Nutritional characteristics of the leaves of native plants growing in adverse soils of humid tropical lowlands

Acid sulfate, peat, sandy podzolic, and saline soils are widely distributed inthe lowlands of Thailand and Malaysia. The nutrient concentrations in theleaves of plants grown in these type of soils were studied with the aim ofdeveloping a nutritional strategy for adapting to such problem soils. In sagoand oil palms that were well-adapted to peat soil, the N, P, and Kconcentrations were the same in the mature leaves, while the Ca, Mg, Na,and Fe concentrations were higher in the mature leaves of the oil palm thanof the sago palm. Melastoma malabathricum and Melaleuca cajuputi plantsthat were well-adapted to low pH soils, peat, and acid sulfate soils were alsostudied. It was observed that a high amount of Al accumulated in the M.marabathricum leaves, while Al did not accumulate in M. cajuputi leaves.M. cajuputi plants accumulated large amounts of Na in their leaves or stemsregardless of the exchangeable Na concentration in the soil, while M.malabathricum that was growing in saline-affected soils excluded Na.Positive relationships between macronutrients were recognized between Pand N, between K and N, and between P and K. Al showed antagonisticrelationships with P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Na. Na also showedantagonistic relationships with P, K, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Al. Fe showed weakantagonistic relationships with Zn, Mn, Cu, and Al.     

湖南茶园土壤微量元素有效量调查分析

对湖南省194个典型茶园土壤微量元素有效量进行了调查,结果表明：茶园土壤有效态zn、Cu、Mn、Fe含量分别为1．94mg／kg、151．23mg／kg、85．95mg／kg、7．07mg／kg;有效铁的含量较丰富,98．5％茶园土壤有效铁含量〉10mg／kg;有效铜、有效锰、有效锌的含量相对偏低,低于临界值的茶园分别占32％、28．4％、12．4％。有效铜、有效锰与pH值呈极显著正相关,有效Zn和有机质呈极显著正相关,与pH值呈极显著负相关。     

测土推荐施锌对水稻产量结构及土壤有效养分的影响

采用土壤养分状况系统研究法(ASI法),在海丰农场的海涂滩地上通过小区和田间试验研究了水稻测土推荐施锌量对水稻产量结构、土壤有效锌及其他土壤养分含量的影响。施锌处理的水稻成穗数、每穗粒数、千粒重和产量均比对照极显著地增加(P<0.01),并且都是在推荐施锌量(15 kg/hm2)条件下最高,其产量比对照提高了16.9%,但当锌施用量超过推荐施用量,即22.5 kg/hm2时,水稻产量结构性能均降低,且与推荐的施锌处理间具有显著差异(P<0.05)。随施锌量的增加,水稻植株和籽粒的含锌量均增加,成熟期提前,且处理间差异显著。土壤有效Zn和NH4+的残留量也是随施锌量的增加而增加,但土壤有效P、K、Ca、Mg却随施锌量的增加而减少,而土壤其他有效养分(S、B、Cu、Fe、Mn)及土壤有机质、pH不受锌施用量影响。推荐的施锌量处理土壤残留有效锌含量为1.83 mg/L,没有发现对水稻产生毒害现象。可以认为,利用ASI法进行测土推荐施锌,不仅能够改善水稻产量结构,而且对土壤环境不会产生污染。     

我国香蕉园土壤肥力现状的整合分析

了解我国蕉园土壤肥力现状对明确土壤障碍因子,制定有效的消障措施和合理的养分管理方案具有重要指导意义。收集已公开发表有关蕉园土壤肥力的文献数据及结合实地调研测定的数据,建立土壤养分数据库,包括土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌和有效硼含量。参考第二次全国土壤普查养分分级指标,明确我国蕉园土壤养分现状,并分析海南、广东、广西、云南和福建香蕉种植区域土壤养分分布特征。我国蕉园土壤pH平均为5.3、有机质含量平均为14.9 g/kg、碱解氮含量平均为77.3 mg/kg、有效磷含量平均为96.0 mg/kg、速效钾含量平均为227 mg/kg、交换性钙含量平均为1039 mg/kg、交换性镁含量平均为102 mg/kg、有效铁含量平均为169 mg/kg、有效锰含量平均为41.8 mg/kg、有效铜含量平均为2.84 mg/kg、有效锌含量平均为4.82 mg/kg、有效硼含量平均为1.16 mg/kg。86.3%的蕉园土壤有机质处于潜在缺乏及以下水平,97.1%的蕉园土壤碱解氮处于中等以下水平,60.8%的蕉园土壤交换性镁处于潜在缺乏及以下水平,50%以上的蕉园土壤速效磷、有效钾和微量元素含量处于极高水平。不同省份蕉园土壤养分含量及有机质、大中量元素、有效锰和硼处于中等以下水平的蕉园存在差异。我国蕉园土壤综合肥力指数平均为0.71,福建蕉园土壤肥力综合指数为0.78,显著高于其他省份;广东（0.71）和云南（0.69）蕉园土壤综合肥力指数显著高于海南（0.62）和广西（0.61）,不同省份13.3%~37.1%蕉园土壤综合肥力指数在中等以下水平。我国蕉园土壤有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、微量元素（除有效硼外）处于中等偏上水平,土壤pH偏低,有机质、交换性镁和有效硼处于中等或缺乏水平,成为蕉园土壤肥力潜在限制因子。因此,我国香蕉生产中,应重视有机肥、镁肥和硼肥的施用,不同香蕉种植省份要因地制宜,制定有效障碍因子消减措施,提升蕉园土壤肥力,促进香蕉提质增效和产业绿色发展。     

Chemical fractionation of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in selected paddy soils of Iran

The content and fractionation of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were determined in 28 surface soil samples (0–20 cm) of agricultural topsoil from Isfahan Province in central Iran. The order of abundance of metals in the soils was Fe (1240.4 mg kg^?1) > Mn (95.7 mg kg^?1) > Pb (51.6 mg kg^?1) > Zn (23.8 mg kg^?1) > Ni (13.4 mg kg^?1) > Cu (7.0 mg kg^?1) > Cd (2.8 mg kg^?1). Iron, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn existed in paddy soils mainly in Fe-Mn oxides (53.6 %, 65.2 %, 40.4 %, 40.8 %, 53.3 %, respectively), whereas Cu and Cd occurred essentially as residual mineral phase (41.4 %) and carbonate (36.1 %), respectively. The mobile and bioavailable fractions of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in paddy soils averaged 48.8, 20.8, 0.79, 29.2, 28.5, 41.1, and 24.8 %, respectively, which suggests that the mobility and bioavailability of the seven metals probably decline in the following order: Cd > Pb > Mn ≥ Ni > Zn > Cu ? Fe, suggesting greater contribution of anthropogenic Cd. As Cd in soil is easily accumulated by plants through the root system, the concentration of Cd in these paddy soils could be a concern to human health.     

玉米植株对重金属的富集与分布

从湛江市赤坎区文章村的玉米园中采集玉米植株及其生长的土壤样品,采用原子吸收光谱法测定铬(Cr)、铅(Pb)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)5种重金属元素的含量,对玉米不同器官积累重金属的特性进行了初步研究。结果表明,①玉米园土壤受重金属Cr的中度污染;②玉米对土壤中5种重金属的平均富集系数大小顺序为Ni>Pb>Zn>Cr>Cu,其中,Ni、Pb、Zn的富集系数分别为2.411、1.892和1.139;③玉米地上部重金属含量大于根部该种重金属含量。各种重金属在器官中的分布规律不一致,玉米茎中的重金属含量偏高,玉米根中的含量较低;④玉米对土壤Cr元素有较强的避性。     

铁岭地区稻田土壤养分肥力状况调查报告

为掌握铁岭地区稻田土壤肥力变化情况,提高水稻产量及品质,特采集土样进行检测。结果表明,铁岭地区稻田土壤中有效磷、有效钾含量丰富;碱解氮、有机质和全氮含量处于中等水平;有效硅、交换性钙和交换性镁含量很丰富;有效铜、有效锌和有效锰含量很丰富;有效铁含量丰富;有效硼含量处于中等水平;土壤酸碱度差异很大。     

海南典型胡椒园土壤化学肥力现状分析与评价

对海南各市县30个胡椒园中O～20 cm土层的土壤样品进行了测试分析.结果表明,有一半的土壤样品pH≤4.5;13.33%的土壤样品有机质含量偏低;土壤全N、碱解N丰富;23.33%的土壤样品缺少有效P;30.00%的土壤样品缺少有效K;交换性Ca、Mg严重缺乏;有效Fe、Zn、S丰富,有效B严重缺乏,10.00%的土壤样品均缺乏有效Mn、Cu.     

豆科牧草羽叶决明替代麸皮栽培鸡腿菇研究

对海南省儋州市南部植胶区橡胶人工林土壤腐殖质组成与有效微量元素Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn含量进行了研究,结果表明,该植胶区橡胶林0～20 cm土壤腐殖质组成是以富里酸为主,胡敏素次之,胡敏酸最小;其土壤有效铁和有效锌含量较高,但有效铜和有效锰含量较低。典型相关分析表明土壤腐殖酸、胡敏素均与有效铜关系密切且呈正相关。     

ICP-MS同时测定红参中8种微量元素

目的 建立ICP-MS同时测定红参中8种元素含量的分析方法.方法 硝酸-高氯酸体系进行湿法消解,ICP-MS分析,同时分析锰、铜、锌、钡、钴、铁、镍、鎘8种元素.结果 该方法线性范围宽,Mn、Cu、Zn、Ba、Co、Fe线性在0μg/L～500μg/L之间,Ni、Cd线性在0μg/L-100μg/L之间,线性相关系数0.9847～ 0.9999之间,检出限在0.0007～ 0.02mg/Kg之间.标准物质的RSD在4.45％～9.13％之间.结论利用该方法对标准物质茶叶中Mn、Cu、Zn、Ba、Co、Fe、Ni、Cd含量进行测定,表明该方法能够满足上述8种元素的分析要求.将方法应用于4、5年生红参中8种元素含量水平测定,获得了较满意的分析结果.     

河口县香蕉园土壤肥力状况分析

采用化学分析方法对河口县8个香蕉种植区的194个土壤样品的养分指标进行分析，结果表明：71.6%的土样pH值在正常范围内；有机质、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换镁低于临界值20 g/kg、90 g/kg、10 mg/kg、100 g/kg、50 mg/kg的土样分别为23.2%、30.4%、59.3%、75.8%和63.9%；所有土样的有效铁、锌含量均高于临界值；少数样品的交换钙、有效铜、锰含量低于临界值。据此提出河口县香蕉园相应的施肥建议，对指导香蕉的合理施肥具有重要意义。     

植茶对土壤环境效应分析研究

选用多年种植茶园与相邻自然土之间进行物理、化学、微生物特性比较研究。结果表明,随着茶园种植年限的延长,土壤容重、孔隙、水稳性团聚体、水分性能、三相比等物理指标得到明显而持续的改善;同时,土壤持续酸化,CEC增加,pH下降,交换性酸量增大。持续种茶土壤的基础养分较自然土有大幅度增加,有效钾有所减少;钙、镁有效量随种植年限的延长呈持续减少趋势。土壤微量元素Mn、Zn、Cu和重金属元素Cd、Pb、As、Hg、Cr全量未出现积累或减少,但Mn有效性增幅较大,Cu、Zn有效性也有显著增加,Hg有效性则显著下降。茶园土壤中3大类群微生物数量较自然土大幅增多。     

武夷山市5种类型茶园土壤重金属剖面分布特征?

采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究武夷山市5种类型茶园土壤（黄壤、红壤、潮砂土、高山草甸土、紫色土）重金属剖面分布特征。结果表明：茶园土壤 Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cd 和 Pb 的含量范围分别为17.35～44.91 g·kg-1、144.81～693.55 mg·kg-1、4.36～57.12 mg·kg-1、74.92～236.27 mg·kg-1、0.09～0.67 mg·kg-1和22.71～91.87 mg·kg-1。不同类型茶园土壤重金属含量差异较大,茶园黄壤 Fe 和 Cu 含量显著高于其它土壤类型;潮砂土和高山草甸土茶园土壤 Mn、Zn 和 Cd 含量显著高于黄壤和红壤;茶园土壤 Pb 含量则以潮砂土最高,黄壤最低。不同重金属元素剖面分布规律略有不同,茶园土壤 Fe含量0～80 cm 深度内并无明显的变化规律;茶园土壤 Mn、Cu 和 Zn 含量在0～20 cm 土层含量较高（潮砂土除外）;黄壤、红壤和紫色土 Cd 和 Pb 含量由上至下呈递减的趋势,潮砂土 Cd 和 Pb 在40 cm 以下土层含量较高。相关分析表明,除了 Zn与 Fe 和 Cu 以外,其它重金属之间存在显著或极显著相关性,表现为多种重金属复合污染;土壤有机碳、全氮、pH、砂砾、粉粒和粘粒对茶园土壤重金属影响较大。     

Partition of geogenic nickel in paddy soils derived from serpentinites

Serpentinitic soils contain high concentrations of geogenic Ni. During serpentinitic mineral weathering, the Ni released from soils into ecosystems could be a source of non-anthropogenic metal contamination. In this study, soil samples were collected from two pedons in paddy fields in Taiwan and Japan; these samples were used to explore the profile distribution of total and labile Ni, demonstrating the contribution of Ni-bearing Fe and Mn oxides to the Ni partition in these soils. Serpentine and chlorite were the dominant primary minerals; thus, the soils reflected serpentinitic characteristics and exhibited high background concentrations of Ni. The total Ni content ranged from 240 to 520 mg kg^?1. Repeated redox and leaching cycles caused the redistribution of Ni in the paddy soils. The diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA)-extractable Ni, an availability index of Ni, increased as the soil depth decreased in the two pedons. An additional pool of labile Ni was present in the soils because the Ni concentration determined using a 0.1 N HCl extraction was much higher than was that determined using the DTPA extraction. Fe and Mn oxides were closely related to the labile Ni in these paddy soils. However, Ni was predominantly retained by amorphous and crystalline Fe oxides rather than Mn oxides. Shortening the flooded duration of paddy field is required to reduce the solubility of Ni because that the labile Ni and redox-sensitive Fe oxides can affect both the paddy soils and environment when Ni is released into the soil solution and becomes bioavailable under reducing conditions.     

云南澳洲坚果园土壤和叶片养分评价

通过对云南省西双版纳、普洱、临沧、保山、德宏等5个具有地域代表性的澳洲坚果种植区中的土壤和叶片养分分析,发现澳洲坚果种植区土壤与叶片养分具有较大的地域差异。47个澳洲坚果园的土壤pH、有机质和碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁、有效硼、有效铜、有效锌平均含量分别为：4.94、29.17g/kg和109.23、36.64、200.05、352.78、85.65、0.60、2.03、2.14 mg/kg;叶片氮、磷、钾、钙、镁和硼、铜、锌平均含量分别为：16.36、0.73、8.39、6.05、0.80 g/kg和17.74、3.46、9.86 mg/kg。土壤pH值低于5.0的样品比例占60%,土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效铜和有效锌含量达到丰富程度的样品比例依次分别占40%、31%、47%、56%、38%和18%,土壤交换性钙、交换性镁和有效硼达到缺乏程度的样品比例依次为71%、67%和84%。叶片氮、磷、钾、钙、镁和锌养分达到适宜和丰富的样品比例为97%、67%、100%、49%、51%和100%,磷、钙、镁、硼和铜养分达到缺乏程度的样品比例依次为33%、51%、49%、87%和88%。因此,云南澳洲坚果园土壤肥力调控的重点是增施有机肥,减施磷钾肥,补施钙镁中量元素及铜硼等微量元素。     

Distribution of heavy metals in the sediments of agricultural fields adjacent to urban areas in Central Taiwan

In 2002, the Environmental Protection Administration of Taiwan began a detailed survey of heavy metals in soils, to determine the scope of the contaminated lands in the Changhua County’s agricultural fields. It was found that agricultural lands have been seriously polluted with Cr, Hg, Cu, Ni, and Zn, due to industrial wastewaters. This study, characterized the processes associated with heavy metal pollution by analyzing heavy metal contents in sediments within two periods, 2002 and 2010. This study employed geostatistical and multivariate statistics to obtain spatio-temporal variations of heavy metal pollution in paddy fields. The results indicate that, changes in industrial types have been altered the characteristics of pollutions, such as reducing the number of plants in industries (i.e., electroplating, surface treatments, metal works, chemicals, papermaking, etc.). Their wastewaters contained a large number of Ni, making the pollution composition of driven factors have been changed that can be indicated in this study. Pollution distribution and irrigation systems are positively correlated and concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn were inversely proportional to the scale of irrigation channels.     

Sufficiency and Deficiency Indices of Soil Available Zinc for Rice in the Alluvial Soil of the Coastal Yellow Sea

To determine the sufficiency and deficiency indices of soil available Zn by the Agro Services International (ASI) method (ASI-Zn) for Zn fertilizer recommendation in rice production in the alluvial soil of the coastal Yellow Sea, the relationship between relative rice yield and soil available ASI-Zn concentration was analyzed from a ten-field experiment with various soil test classes ranging from low to high fertility in 2005 and 2006, and nine Zn fertilizer application rates (0, 7.5, 15, 22.5, 30, 37.5, 45, 52.5 and 60 kg Zn/ha) arranged at random with three replications in each field. There was a significant quadratic relationship between soil available ASI-Zn and rice yield, and a significant linear relationship between soil available ASI-Zn concentration and Zn fertilization rate. For rice variety Wuyujing 3, soil available ASI-Zn was deficient when the value was at lower than 1 mg Zn/L, low at 1 to 2 mg Zn/L, sufficient at 1 to 2 mg Zn/L, excessive at higher than 7.5 mg Zn/L. Thus, Zn fertilizer recommendation could be done according to the sufficiency and deficiency indices of soil ASI-Zn. For most of alluvial soils of the coastal Yellow Sea in the study, the available ASI-Zn was lower than 1 mg Zn/L, and then the optimum application rate of Zn fertilizer was about 20 kg Zn/ha.     

博州甜菜种植区土壤养分状况及施肥对策

近年来,对新疆博州甜菜种植区进行了一次全面的土壤养分调查,与第2次土壤普查相比,土壤中各种养分的变化趋势是:有机质普遍下降,速效磷大幅度上升,碱解氮有所增加,钾素严重亏损,微量元素中的有效锌、有效硼变化不大,但有效铁、有效铜,特别是有效锰缺乏比例大幅度上升。针对目前土壤养分的状况,通过大量的田间试验、示范,提出合理的施肥建议,调整氮、磷的比例,改进施肥方法,有针对性地补钾、补微量元素肥料,以满足甜菜作物对各种营养元素的平衡吸收。     

不同前茬作物对星油藤土壤肥力的影响

为探讨不同前茬作物对星油藤土壤肥力的影响,在云南省西双版纳普文镇开展了5种不同前茬作物(茶树-星油藤、水稻-星油藤、香蕉-星油藤、玉米-星油藤、空地-星油藤)对星油藤根际和非根际土壤pH值、土壤电导率、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾及微量元素的影响研究(以空地-星油藤为对照)。结果表明:不同前茬作物对星油藤根际与非根际土壤pH、电导率与空地土壤pH、电导率均呈显著差异。微量元素全锰、全铁、全锌和全铜的含量低于世界和全国土壤平均水平,重金属元素全锌和全铜单项污染值小于1。以土壤中的有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾的含量综合评价不同前茬作物对星油藤的土壤肥力水平依次为:玉米-星油藤茶树-星油藤香蕉-星油藤水稻-星油藤空地-星油藤。综合考虑,以前茬作物为玉米和茶树的星油藤土壤肥力较好。     

四川蒙顶山低山茶园土壤主要微量元素空间变异特征及影响因素研究

亚热带低山区是我国茶园的主要分布区域,微量元素对茶叶的品质具有十分重要的影响,研究其空间变异特性是实现低山茶园精确管理的基础。利用地统计学、主成分分析方法对四川蒙顶山茶园土壤微量元素空间变异性、影响因素及多元素综合制图进行了研究。结果表明:(1)蒙顶山茶园土壤四种微量元素的空间变异具有相似性。四种元素均为指数模型,步长间距为120 m时变程为206～1860m,铁、锰和锌均具有中等程度的空间相关性[C0/(C0+C)值在25.1%～49.6%之间],锰和铜在NE111o方向上具有相似的各向异性特征,铁和锌则具有各向同性的趋势。(2)主成分综合制图较好地反映了微量元素分布的总体规律。两种主成分均具有较明确的物理意义,其插值图体现了微量元素特性沿坡面方向的带状变化特点,与半方差函数分析的结果完全吻合。(3)土壤条件对蒙顶山茶园土壤微量元素影响较大,而坡度是影响土壤微量元素空间分布形态的主要地形因素。