shrimp individuals (0.34 ± 0.01 g) were stocked at a density of 500 shrimp m^?3. No water exchange was carried out during the experimental period. Molasses was added once a day as an organic carbon source to maintain the C:N ratio at 12:1. The IBS significantly decreased (P < 0.05) dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) ranging from 19% to 34% (3.12–3.83 mg L^?1), NO₃‐N ranging from 19% to 38% (2.40–3.16 mg L^?1), Vibrio density ranging from by 8–83% (0.40–2.20 log 10³ colony‐forming units mL^?1), and FCR ranging from by 20–30% (1.20–1.37), as compared to the control (4.73 mg L^?1, 3.93 mg L^?1, 2.40 log 10³ colony‐forming units mL^?1, and 1.74 respectively). Moreover, the IBS significantly increased (P < 0.05) crude protein in whole body shrimp, ranging from 8% to 13% (13.2–13.7% wet weight basis); as well as final weight, ranging from 25% to 32% (3.90–4.12 g), weekly growth ranging from 25% to 34% (0.59–0.63 g), and shrimp yield by 22–39% (1.72–1.96 kg m^?3), as compared to control (12.1% wet weight basis, 3.12 g, 0.47 g, and 1.41 kg m^?3 respectively). It can thus be concluded that cultivating Gracilaria birdiae in an IBS with L. vannamei can contribute to DIN and NO₃‐N removal, lower Vibrio density, increased crude protein in whole body shrimp, higher growth and yield parameters in shrimp culture.     

Growth and food sources of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas integrated culture with Sea bass Lateolabrax japonicus in Ailian Bay, China

Shell length and tissue growth of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas integrated culture with Sea bass Lateolabrax japonicus were monitored during April–October 2010 in Ailian Bay, China. And also, the food sources of the oyster were analyzed and quantified by stable carbon and nitrogen isotope methods. Results showed that the increment of shell length and flesh dry weight of oyster cultured at cage area were greater than that at control area significantly (P < 0.05). Enrichment of δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N in oyster tissue at the cage area relative to the control area was significant (P < 0.05). Based on the simple linear mixing model, the contribution rate of the fish feces and waste fish feed to oyster was 29.27 and 5.59 %, respectively. This work demonstrates that the differences in growth performance of oyster between cage area and control area were resulted from the utilization of organic matter derived from fish aquaculture. Integrated filter-feeding bivalves culture with marine fish can reduce the environmental impact of organic waste from fish-farming activities.     

A new system for bottom co-culture of the scallop,Patinopecten yessoensis,with the sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus,and the sea urchin,Anthocidaris crassispina,in shallow water in China

A new system for bottom co-culture of scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka), and sea urchin, Anthocidaris crassispina, is reported. To evaluate the system, scallops (average shell height, 3.904 ± 0.511 cm) were placed in nine “Hailong” units at densities of 10, 30, and 50 individuals per cell (ind/m²), and the units were placed in shallow waters with a muddy, sandy, or semi-sandy seabed. After more than 9 months, the scallops cultured on the semi-sandy seabed were larger than those cultured on sandy or muddy seabed (p < 0.05). The index of the adductor muscle was higher for scallops cultured on the sandy seabed than for those cultured on semi-sandy or muddy seabed (p < 0.05). More sea cucumbers were harvested from the units on the sandy seabed than from those on semi-sandy or muddy seabed (p < 0.05). The highest yield of sea urchins was from units on the muddy seabed, followed by those on the semi-sandy seabed and then from those on the sandy seabed (p < 0.05). Seaweed communities developed on the units located on sandy seabeds.